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+---
+tags: ["core"]
+---
+
+# Contract Semantics
+
+This document aims to clarify the semantics of how a CosmWasm contract interacts with its
+environment. There are two main types of actions: _mutating_ actions, which are able to modify the
+state of the blockchain, and _query_ actions, which are run on a single node with read-only access
+to the data.
+
+## Definitions
+
+**Contract** is as some wasm code uploaded to the system, initialized at the creation of the
+contract. This has no state except that which is contained in the wasm code (eg. static constants)
+
+**Instance** is one instantiation of the contract. This contains a reference to the contract, as
+well as some "local" state to this instance, initialized at the creation of the instance. This state
+is stored in the kvstore, meaning a reference to the code plus a reference to the (prefixed) data
+store uniquely defines the smart contract.
+
+Example: we could upload a generic "ERC20 mintable" contract, and many people could create
+independent instances of the same bytecode, where the local data defines the token name, the issuer,
+the max issuance, etc.
+
+- First you **create** a _contract_
+- Then you **instantiate** an _instance_
+- Finally users **invoke** the _instance_
+
+## Execution
+
+In the section below, we will discuss how the `execute` call works, but the same semantics apply to
+any other _mutating_ action - `instantiate`, `migrate`, `sudo`, etc.
+
+### SDK Context
+
+Before looking at CosmWasm, we should look at the semantics enforced by the blockchain framework we
+integrate with - the [Cosmos SDK](https://v1.cosmos.network/sdk). It is based upon the
+[Tendermint BFT](https://tendermint.com/core/) Consensus Engine. Let us first look how they process
+transactions before they arrive in CosmWasm.
+
+First, the Tendermint engine will seek 2/3+ consensus on a list of transactions to be included in
+the next block. This is done _without executing them_. They are simply subjected to a minimal
+pre-filter by the Cosmos SDK module, to ensure they are validly formatted transactions, with
+sufficient gas fees, and signed by an account with sufficient fees to pay it. Notably, this means
+many transactions that error may be included in a block.
+
+Once a block is committed, the transactions are then fed to the Cosmos SDK sequentially in order to
+execute them. Each one returns a result or error along with event logs, which are recorded in the
+`TxResults` section of the next block. The `AppHash` (or merkle proof or blockchain state) after
+executing the block is also included in the next block.
+
+The Cosmos SDK `BaseApp` handles each transaction in an isolated context. It first verifies all
+signatures and deducts the gas fees. It sets the "Gas Meter" to limit the execution to the amount of
+gas paid for by the fees. Then it makes an isolated context to run the transaction. This allows the
+code to read the current state of the chain (after the last transaction finished), but it only
+writes to a cache, which may be committed or rolled back on error.
+
+A transaction may consist of multiple messages and each one is executed in turn under the same
+context and same gas limit. If all messages succeed, the context will be committed to the underlying
+blockchain state and the results of all messages will be stored in the `TxResult`. If one message
+fails, all later messages are skipped and all state changes are reverted. This is very important for
+atomicity. That means Alice and Bob can both sign a transaction with 2 messages: Alice pays Bob 1000
+ATOM, Bob pays Alice 50 ETH, and if Bob doesn't have the funds in his account, Alice's payment will
+also be reverted. This is just like a DB Transaction typically works.
+
+[`x/wasm`](https://github.com/CosmWasm/wasmd/tree/master/x/wasm) is a custom Cosmos SDK module,
+which processes certain messages and uses them to upload, instantiate, and execute smart contracts.
+In particular, it accepts a properly signed
+[`MsgExecuteContract`](https://github.com/CosmWasm/wasmd/blob/master/proto/cosmwasm/wasm/v1/tx.proto),
+routes it to
+[`Keeper.Execute`](https://github.com/CosmWasm/wasmd/blob/master/x/wasm/keeper/keeper.go), which
+loads the proper smart contract and calls `execute` on it. Note that this method may either return a
+success (with data and events) or an error. In the case of an error here, it will revert the entire
+transaction in the block. This is the context we find ourselves in when our contract receives the
+`execute` call.
+
+### Basic Execution
+
+When we implement a contract, we provide the following entry point:
+
+```rust template="core"
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "library"), entry_point)]
+pub fn execute(
+    deps: DepsMut,
+    env: Env,
+    info: MessageInfo,
+    msg: ExecuteMsg,
+) -> StdResult<Response> {
+  // [...]
