From cd02d8e2aea294254d9f5bb0406c4bd86867b76e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aida Monfort Muriach <aida.monfort@uji.es>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2019 12:05:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] update Bok 23-04-19

---
 src/app/ui/footer/footer.component.html |    2 +-
 src/assets/js/bok_visualization.js      |    4 +-
 src/assets/xml/saved-bok.xml            | 3442 ++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 1795 insertions(+), 1653 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/ui/footer/footer.component.html b/src/app/ui/footer/footer.component.html
index f85afa1..a541621 100644
--- a/src/app/ui/footer/footer.component.html
+++ b/src/app/ui/footer/footer.component.html
@@ -1 +1 @@
-<small>BoK Last updated : 15/04/2019</small>
+<small>BoK last update : 23/04/2019</small>
diff --git a/src/assets/js/bok_visualization.js b/src/assets/js/bok_visualization.js
index 7edbcd7..b98fd46 100755
--- a/src/assets/js/bok_visualization.js
+++ b/src/assets/js/bok_visualization.js
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ showMoreLess = function () {
             moreButton.innerHTML = "show more...";
         }
         ;
-
     }
     ;
 };
@@ -221,9 +220,10 @@ displayConcept = function (d, namehash) {
     //display description of concept.
     var description = document.getElementById("description");
     if (d.description != null) {
+        var timeFormat = "<small> Last Updated: " + new Date(d.timestamp).toUTCString() + " </small><br>";
         var headline = "<h5>Description:</h5>";
         var currentTxt = "<div id='currentDescription' class='hideContent'>" + d.description + "</div>";
-        description.innerHTML = headline + currentTxt;
+        description.innerHTML =timeFormat + headline + currentTxt;
         var current = document.getElementById("currentDescription");
 
         //insert 'more'-buttons:
diff --git a/src/assets/xml/saved-bok.xml b/src/assets/xml/saved-bok.xml
index c0f4165..8726d6f 100644
--- a/src/assets/xml/saved-bok.xml
+++ b/src/assets/xml/saved-bok.xml
@@ -5,259 +5,302 @@
                        xmlns:gin2k="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k"
                        xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1-1_Academic_foundations_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1-1_Academic_foundations_rev5"
+            Definition="- Differentiate between exploratory and confirmatory geospatial data analysis&#xA;- Differentiate geospatial data analysis from non-spatial data analysis&#xA;- Explain the origins of the term &#34;Quantitative Revolution&#34; in geography and other disciplines&#xA;- Explain how the &#34;Quantitative Revolution&#34; was important in the development of GIS&amp;T&#xA;- Contrast the analytical approaches taken in various academic disciplines in which geospatial analysis has evolved&#xA;- Grey`s 4th paradigm"
             Notation="AM1-1"
             PrefLabel="Academic foundations"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:34:18-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-18T19:53:06-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1-2_Analytical_approaches_rev2"
-            Definition="- Explain what is special (i.e., difficult) about geospatial data analysis and why some traditional statistical analysis techniques are not suited to geographic problems"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1-2_Analytical_approaches_rev5"
+            Definition="- Compare and contrast spatial statistical analysis, spatial data analysis, and spatial modeling&#xA;- Compare and contrast spatial statistics and map algebra as two very different kinds of data analysis&#xA;- Compare and contrast the methods of analyzing aggregate data as opposed to methods of analyzing a set of individual observations&#xA;- Define the terms spatial analysis, spatial modeling, geostatistics, spatial econometrics, spatial statistics, qualitative analysis, map algebra, and network analysis&#xA;- Differentiate between geostatistics and spatial statistics&#xA;- Discuss situations when it is desirable to adopt a spatial approach to the analysis of data&#xA;- Explain what is added to spatial analysis to make it spatio-temporal analysis&#xA;- Explain what is special (i.e., difficult) about geospatial data analysis and why some traditional statistical analysis techniques are not suited to geographic problems"
             Notation="AM1-2"
             PrefLabel="Analytical approaches"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:34:46-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-18T19:54:07-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-1_Problems_of_large_spatial_databases_rev2"
-            Definition="- Outline the implications of complexity for the application of statistical ideas in geography - Describe sources of Big Data"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-1_Problems_of_large_spatial_databases_rev5"
