diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index a2df2a068..bd38d7754 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# This file is autogenerated by maturin v1.7.8
+# This file is autogenerated by maturin v1.8.1
 # To update, run
 #
 #    maturin generate-ci github
@@ -19,35 +19,6 @@ permissions:
   contents: read
 
 jobs:
-  linux:
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform.runner }}
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        platform:
-          - runner: ubuntu-22.04
-            target: x86_64
-          - runner: ubuntu-22.04
-            target: x86
-        python:
-          - "3.12"
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-        with:
-          python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
-      - name: Build wheels
-        uses: PyO3/maturin-action@v1
-        with:
-          target: ${{ matrix.platform.target }}
-          args: --release --out dist --find-interpreter
-          sccache: 'true'
-          manylinux: auto
-      - name: Upload wheels
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: wheels-linux-${{ matrix.platform.target }}
-          path: dist
-
   windows:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform.runner }}
     strategy:
@@ -57,13 +28,11 @@ jobs:
             target: x64
           - runner: windows-latest
             target: x86
-        python:
-          - "3.12"
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
-          python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
+          python-version: 3.x
           architecture: ${{ matrix.platform.target }}
       - name: Build wheels
         uses: PyO3/maturin-action@v1
@@ -86,13 +55,11 @@ jobs:
             target: x86_64
           - runner: macos-14
             target: aarch64
-        python:
-          - "3.12"
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
-          python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
+          python-version: 3.x
       - name: Build wheels
         uses: PyO3/maturin-action@v1
         with:
@@ -124,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Release
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: ${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' }}
-    needs: [linux, musllinux, windows, macos, sdist]
+    needs: [windows, macos, sdist]
     permissions:
       # Use to sign the release artifacts
       id-token: write
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index e4396fccb..e15a57b82 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -64,3 +64,28 @@ jobs:
         uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
+
+      # # Step 10: Download baseline benchmark artifact
+      # - name: Download baseline benchmark
+      #   uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+      #   with:
+      #     name: baseline-benchmark
+      #     path: .benchmarks/baseline_benchmark.json
+        
+      # Step 11: Run pytest-benchmark
+      - name: Run pytest-benchmark
+        run: |
+          poetry run pytest --benchmark-only --benchmark-json=.benchmarks/new_benchmark.json
+
+      # # Step 12: Compare benchmarks with thresholds
+      # - name: Compare benchmarks
+      #   run: |
+      #     poetry run pytest-benchmark compare .benchmarks/baseline_benchmark.json .benchmarks/new_benchmark.json
+      #   continue-on-error: true
+
+      # Step 13: Upload benchmark artifact
+      - name: Upload baseline benchmark
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: baseline-benchmark
+          path: .benchmarks/new_benchmark.json
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 4ff256d81..5b116cba4 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -15,4 +15,5 @@ coverage.xm
 .mypy_cache
 .pytest_cache
 dist/*
-target*
\ No newline at end of file
+target*
+.benchmarks/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index c3a8da34d..8ec7412a9 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ checksum = "b248f5224d1d606005e02c97f5aa4e88eeb230488bcc03bc9ca4d7991399f2b5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.159"
+version = "0.2.169"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "561d97a539a36e26a9a5fad1ea11a3039a67714694aaa379433e580854bc3dc5"
+checksum = "b5aba8db14291edd000dfcc4d620c7ebfb122c613afb886ca8803fa4e128a20a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "matrixmultiply"
@@ -53,14 +53,16 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ndarray"
-version = "0.15.6"
+version = "0.16.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "adb12d4e967ec485a5f71c6311fe28158e9d6f4bc4a447b474184d0f91a8fa32"
+checksum = "882ed72dce9365842bf196bdeedf5055305f11fc8c03dee7bb0194a6cad34841"
 dependencies = [
  "matrixmultiply",
  "num-complex",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
+ "portable-atomic",
+ "portable-atomic-util",
  "rawpointer",
 ]
 