+  Ok(Response::new())
+}
+```
+
+With [`DepsMut`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.DepsMut.html), this can
+read and write to the backing
+[`Storage`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/trait.Storage.html), as well as use the
+[`Api`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/trait.Api.html) to validate addresses, and
+use [`QuerierWrapper`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.QuerierWrapper.html)
+the state of other contracts or native modules. Once it is done, it returns either `Ok(Response)` or
+`Err(ContractError)`.
+
+If it returns `Err`, this error is converted to a string representation, and it's returned to the
+SDK module. _All state changes are reverted_ and `x/wasm` returns this error message, which will
+_generally_ abort the transaction, and return the error message to the external caller.
+
+If it returns `Ok`, the
+[`Response`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.Response.html) object is parsed
+and processed.
+
+In the Cosmos SDK, a transaction returns a number of events to the user, along with an optional data
+"result". This result is hashed into the next block hash to be provable and can return some
+essential state (although in general client apps rely on Events more). This result is more commonly
+used to pass results between contracts or modules in the sdk.
+
+### Dispatching Submessages
+
+Now let's move onto the `messages` field of the
+[`Response`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.Response.html). Some contracts
+are fine only talking with themselves. But many want to move tokens or call into other contracts for
+more complex actions. This is where messages come in. We return
+[`CosmosMsg`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/enum.CosmosMsg.html), which is a
+serializable representation of any external call the contract can make.
+
+This may be hard to understand at first. "Why can't I just call another contract?", you may ask.
+However, we do this to prevent one of most widespread and hardest to detect security holes in
+Ethereum contracts - reentrancy. We do this by following the actor model, which doesn't nest
+function calls, but returns messages that will be executed later. This means all state that is
+carried over between one call and the next happens in storage and not in memory. For more
+information on this design, I recommend you read
+[our docs on the Actor Model](architecture/actor-model.mdx).
+
+A common request was the ability to get the result from one of the messages you dispatched. For
+example, you want to create a new contract with
+[`WasmMsg::Instantiate`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/enum.WasmMsg.html#variant.Instantiate),
+but then you need to store the address of the newly created contract in the caller. This is possible
+with `messages`. It also solves a similar use-case of capturing the error results, so if you execute
+a message from e.g. a cron contract, it can store the error message and mark the message as run,
+rather than aborting the whole transaction. It also allows for limiting the gas usage of the
+submessage.
+
+This makes use of
+[`CosmosMsg`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/enum.CosmosMsg.html) as above, but it
+wraps it inside a [`SubMsg`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.SubMsg.html)
+envelope.
+
+What are the semantics of a submessage execution. First, we create a sub-transaction context around
+the state, allowing it to read the latest state written by the caller, but write to yet-another
+cache. If `gas_limit` is set, it is sandboxed to how much gas it can use until it aborts with
+`OutOfGasError`. This error is caught and returned to the caller like any other error returned from
+contract execution (unless it burned the entire gas limit of the transaction). What is more
+interesting is what happens on completion.
+
+If it return success, the temporary state is committed (into the caller's cache), and the
+[`Response`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.Response.html) is processed as
+normal. Once the response is fully processed, this may then be intercepted by the calling contract
+(for `ReplyOn::Always` and `ReplyOn::Success`). On an error, the subcall will revert any partial
+state changes due to this message, but not revert any state changes in the calling contract. The
+error may then be intercepted by the calling contract (for `ReplyOn::Always` and `ReplyOn::Error`).
+_In this case, the messages error doesn't abort the whole transaction_
+
+Note, that error doesn't abort the whole transaction _if and only if_ the `reply` is called - so in
+case of `ReplyOn::Always` and `ReplyOn::Error`. If the submessage is called with `ReplyOn::Success`
+(or `ReplyOn::Never`, which makes it effectively a normal message), the error in subsequent call
+would result in failing whole transaction and not commit the changes for it. The rule here is as
+follows: if for any reason you want your message handling to succeed on submessage failure, you
+always have to reply on failure.
+
+Obviously - on the successful processing of sub-message, if the reply is not called (in particular
+`ReplyOn::Error`), the whole transaction is assumed to succeed, and is committed.