+            Definition="- Describe emerging geographical analysis techniques in geocomputation derived from artificial intelligence (e.g., expert systems, artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, and software agents)&#xA;- Describe difficulties in dealing with large spatial databases, especially those arising from spatial heterogeneity&#xA;- Explain what is meant by the term &#34;contaminated data,&#34; suggesting how it can arise&#xA;- Explain how to recognize contaminated data in large datasets&#xA;- Outline the implications of complexity for the application of statistical ideas in geography - Describe sources of Big Data"
             Notation="AM10-1"
             PrefLabel="Problems of large spatial databases"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:28:03-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:57:41-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-2_Data_mining_approaches_rev3"
-            Definition="- Discuss tools (e.g. scripts, plugins) to gather location based data (e.g. Twitter feeds, address data)"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-2_Data_mining_approaches_rev6"
+            Definition="- Describe how data mining can be used for geospatial intelligence&#xA;- Differentiate between data mining approaches used for spatial and non-spatial applications&#xA;- Compare and contrast the primary types of data mining: summarization/characterization, clustering/categorization, feature extraction, and rule/relationships extraction&#xA;- Explain how spatial statistics techniques are used in spatial data mining&#xA;- Explain how the analytical reasoning techniques, visual representations, and interaction techniques that make up the domain of visual analytics have a strong spatial component&#xA;- Demonstrate how cluster analysis can be used as a data mining tool&#xA;- Interpret patterns in space and time using Dorling and Openshaw`s geographical analysis machine (GAM) demonstration of disease incidence diffusion&#xA;- Discuss tools (e.g. scripts, plugins) to gather location based data (e.g. Twitter feeds, address data)"
             Notation="AM10-2"
             PrefLabel="Data mining approaches"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:28:23-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:58:20-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-3_Knowledge_discovery_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-3_Knowledge_discovery_rev5"
             Label="AM10-3.Knowledge discovery"
-            Definition="- Explain how visual data exploration can be combined with data mining techniques as a means of discovering research hypotheses in large spatial datasets - Explain how a Bayesian framework can incorporate expert knowledge in order to retrieve all relevant datasets given an initial user query"
+            Definition="- Explain how spatial data mining techniques can be used for knowledge discovery&#xA;- Explain how visual data exploration can be combined with data mining techniques as a means of discovering research hypotheses in large spatial datasets - Explain how a Bayesian framework can incorporate expert knowledge in order to retrieve all relevant datasets given an initial user query"
             Notation="AM10-3"
             PrefLabel="Knowledge discovery"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:28:41-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:59:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-4_Pattern_recognition_and_matching_rev3"
-            Definition="- Design a simple spatial mean filter"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-4_Pattern_recognition_and_matching_rev6"
+            Definition="- Differentiate among machine learning, data mining, and pattern recognition&#xA;- Explain the outcome of an artificial intelligence analysis (e.g., edge recognition), including a discussion of what the human did not see that the computer identified and vice versa&#xA;- Explain the principles of pattern recognition - Apply a simple spatial mean filter to an image as a means of recognizing patterns&#xA;- Construct an edge-recognition filter&#xA;- Design a simple spatial mean filter"
             Notation="AM10-4"
             PrefLabel="Pattern recognition and matching"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:29:17-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:59:34-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10_Data_mining_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10_Data_mining_rev5"
             Definition="Algorithms have been developed to scan and search through extremely large data sets in order to find patterns within the data. These data mining and knowledge discovery techniques have been expanded to the spatial case. Legal and ethical concerns associated with such practices are considered in Knowledge Areas GS GIS and T and Society and OI Organizational and Institutional Aspects."