@@ -114,24 +116,33 @@ checksum = "1261fe7e33c73b354eab43b1273a57c8f967d0391e80353e51f764ac02cf6775"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "portable-atomic"
-version = "1.9.0"
+version = "1.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "280dc24453071f1b63954171985a0b0d30058d287960968b9b2aca264c8d4ee6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "portable-atomic-util"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cc9c68a3f6da06753e9335d63e27f6b9754dd1920d941135b7ea8224f141adb2"
+checksum = "d8a2f0d8d040d7848a709caf78912debcc3f33ee4b3cac47d73d1e1069e83507"
+dependencies = [
+ "portable-atomic",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.87"
+version = "1.0.93"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b3e4daa0dcf6feba26f985457cdf104d4b4256fc5a09547140f3631bb076b19a"
+checksum = "60946a68e5f9d28b0dc1c21bb8a97ee7d018a8b322fa57838ba31cc878e22d99"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
-version = "0.23.3"
+version = "0.23.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e484fd2c8b4cb67ab05a318f1fd6fa8f199fcc30819f08f07d200809dba26c15"
+checksum = "57fe09249128b3173d092de9523eaa75136bf7ba85e0d69eca241c7939c933cc"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "indoc",
@@ -147,9 +158,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-build-config"
-version = "0.23.3"
+version = "0.23.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dc0e0469a84f208e20044b98965e1561028180219e35352a2afaf2b942beff3b"
+checksum = "1cd3927b5a78757a0d71aa9dff669f903b1eb64b54142a9bd9f757f8fde65fd7"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -157,9 +168,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-ffi"
-version = "0.23.3"
+version = "0.23.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eb1547a7f9966f6f1a0f0227564a9945fe36b90da5a93b3933fc3dc03fae372d"
+checksum = "dab6bb2102bd8f991e7749f130a70d05dd557613e39ed2deeee8e9ca0c4d548d"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "pyo3-build-config",
@@ -167,9 +178,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros"
-version = "0.23.3"
+version = "0.23.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fdb6da8ec6fa5cedd1626c886fc8749bdcbb09424a86461eb8cdf096b7c33257"
+checksum = "91871864b353fd5ffcb3f91f2f703a22a9797c91b9ab497b1acac7b07ae509c7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
@@ -179,9 +190,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros-backend"
-version = "0.23.3"
+version = "0.23.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38a385202ff5a92791168b1136afae5059d3ac118457bb7bc304c197c2d33e7d"
+checksum = "43abc3b80bc20f3facd86cd3c60beed58c3e2aa26213f3cda368de39c60a27e4"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -192,9 +203,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.37"
+version = "1.0.38"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b5b9d34b8991d19d98081b46eacdd8eb58c6f2b201139f7c5f643cc155a633af"
+checksum = "0e4dccaaaf89514f546c693ddc140f729f958c247918a13380cccc6078391acc"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -221,9 +232,9 @@ checksum = "c7fb8039b3032c191086b10f11f319a6e99e1e82889c5cc6046f515c9db1d497"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.79"
+version = "2.0.96"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "89132cd0bf050864e1d38dc3bbc07a0eb8e7530af26344d3d2bbbef83499f590"
+checksum = "d5d0adab1ae378d7f53bdebc67a39f1f151407ef230f0ce2883572f5d8985c80"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -238,9 +249,9 @@ checksum = "61c41af27dd6d1e27b1b16b489db798443478cef1f06a660c96db617ba5de3b1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.13"
+version = "1.0.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e91b56cd4cadaeb79bbf1a5645f6b4f8dc5bde8834ad5894a8db35fda9efa1fe"
+checksum = "11cd88e12b17c6494200a9c1b683a04fcac9573ed74cd1b62aeb2727c5592243"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unindent"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 9a4a51e9b..fccdf7e15 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
 path = "src/lib.rs"    # The source file of the target.
 