+
+#### Handling the Reply
+
+In order to make use of `messages`, the calling contract must have an extra entry point:
+
+```rust filename="contract.rs" template="core"
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "library"), entry_point)]
+pub fn reply(deps: DepsMut, env: Env, reply: Reply) -> StdResult<Response> {
+  // [...]
+  Ok(Response::new())
+}
+```
+
+Once the submessage handling is finished, the caller will get a chance to handle the result. It will
+get the original `id` of the subcall and the `Result` of the execution, both success and error. Note
+that it includes all events returned by the submessage, which applies to native sdk modules (like
+Bank) as well as the contracts. If you need more state, you must save some local context to the
+store (under the `id`) before returning the `message` in the original `execute`, and load it in
+`reply`. We explicitly prohibit passing information in contract memory, as that is the key vector
+for reentrancy attacks, which are a large security surface area in Ethereum.
+
+The `reply` call may return `Err` itself, in which case it is treated like the caller errored, and
+aborting the transaction. However, on successful processing, `reply` may return a normal
+[`Response`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.Response.html), which will be
+processed as normal - events added to the `EventManager`, and all `messages` dispatched as described
+above. When `Err` is returned by a message handler, all changes made by the handler up to the reply
+entry-point that returns the `Ok` response are reverted.
+
+### TODO tkulik: add examples of more than one msg_responses.
+
+The responses emitted by the submessage are gathered in the
+[`msg_responses`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.SubMsgResponse.html#structfield.msg_responses)
+field of the
+[SubMsgResponse](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.SubMsgResponse.html)
+structure. **Wasmd** allows chains to translate a single contract message into multiple SDK
+messages. In that case all the message responses from each are concatenated into this flattened
+`Vec`.
+
+#### Order and rollback
+
+Submessages follow a _depth first_ order rules:
+
+```mermaid
+
+  sequenceDiagram
+    Note over Contract1: Contract1 returns two submessages:<br/> 1. Execute Contract2<br/> 2. Execute Contract4
+    Contract1->>Contract2: 1. Execute
+    Note over Contract2: Contract2 returns one submessage:<br/> 1. Execute Contract3
+    Contract2->>Contract3: 2. Execute
+    Contract3->>Contract2: 3. Response
+    Note over Contract2: Contract2 can handle the Response<br/>in the reply entrypoint or leave it
+    Contract2->>Contract1: 4. Response
+    Note over Contract1: Contract1 can handle the Response<br/>in the reply entrypoint or leave it
+    Contract1->>Contract4: 5. Execute
+    Contract4->>Contract1: 6. Response
+    Note over Contract1: Contract1 can handle the Response<br/>in the reply entrypoint or leave it
+
+```
+
+**Note:** The field `data` of the submessages field in the response are not forwarded down the call
+path. It means that for e.g. if `Contract2` will not explicitly handle response from `Contract3` and
+forward any data, then `Contract1` will never learn about results from `Contract3`.
+
+## Query Semantics
+
+Until now, we have focused on the
+[`Response`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.Response.html) object, which
+allows us to execute code in other contracts via the actor model. That is, each contract is run
+sequentially, one after another, and no nested calls are possible. This is essential to avoid
+reentrancy, which is when calling into another contract can change my state while I am in the middle
+of a transaction.
+
+However, there are many times we need access to information from other contracts in the middle of
+processing, such as determining the contract's bank balance before sending funds. To enable this, we
+have exposed the _read only_
+[`QuerierWrapper`](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/struct.QuerierWrapper.html) to
+enable _synchronous_ calls in the middle of the execution. By making it read-only (and enforcing
+that in the VM level), we can prevent the possibility of reentrancy, as the query cannot modify any
+state or execute our contract.
+
+When we "make a query", we serialize a
+[`QueryRequest` struct](https://docs.rs/cosmwasm-std/latest/cosmwasm_std/enum.QueryRequest.html) and
+then pass that over FFI to the runtime, where it is interpreted in the `x/wasm` SDK module. This is
+extensible with blockchain-specific custom queries.
+
+## Sylvia
+
+The goal of Sylvia library is to enhance user experience and simplify the process of creating smart
+contracts. Once we learn how CosmWasm works it's good to spend some time on writing your contracts
+without the serialization/deserialization overhead. For more info check the
+[Sylvia docs here](../sylvia.mdx)