             Notation="AM10"
             PrefLabel="Data mining"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:27:40-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:57:12-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-1_Networks_defined_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-1_Networks_defined_rev6"
             Label="AM11-1.Networks defined"
-            Definition="- Create a data set with network attributes and topology"
+            Definition="- Define the following terms pertaining to a network: Loops, multiple edges, the degree of a vertex, walk, trail, path, cycle, fundamental cycle&#xA;- Define different interpretations of &#34;cost&#34; in various routing applications&#xA;- Describe networks that apply to specific applications or industries&#xA;- Create a data set with network attributes and topology"
             Notation="AM11-1"
             PrefLabel="Networks defined"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:08:17-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:21:34-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-2_Graph_theoretic_descriptive_measures_of_networks_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-2_Graph_theoretic_descriptive_measures_of_networks_rev5"
             Label="AM11-2.Graph theoretic descriptive measures of networks"
-            Definition="- Compute the detour index and the measure of network density for a given network"
+            Definition="- Demonstrate how networks can be measured using the number of elements in a network, the distances along network edges, and the level of connectivity of the network&#xA;- Explain the concept of the diameter of a network&#xA;- Compute the estimated number of fundamental cycles in a graph&#xA;- Compute the alpha, beta, and gamma indices of network connectivity&#xA;- Compute the detour index and the measure of network density for a given network"
             Notation="AM11-2"
             PrefLabel="Graph theoretic descriptive measures of networks"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:08:37-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:22:01-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-3_Least-cost_shortest_path_rev2"
-            Definition="- Demonstrate how K-shortest path algorithms can be implemented to find many efficient alternate paths across the network - Compute the optimum path between two points through a network with Dijkstra’s algorithm"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-3_Least-cost_shortest_path_rev6"
+            Definition="- Describe some variants of Dijkstra`s algorithm that are even more efficient&#xA;- Explain how a leading World Wide Web-based routing system works (e.g., MapQuest, Yahoo Maps, Google)&#xA;- Discuss the difference of implementing Dijkstra`s algorithm in raster and vector modes&#xA;- Demonstrate how K-shortest path algorithms can be implemented to find many efficient alternate paths across the network - Compute the optimum path between two points through a network with Dijkstra`s algorithm"
             Notation="AM11-3"
             PrefLabel="Least-cost shortest path"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:09:05-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:39:26-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-4_Flow_modeling_rev3"
-            Definition="- Discuss the visualization of results of flow modelling"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-4_Flow_modeling_rev6"
+            Definition="- Describe practical situations in which flow is conserved while splitting or joining at nodes of the network&#xA;- Explain how the concept of capacity represents an upper limit on the amount of flow through the network&#xA;- Demonstrate how capacity is assigned to edges in a network using the appropriate data structure&#xA;- Apply a maximum flow algorithm to calculate the largest flow from a source to a sink, using the edges of the network, subject to capacity constraints on the arcs and the conservation of flow&#xA;- Discuss the visualization of results of flow modelling"
             Notation="AM11-4"
             PrefLabel="Flow modeling"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:09:28-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:40:12-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-5_The_Classic_Transportation_Problem_rev2"
-            Definition="- Implement the transportation simplex method to determine the optimal solution"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-5_The_Classic_Transportation_Problem_rev5"
+            Definition="- Describe the classic transportation problem&#xA;- Explain why, if supply equals demand, there will always be a feasible solution to the classic transportation problem&#xA;- Demonstrate how the classic transportation problem can be structured as a linear program&#xA;- Implement the transportation simplex method to determine the optimal solution"
             Notation="AM11-5"
             PrefLabel="The Classic Transportation Problem"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:09:52-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:40:47-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-6_Other_classic_network_problems_rev3"
-            Definition="- Explain why heuristic solutions are generally used to address the combinatorially complex nature of these problems and the difficulty of solving them optimally"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-6_Other_classic_network_problems_rev7"
+            Definition="- Describe several classic problems to which network analysis is applied (e.g., the traveling salesman problem, the Chinese postman problem)&#xA;- Explain why heuristic solutions are generally used to address the combinatorially complex nature of these problems and the difficulty of solving them optimally"
             Notation="AM11-6"
             PrefLabel="Other classic network problems"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:10:26-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:41:26-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-7_Accessibility_modeling_rev3"
-            Definition="- Compare current accessibility models with early models of market potential"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-7_Accessibility_modeling_rev6"
+            Definition="- Describe alternate definitions of accessibility on a network&#xA;- Describe methods for measuring different kinds of accessibility on a network&#xA;- Contrast accessibility modeling at the individual level versus at an aggregated level&#xA;- Compare current accessibility models with early models of market potential"
             Notation="AM11-7"
             PrefLabel="Accessibility modeling"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:10:48-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:41:59-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev5"
             Label="AM11.Network analysis"
             Definition="Network analysis encompasses a wide range of procedures, techniques, and methods that allow for the examination of phenomena that can be modeled in the form of connected sets of edges and vertices. Such sets are termed a network or a graph, and the mathematical basis for network analysis is known as graph theory. Graph theory contains descriptive measures and indices of networks such as connectivity, adjacency, capacity, and flow as well as methods for proving the properties of networks. Networks have long been recognized as an efficient way to model many types of geographic data, including transportation networks, river networks, and utility networks electric, cable, sewer and water, etc. to name just a few. The data structures to support network analysis are covered in Unit DM4 Vector and object data models."