 [dependencies]
-pyo3 = { version = "0.23.3", features = ["extension-module"] }
+pyo3 = { version = "0.23.4", features = ["extension-module"] }
 numpy = "0.23"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index f98329496..e4a2edb96 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ test = ["astroid (>=2,<4)", "pytest", "pytest-cov", "pytest-xdist"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "attrs"
-version = "24.3.0"
+version = "25.1.0"
 description = "Classes Without Boilerplate"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "attrs-24.3.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ac96cd038792094f438ad1f6ff80837353805ac950cd2aa0e0625ef19850c308"},
-    {file = "attrs-24.3.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8f5c07333d543103541ba7be0e2ce16eeee8130cb0b3f9238ab904ce1e85baff"},
+    {file = "attrs-25.1.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c75a69e28a550a7e93789579c22aa26b0f5b83b75dc4e08fe092980051e1090a"},
+    {file = "attrs-25.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1c97078a80c814273a76b2a298a932eb681c87415c11dee0a6921de7f1b02c3e"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -160,13 +160,13 @@ xyzservices = ">=2021.09.1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cachetools"
-version = "5.5.0"
+version = "5.5.1"
 description = "Extensible memoizing collections and decorators"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "cachetools-5.5.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:02134e8439cdc2ffb62023ce1debca2944c3f289d66bb17ead3ab3dede74b292"},
-    {file = "cachetools-5.5.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:2cc24fb4cbe39633fb7badd9db9ca6295d766d9c2995f245725a46715d050f2a"},
+    {file = "cachetools-5.5.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b76651fdc3b24ead3c648bbdeeb940c1b04d365b38b4af66788f9ec4a81d42bb"},
+    {file = "cachetools-5.5.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:70f238fbba50383ef62e55c6aff6d9673175fe59f7c6782c7a0b9e38f4a9df95"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -678,13 +678,13 @@ test = ["pytest (>=6)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "executing"
-version = "2.1.0"
+version = "2.2.0"
 description = "Get the currently executing AST node of a frame, and other information"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "executing-2.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:8d63781349375b5ebccc3142f4b30350c0cd9c79f921cde38be2be4637e98eaf"},
-    {file = "executing-2.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8ea27ddd260da8150fa5a708269c4a10e76161e2496ec3e587da9e3c0fe4b9ab"},
+    {file = "executing-2.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:11387150cad388d62750327a53d3339fad4888b39a6fe233c3afbb54ecffd3aa"},
+    {file = "executing-2.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5d108c028108fe2551d1a7b2e8b713341e2cb4fc0aa7dcf966fa4327a5226755"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -706,77 +706,77 @@ devel = ["colorama", "json-spec", "jsonschema", "pylint", "pytest", "pytest-benc
 
 [[package]]
 name = "filelock"
-version = "3.16.1"
+version = "3.17.0"
 description = "A platform independent file lock."
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.8"
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
 files = [
-    {file = "filelock-3.16.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:2082e5703d51fbf98ea75855d9d5527e33d8ff23099bec374a134febee6946b0"},
-    {file = "filelock-3.16.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c249fbfcd5db47e5e2d6d62198e565475ee65e4831e2561c8e313fa7eb961435"},
+    {file = "filelock-3.17.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:533dc2f7ba78dc2f0f531fc6c4940addf7b70a481e269a5a3b93be94ffbe8338"},
+    {file = "filelock-3.17.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ee4e77401ef576ebb38cd7f13b9b28893194acc20a8e68e18730ba9c0e54660e"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
-docs = ["furo (>=2024.8.6)", "sphinx (>=8.0.2)", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=2.4.1)"]
-testing = ["covdefaults (>=2.3)", "coverage (>=7.6.1)", "diff-cover (>=9.2)", "pytest (>=8.3.3)", "pytest-asyncio (>=0.24)", "pytest-cov (>=5)", "pytest-mock (>=3.14)", "pytest-timeout (>=2.3.1)", "virtualenv (>=20.26.4)"]
+docs = ["furo (>=2024.8.6)", "sphinx (>=8.1.3)", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=3)"]
+testing = ["covdefaults (>=2.3)", "coverage (>=7.6.10)", "diff-cover (>=9.2.1)", "pytest (>=8.3.4)", "pytest-asyncio (>=0.25.2)", "pytest-cov (>=6)", "pytest-mock (>=3.14)", "pytest-timeout (>=2.3.1)", "virtualenv (>=20.28.1)"]
 typing = ["typing-extensions (>=4.12.2)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fonttools"
-version = "4.55.3"
+version = "4.55.6"
 description = "Tools to manipulate font files"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp310-cp310-macosx_10_9_universal2.whl", hash = "sha256:1dcc07934a2165ccdc3a5a608db56fb3c24b609658a5b340aee4ecf3ba679dc0"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp310-cp310-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:f7d66c15ba875432a2d2fb419523f5d3d347f91f48f57b8b08a2dfc3c39b8a3f"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:27e4ae3592e62eba83cd2c4ccd9462dcfa603ff78e09110680a5444c6925d841"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:62d65a3022c35e404d19ca14f291c89cc5890032ff04f6c17af0bd1927299674"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp310-cp310-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:d342e88764fb201286d185093781bf6628bbe380a913c24adf772d901baa8276"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp310-cp310-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:dd68c87a2bfe37c5b33bcda0fba39b65a353876d3b9006fde3adae31f97b3ef5"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp310-cp310-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:1bc7ad24ff98846282eef1cbeac05d013c2154f977a79886bb943015d2b1b261"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp310-cp310-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:b54baf65c52952db65df39fcd4820668d0ef4766c0ccdf32879b77f7c804d5c5"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp311-cp311-macosx_10_9_universal2.whl", hash = "sha256:8c4491699bad88efe95772543cd49870cf756b019ad56294f6498982408ab03e"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp311-cp311-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:5323a22eabddf4b24f66d26894f1229261021dacd9d29e89f7872dd8c63f0b8b"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:5480673f599ad410695ca2ddef2dfefe9df779a9a5cda89503881e503c9c7d90"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:da9da6d65cd7aa6b0f806556f4985bcbf603bf0c5c590e61b43aa3e5a0f822d0"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp311-cp311-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:e894b5bd60d9f473bed7a8f506515549cc194de08064d829464088d23097331b"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp311-cp311-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:aee3b57643827e237ff6ec6d28d9ff9766bd8b21e08cd13bff479e13d4b14765"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp311-cp311-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:eb6ca911c4c17eb51853143624d8dc87cdcdf12a711fc38bf5bd21521e79715f"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp311-cp311-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:6314bf82c54c53c71805318fcf6786d986461622dd926d92a465199ff54b1b72"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_13_universal2.whl", hash = "sha256:f9e736f60f4911061235603a6119e72053073a12c6d7904011df2d8fad2c0e35"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_13_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:7a8aa2c5e5b8b3bcb2e4538d929f6589a5c6bdb84fd16e2ed92649fb5454f11c"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp312-cp312-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:07f8288aacf0a38d174445fc78377a97fb0b83cfe352a90c9d9c1400571963c7"},
-    {file = "fonttools-4.55.3-cp312-cp312-manylinux_2_5_x86_64.manylinux1_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:b8d5e8916c0970fbc0f6f1bece0063363bb5857a7f170121a4493e31c3db3314"},
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 [package.extras]
@@ -897,13 +897,13 @@ test = ["objgraph", "psutil"]
 
 [[package]]
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+version = "1.5.0"
 description = "netCDF4 via h5py"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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 [package.dependencies]
@@ -978,13 +978,13 @@ files = [
 
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+version = "8.6.1"
 description = "Read metadata from Python packages"
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 [package.dependencies]
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ cover = ["pytest-cov"]
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 perf = ["ipython"]
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 type = ["pytest-mypy"]
 
 [[package]]
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 name = "numpy"
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+version = "3.0.50"
 description = "Library for building powerful interactive command lines in Python"
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 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2297,6 +2297,17 @@ files = [
 [package.extras]
 tests = ["pytest"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "py-cpuinfo"
+version = "9.0.0"
+description = "Get CPU info with pure Python"
+optional = false
+python-versions = "*"
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 [[package]]
 name = "pybtex"
 version = "0.24.0"
@@ -2500,6 +2511,26 @@ tomli = {version = ">=1", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""}
 [package.extras]
 dev = ["argcomplete", "attrs (>=19.2)", "hypothesis (>=3.56)", "mock", "pygments (>=2.7.2)", "requests", "setuptools", "xmlschema"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pytest-benchmark"
+version = "5.1.0"
+description = "A ``pytest`` fixture for benchmarking code. It will group the tests into rounds that are calibrated to the chosen timer."
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
+files = [
+    {file = "pytest-benchmark-5.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:9ea661cdc292e8231f7cd4c10b0319e56a2118e2c09d9f50e1b3d150d2aca105"},
+    {file = "pytest_benchmark-5.1.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:922de2dfa3033c227c96da942d1878191afa135a29485fb942e85dff1c592c89"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+py-cpuinfo = "*"
+pytest = ">=8.1"
+
+[package.extras]
+aspect = ["aspectlib"]
+elasticsearch = ["elasticsearch"]
+histogram = ["pygal", "pygaljs", "setuptools"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pytest-cov"
 version = "6.0.0"
@@ -2755,13 +2786,13 @@ cffi = {version = "*", markers = "implementation_name == \"pypy\""}
 