             Notation="AM11"
             PrefLabel="Network analysis"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:21:07-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-1_Operations_research_modeling_and_location_modeling_principles_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-1_Operations_research_modeling_and_location_modeling_principles_rev5"
             Label="AM12-1.Operations research modeling and location modeling principles"
-            Definition="- Compare and contrast the concepts of discrete location problems and continuous location problems"
+            Definition="- Explain how optimization models can be used to generate models of alternate options for presentation to decision makers&#xA;- Explain the concept of solution space&#xA;- Explain the principles of operations research modeling and location modeling&#xA;- Explain, using the concept of combinatorial complexity, why some location problems are very hard to solve&#xA;- Compare and contrast the concepts of discrete location problems and continuous location problems"
             Notation="AM12-1"
             PrefLabel="Operations research modeling and location modeling principles"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T13:55:17-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:43:13-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-2_Linear_programming_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-2_Linear_programming_rev5"
             Label="AM12-2.Linear programming"
-            Definition="- Implement linear programs for spatial allocation problems"
+            Definition="- Describe the structure of linear programs&#xA;- Explain the role of objective functions in linear programming&#xA;- Explain the role of constraint functions using the graphical method - Explain the role of constraint functions using the simplex method&#xA;- Implement linear programs for spatial allocation problems"
             Notation="AM12-2"
             PrefLabel="Linear programming"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T13:55:46-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:43:40-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-3_Integer_programming_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-3_Integer_programming_rev4"
             Label="AM12-3.Integer programming"
-            Definition=""
+            Definition="- Differentiate between a linear program and an integer program&#xA;- Explain why integer programs are harder to solve than linear programs"
             Notation="AM12-3"
             PrefLabel="Integer programming"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:44:29-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-4_Location-allocation_modeling_and_p-median_problems_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-4_Location-allocation_modeling_and_p-median_problems_rev5"
             Label="AM12-4.Location-allocation modeling and p-median problems"
-            Definition="- Locate, using location-allocation software, service facilities that meet given sets of constraints"
+            Definition="- Describe the structure of origin-destination matrices&#xA;- Explain the concepts of demand and service&#xA;- Explain Weber`s locational triangle&#xA;- Assess the outcome of location-allocation models using other spatial analysis techniques&#xA;- Compare and contrast covering, dispersion, and p-median models&#xA;- Locate, using location-allocation software, service facilities that meet given sets of constraints"
             Notation="AM12-4"
             PrefLabel="Location-allocation modeling and p-median problems"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T13:56:28-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:44:56-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12_Optimization_and_location-allocation_modeling_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12_Optimization_and_location-allocation_modeling_rev4"
             Label="AM12.Optimization and location-allocation modeling"
             Definition="A wide variety of optimization techniques are now solvable within the GIS and T domain. Operations research is a branch of mathematics practiced in the allied fields of business and engineering. New models and software tools allow for the solution of transportation routing, facility location, and a host of other location-allocation modeling problems."
             Notation="AM12"
             PrefLabel="Optimization and location-allocation modeling"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:42:46-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-1_Impacts_of_transformations_rev3"
-            Definition="- Consider the importance of accurate data in a project"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-1_Impacts_of_transformations_rev2"
+            Definition="- Compare and contrast the impacts of different conversion approaches, including the effect on spatial components&#xA;- Prioritize a set of algorithms designed to perform transformations based on the need to main- tain data integrity (e.g., converting a digital elevation model into a TIN)&#xA;- Create a flowchart showing the sequence of transformations on a data set (e.g., geometric and radiometric correction and mosaicking of remotely sensed data)&#xA;- Consider the importance of accurate data in a project"
             Notation="AM13-1"
             PrefLabel="Impacts of transformations"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:03:17-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:03:38-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-1_Impacts_of_transformations_rev6"
+            Definition="- Compare and contrast the impacts of different conversion approaches, including the effect on spatial components&#xA;- Prioritize a set of algorithms designed to perform transformations based on the need to main- tain data integrity (e.g., converting a digital elevation model into a TIN)&#xA;- Create a flowchart showing the sequence of transformations on a data set (e.g., geometric and radiometric correction and mosaicking of remotely sensed data)&#xA;- Consider the importance of accurate data in a project"
+            Notation="AM13-1"
+            PrefLabel="Impacts of transformations"
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:03:33-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-2_Data_model_and_format_conversion_rev3"
-            Definition="- Discuss the importance of a well thought data model in a GIS project"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-2_Data_model_and_format_conversion_rev2"
+            Definition="- Identify the conceptual and practical difficulties associated with data model and format conversion&#xA;- Describe a workflow for converting and implementing a data model in a GIS involving an Entity- Relationship (E-R) diagram and the Universal Modeling Language (UML)&#xA;- Discuss the role of metadata in facilitating conversation of data models and data structures between systems&#xA;- Convert a data set from the native format of one GIS product to another&#xA;- Discuss the importance of preserving the semantics when converting a data format&#xA;- Discuss the importance of a well thought data model in a GIS project"
             Notation="AM13-2"
             PrefLabel="Data model and format conversion"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:03:35-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:06:43-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-2_Data_model_and_format_conversion_rev6"
+            Definition="- Identify the conceptual and practical difficulties associated with data model and format conversion&#xA;- Describe a workflow for converting and implementing a data model in a GIS involving an Entity- Relationship (E-R) diagram and the Universal Modeling Language (UML)&#xA;- Discuss the role of metadata in facilitating conversation of data models and data structures between systems&#xA;- Convert a data set from the native format of one GIS product to another&#xA;- Discuss the importance of preserving the semantics when converting a data format&#xA;- Discuss the importance of a well thought data model in a GIS project"
+            Notation="AM13-2"
+            PrefLabel="Data model and format conversion"
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:06:33-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-3_Interpolation_rev4"
-            Definition="- Discuss that the choice of interpolation technique depends on what we want to model"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-3_Interpolation_rev2"
+            Definition="- Differentiate among common interpolation techniques (e.g., nearest neighbor, bilinear, bicubic)&#xA;- Explain how the elevation values in a digital elevation model (DEM) are derived by interpolation from irregular arrays of spot elevations&#xA;- Discuss the pitfalls of using secondary data that has been generated using interpolations (e.g., Level 1 USGS DEMs)&#xA;- Estimate a value between two known values using linear interpolation (e.g., spot elevations, population between census years)&#xA;- Discuss that the choice of interpolation technique depends on what we want to model"
             Notation="AM13-3"
             PrefLabel="Interpolation"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:03:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:05:47-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-4_Vector-to-raster_and_raster-to-vector_conversions_rev4"
-            Definition="- Create estimated tessellated data sets from point samples or isolines using interpolation operations that are appropriate to the specific situation"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-3_Interpolation_rev8"
+            Definition="- Differentiate among common interpolation techniques (e.g., nearest neighbor, bilinear, bicubic)&#xA;- Explain how the elevation values in a digital elevation model (DEM) are derived by interpolation from irregular arrays of spot elevations&#xA;- Discuss the pitfalls of using secondary data that has been generated using interpolations (e.g., Level 1 USGS DEMs)&#xA;- Estimate a value between two known values using linear interpolation (e.g., spot elevations, population between census years)&#xA;- Discuss that the choice of interpolation technique depends on what we want to model"
+            Notation="AM13-3"
+            PrefLabel="Interpolation"
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:05:40-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-4_Vector-to-raster_and_raster-to-vector_conversions_rev8"
+            Definition="- Explain how the vector/raster/vector conversion process of graphic images and algorithms takes place and how the results are achieved&#xA;- Convert vector data to raster format and back using GIS software&#xA;- Illustrate the impact of vector/raster/vector conversions on the quality of a dataset&#xA;- Create estimated tessellated data sets from point samples or isolines using interpolation operations that are appropriate to the specific situation"
             Notation="AM13-4"
             PrefLabel="Vector-to-raster and raster-to-vector conversions"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:05:55-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:04:48-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-5_Raster_resampling_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-5_Raster_resampling_rev7"