 [[package]]
 name = "referencing"
-version = "0.36.1"
+version = "0.36.2"
 description = "JSON Referencing + Python"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 files = [
-    {file = "referencing-0.36.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:363d9c65f080d0d70bc41c721dce3c7f3e77fc09f269cd5c8813da18069a6794"},
-    {file = "referencing-0.36.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ca2e6492769e3602957e9b831b94211599d2aade9477f5d44110d2530cf9aade"},
+    {file = "referencing-0.36.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e8699adbbf8b5c7de96d8ffa0eb5c158b3beafce084968e2ea8bb08c6794dcd0"},
+    {file = "referencing-0.36.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:df2e89862cd09deabbdba16944cc3f10feb6b3e6f18e902f7cc25609a34775aa"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -3615,13 +3646,13 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tzdata"
-version = "2024.2"
+version = "2025.1"
 description = "Provider of IANA time zone data"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=2"
 files = [
-    {file = "tzdata-2024.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a48093786cdcde33cad18c2555e8532f34422074448fbc874186f0abd79565cd"},
-    {file = "tzdata-2024.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7d85cc416e9382e69095b7bdf4afd9e3880418a2413feec7069d533d6b4e31cc"},
+    {file = "tzdata-2025.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7e127113816800496f027041c570f50bcd464a020098a3b6b199517772303639"},
+    {file = "tzdata-2025.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:24894909e88cdb28bd1636c6887801df64cb485bd593f2fd83ef29075a81d694"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3745,13 +3776,13 @@ test = ["hypothesis", "packaging", "pytest", "pytest-cov"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "xyzservices"
-version = "2024.9.0"
+version = "2025.1.0"
 description = "Source of XYZ tiles providers"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "xyzservices-2024.9.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:776ae82b78d6e5ca63dd6a94abb054df8130887a4a308473b54a6bd364de8644"},
-    {file = "xyzservices-2024.9.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:68fb8353c9dbba4f1ff6c0f2e5e4e596bb9e1db7f94f4f7dfbcb26e25aa66fde"},
+    {file = "xyzservices-2025.1.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:fa599956c5ab32dad1689960b3bb08fdcdbe0252cc82d84fc60ae415dc648907"},
+    {file = "xyzservices-2025.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5cdbb0907c20be1be066c6e2dc69c645842d1113a4e83e642065604a21f254ba"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3776,4 +3807,4 @@ type = ["pytest-mypy"]
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = ">=3.10,<3.13"
-content-hash = "23dc737be4b5998fad5d8b9c692d313862499618a2c61c0e994bef993cfd8187"
+content-hash = "d284919f39bb81a5884fe4983878872a3039c461a17ad2fb624cc63d5835f074"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 74aef17b5..8e9fec727 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ coverage = "^7.6.3"
 pytest = "^8.3.3"
 pytest-cov = "^6.0.0"
 maturin = "^1.7.4"
+pytest-benchmark = "^5.1.0"
 
 [build-system]
 requires = ["poetry-core", "poetry-dynamic-versioning>=1.0.0,<2.0.0", "maturin>=1.4,<2.0"]
@@ -62,4 +63,5 @@ build-backend = "maturin"
 