             Definition="- Discuss the consequences of increasing and decreasing resolution&#xA;- Evaluate methods used by contemporary GIS software to resample raster data on-the-fly during display&#xA;- Select appropriate interpolation techniques to resample particular types of values in raster data (e.g., nominal using nearest neighbor)&#xA;- Resample multiple raster data sets to a single resolution to enable overlay&#xA;- Resample raster data sets (e.g., terrain, satellite imagery) to a resolution appropriate for a map of a particular scale"
             Notation="AM13-5"
             PrefLabel="Raster resampling"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:16:34-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:04:06-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-6_Coordinate_transformations_rev4"
-            Definition="- Data Transformation Services"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13-6_Coordinate_transformations_rev7"
+            Definition="- Cite appropriate applications of several coordinate transformation techniques (e.g., affine, simi- larity, Molodenski, Helmert)&#xA;- Differentiate between polynomial coordinate transformations (including linear) and rubbersheeting&#xA;- Describe the impact of map projection transformation on raster and vector data&#xA;- Discuss the need for different coordinate systems depending on the type of application&#xA;- Data Transformation Services"
             Notation="AM13-6"
             PrefLabel="Coordinate transformations"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-03T14:04:11-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:07:22-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13_Representation_transformation_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM13_Representation_transformation_rev11"
             Definition="GIS is a cyclical rather than a linear system, unlike computer aided drafting (CAD) and computer assisted cartographic systems. Changes in projection, grid systems, data forms, and formats take place during the modeling process for which GIS was designed. Many non-analytical manipulations are necessary to accommodate the analytical power of the GIS. The manipulations of spatial and spatio-temporal data involve two general classes of operation:&#xA;&#xA;1.&#x9;Their transformation into formats that facilitate subsequent analysis (see this Unit AM13),&#xA;&#xA;2.&#x9;Generalization and aggregation that affect the accuracy and integrity of the data used for analysis (see Unit AM14).&#xA;&#xA;Other knowledge areas have identified different forms of data structures, data models, projections, and other forms of geospatial data representation. These differences present both opportunities and challenges for analysis and modeling. The ability to transform one representation to another, in a manner that maintains the integrity of the information as much as possible, can enhance the analysis and visualization of geospatial data. The raster and vector data models are described in Units DM3 Tesselation data models and DM4 Vector and object data models. The principles of coordinate systems, datums, and projections are also considered in Knowledge Area GD: Geospatial Data"
             Notation="AM13"
             PrefLabel="Representation transformation"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-27T13:33:20-05:00"/>
+            Revision="11"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:02:55-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-1_Scale_and_generalization_rev3"
-            Definition="- Select a level of data detail and accuracy appropriate for a particular application (e.g., viewshed analysis, continental land cover change)"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-1_Scale_and_generalization_rev2"
+            Definition="- Differentiate among the concepts of scale (as in map scale), support, scope, and resolution&#xA;- Determine the mathematical relationships among scale, scope, and resolution, including Töpfer`s radical law&#xA;- Defend or refute the statement &#34;GIS data are scaleless&#34;&#xA;- Discuss the implications of tradeoff between data detail and data volume&#xA;- Select a level of data detail and accuracy appropriate for a particular application (e.g., viewshed analysis, continental land cover change)"
             Notation="AM14-1"
             PrefLabel="Scale and generalization"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2019-01-04T10:30:38-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:17:37-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-2_Approaches_to_point_line_and_area_generalization_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-1_Scale_and_generalization_rev5"
+            Definition="- Differentiate among the concepts of scale (as in map scale), support, scope, and resolution&#xA;- Determine the mathematical relationships among scale, scope, and resolution, including Töpfer`s radical law&#xA;- Defend or refute the statement &#34;GIS data are scaleless&#34;&#xA;- Discuss the implications of tradeoff between data detail and data volume&#xA;- Select a level of data detail and accuracy appropriate for a particular application (e.g., viewshed analysis, continental land cover change)"
+            Notation="AM14-1"
+            PrefLabel="Scale and generalization"
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:17:31-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-2_Approaches_to_point_line_and_area_generalization_rev4"
             Definition="- Describe the basic forms of generalization used in applications in addition to cartography (e.g., selection, simplification)&#xA;- Discuss the possible effects on topological integrity of generalizing data sets&#xA;- Explain why areal generalization is more difficult than line simplification&#xA;- Explain the logic of the Douglas-Poiker line simplification algorithm&#xA;- Explain the pitfalls of using data generalized for small scale display in a large scale application&#xA;- Design an experiment that allows one to evaluate the effect of traditional approaches of carto- graphic generalization on the quality of digital data sets created from analog originals&#xA;- Evaluate various line simplification algorithms by their usefulness in different applications"
             Notation="AM14-2"
             PrefLabel="Approaches to point, line, and area generalization"
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:17:58-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-3_Classification_and_transformation_of_attribute_measurement_levels_rev2"
+            Definition="- Identify a variety of likely measurement level transformations (e.g., the classification of ratio data yields ordinal data)&#xA;- Discuss the relationship of attribute measurement levels to database query operations&#xA;- Describe the pitfalls, in terms of information loss and analytical options, of transforming attribute measurement levels&#xA;- Reclassify (group) a nominal attribute domain to fewer, broader classes&#xA;- Reclassify a raster before converting it into a vector file."