 [tool.maturin]
 # "extension-module" tells pyo3 we want to build an extension module (skips linking against libpython.so)
-features = ["pyo3/extension-module"]
\ No newline at end of file
+features = ["pyo3/extension-module"]
+requires-python = ">=3.9,<3.13"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_distribution.py b/tests/test_distribution.py
index 51c5a05a7..4e45171ff 100644
--- a/tests/test_distribution.py
+++ b/tests/test_distribution.py
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def test_logp():
     assert jnp.isclose(log_likelihood.sum(), 1141.0585)
 
 
-def test_vectorized_continuous_logp():
+def test_vectorized_continuous_logp(benchmark):
     """Test the vectorized version of the log-probability function."""
 
     timeseries = load_data("continuous")
@@ -128,32 +128,39 @@ def test_vectorized_continuous_logp():
     )
 
     # model fit
-    log_likelihoods = vectorized_logp_two_levels(
-        input_data=input_data,
-        response_function_inputs=jnp.ones(2),
-        response_function_parameters=response_function_parameters,
-        time_steps=time_steps,
-        mean_1=_mean_1,
-        mean_2=_mean_2,
-        mean_3=_mean_3,
-        precision_1=_precision_1,
-        precision_2=_precision_2,
-        precision_3=_precision_3,
-        tonic_volatility_1=_tonic_volatility_1,
-        tonic_volatility_2=_tonic_volatility_2,
-        tonic_volatility_3=_tonic_volatility_3,
-        tonic_drift_1=_tonic_drift_1,
-        tonic_drift_2=_tonic_drift_2,
-        tonic_drift_3=_tonic_drift_3,
-        volatility_coupling_1=_volatility_coupling_1,
-        volatility_coupling_2=_volatility_coupling_2,
-        input_precision=_input_precision,
-    )
+    def get_likelihood():
+        return vectorized_logp_two_levels(
+            input_data=input_data,
+            response_function_inputs=jnp.ones(2),
+            response_function_parameters=response_function_parameters,
+            time_steps=time_steps,
+            mean_1=_mean_1,
+            mean_2=_mean_2,
+            mean_3=_mean_3,
+            precision_1=_precision_1,
+            precision_2=_precision_2,
+            precision_3=_precision_3,
+            tonic_volatility_1=_tonic_volatility_1,
+            tonic_volatility_2=_tonic_volatility_2,
+            tonic_volatility_3=_tonic_volatility_3,
+            tonic_drift_1=_tonic_drift_1,
+            tonic_drift_2=_tonic_drift_2,
+            tonic_drift_3=_tonic_drift_3,
+            volatility_coupling_1=_volatility_coupling_1,
+            volatility_coupling_2=_volatility_coupling_2,
+            input_precision=_input_precision,
+        )
+
+    # warmup
+    _ = get_likelihood()
+
+    # benchmark
+    log_likelihoods = benchmark(get_likelihood)
 
     assert jnp.isclose(log_likelihoods.sum(), 2282.1165).all()
 
 
-def test_vectorized_binary_logp():
+def test_vectorized_binary_logp(benchmark):
     """Test the vectorized version of the log-probability function."""
 
     u, y = load_data("binary")
@@ -227,27 +234,34 @@ def test_vectorized_binary_logp():
     )
 
     # model fit
-    log_likelihoods = vectorized_logp_two_levels(
-        input_data=input_data,
-        response_function_inputs=np.array([y] * 2),
-        response_function_parameters=response_function_parameters,
-        time_steps=time_steps,
-        mean_1=_mean_1,
-        mean_2=_mean_2,
-        mean_3=_mean_3,
-        precision_1=_precision_1,
-        precision_2=_precision_2,
-        precision_3=_precision_3,
-        tonic_volatility_1=_tonic_volatility_1,
-        tonic_volatility_2=_tonic_volatility_2,
-        tonic_volatility_3=_tonic_volatility_3,
-        tonic_drift_1=_tonic_drift_1,
-        tonic_drift_2=_tonic_drift_2,
-        tonic_drift_3=_tonic_drift_3,
-        volatility_coupling_1=_volatility_coupling_1,
-        volatility_coupling_2=_volatility_coupling_2,
-        input_precision=_input_precision,
-    )
+    def get_likelihood():
+        return vectorized_logp_two_levels(
+            input_data=input_data,
+            response_function_inputs=np.array([y] * 2),
+            response_function_parameters=response_function_parameters,
+            time_steps=time_steps,
+            mean_1=_mean_1,
+            mean_2=_mean_2,
+            mean_3=_mean_3,
+            precision_1=_precision_1,
+            precision_2=_precision_2,
+            precision_3=_precision_3,
+            tonic_volatility_1=_tonic_volatility_1,
+            tonic_volatility_2=_tonic_volatility_2,
+            tonic_volatility_3=_tonic_volatility_3,
+            tonic_drift_1=_tonic_drift_1,
+            tonic_drift_2=_tonic_drift_2,
+            tonic_drift_3=_tonic_drift_3,
+            volatility_coupling_1=_volatility_coupling_1,
+            volatility_coupling_2=_volatility_coupling_2,
+            input_precision=_input_precision,
+        )
+
+    # warmup
+    _ = get_likelihood()
+
+    # benchmark
+    log_likelihoods = benchmark(get_likelihood)
 
     assert jnp.isclose(log_likelihoods.sum(), -283.83594).all()
 
@@ -534,7 +548,7 @@ def test_pytensor_logp():
     assert jnp.isclose(logp, -200.2442167699337)
 
 
-def test_pytensor_grad_logp():
+def test_pytensor_grad_logp_continuous(benchmark):
     """Test the pytensor gradient hgf_logp op."""
 
     ##################
@@ -552,21 +566,32 @@ def test_pytensor_grad_logp():
         response_function_inputs=None,
     )
 
-    tonic_volatility_1 = hgf_logp_grad_op(
-        tonic_volatility_1=-3.0,
-        tonic_volatility_2=-3.0,
-        input_precision=1e4,
-        tonic_drift_1=0.0,
-        tonic_drift_2=0.0,
-        precision_1=1.0,
-        precision_2=1.0,
-        mean_1=1.0,
-        mean_2=0.0,
-        volatility_coupling_1=1.0,
-    )[6].eval()
+    def get_grad_volatility_1():
+        return hgf_logp_grad_op(
+            tonic_volatility_1=-3.0,
+            tonic_volatility_2=-3.0,
+            input_precision=1e4,
+            tonic_drift_1=0.0,
+            tonic_drift_2=0.0,
+            precision_1=1.0,
+            precision_2=1.0,
+            mean_1=1.0,
+            mean_2=0.0,
+            volatility_coupling_1=1.0,
+        )[6].eval()
+
+    # warmup
+    _ = get_grad_volatility_1()
+
+    # benchmark
+    tonic_volatility_1 = benchmark(get_grad_volatility_1)
 
     assert jnp.isclose(tonic_volatility_1, -3.3479857)
 
+
+def test_pytensor_grad_logp_binary(benchmark):
+    """Test the pytensor gradient hgf_logp op."""
+
     ##############
     # Binary HGF #
     ##############
@@ -582,18 +607,25 @@ def test_pytensor_grad_logp():
         response_function_inputs=y[np.newaxis, :],
     )
 
-    tonic_volatility_2 = hgf_logp_grad_op(
-        tonic_volatility_1=jnp.inf,
-        tonic_volatility_2=-6.0,
-        input_precision=jnp.inf,
-        tonic_drift_1=0.0,
-        tonic_drift_2=0.0,
-        precision_1=0.0,
-        precision_2=1e4,
-        mean_1=jnp.inf,
-        mean_2=0.5,
-        volatility_coupling_1=1.0,
-    )[7].eval()
+    def get_grad_volatility_2():
+        return hgf_logp_grad_op(
+            tonic_volatility_1=jnp.inf,
+            tonic_volatility_2=-6.0,
+            input_precision=jnp.inf,
+            tonic_drift_1=0.0,
+            tonic_drift_2=0.0,
+            precision_1=0.0,
+            precision_2=1e4,
+            mean_1=jnp.inf,
+            mean_2=0.5,
+            volatility_coupling_1=1.0,
+        )[7].eval()
+
+    # warmup
+    _ = get_grad_volatility_2()
+
+    # benchmark
+    tonic_volatility_2 = benchmark(get_grad_volatility_2)
 
     assert jnp.isclose(tonic_volatility_2, 10.866466)