+            Notation="AM14-3"
+            PrefLabel="Classification and transformation of attribute measurement levels"
             Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2019-01-04T10:31:11-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:18:44-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-3_Classification_and_transformation_of_attribute_measurement_levels_rev4"
-            Definition="- Reclassify a raster before converting it into a vector file."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-3_Classification_and_transformation_of_attribute_measurement_levels_rev6"
+            Definition="- Identify a variety of likely measurement level transformations (e.g., the classification of ratio data yields ordinal data)&#xA;- Discuss the relationship of attribute measurement levels to database query operations&#xA;- Describe the pitfalls, in terms of information loss and analytical options, of transforming attribute measurement levels&#xA;- Reclassify (group) a nominal attribute domain to fewer, broader classes&#xA;- Reclassify a raster before converting it into a vector file."
             Notation="AM14-3"
             PrefLabel="Classification and transformation of attribute measurement levels"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2019-01-04T10:31:34-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:18:39-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-4_Aggregation_of_spatial_entities_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-4_Aggregation_of_spatial_entities_rev4"
             Label="DN2-4.Aggregation of spatial entities"
-            Definition=""
+            Definition="- Discuss the conditions that require individual spatial entities to be aggregated (e.g., privacy, security, proprietary interests, data simplification)&#xA;- Demonstrate the relationship between district size (resolution/support) and patterns in aggre- gate data&#xA;- Summarize the attributes of individuals within regions using spatial joins&#xA;- Demonstrate how changing the geometry of regions changes the data values (e.g., voting pat- terns before and after redistricting)&#xA;- Discuss the potential pitfalls of using regions to aggregate geographic information (e.g., census data)&#xA;- Explain the nature and causes of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP)&#xA;- Attempt to design aggregation regions that overcome MAUP"
             Notation="AM14-4"
             PrefLabel="Aggregation of spatial entities"
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:18:17-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14_Generalization_and_aggregation_rev2"
+            Definition="All geospatial data are generalized. Even the most detailed data represent only subsets of reality. Furthermore, data are further generalized for purposes of mapping, visualization, and efficient storage. A variety of generalization techniques have been developed to facilitate this process. All are scale dependent. Aggregation is one form of generalization that transforms large numbers of individual objects into summarized groups. This unit is concerned with the nature of these procedures and their implications for professional practice. Generalization is an important part of cartography (and is therefore discussed conceptually in Unit CV2 Data considerations), but is also a transformation common to many GIS procedures."
+            Notation="AM14"
+            PrefLabel="Generalization and aggregation"
             Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2019-01-04T10:31:55-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:17:15-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14_Generalization_and_aggregation_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14_Generalization_and_aggregation_rev5"
             Definition="All geospatial data are generalized. Even the most detailed data represent only subsets of reality. Furthermore, data are further generalized for purposes of mapping, visualization, and efficient storage. A variety of generalization techniques have been developed to facilitate this process. All are scale dependent. Aggregation is one form of generalization that transforms large numbers of individual objects into summarized groups. This unit is concerned with the nature of these procedures and their implications for professional practice. Generalization is an important part of cartography (and is therefore discussed conceptually in Unit CV2 Data considerations), but is also a transformation common to many GIS procedures."
             Notation="AM14"
             PrefLabel="Generalization and aggregation"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2019-01-04T10:29:44-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T16:17:07-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1_Foundations_of_analytical_methods_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1_Foundations_of_analytical_methods_rev4"
             Definition="Geospatial data analysis has foundations in many different disciplines. As a result, there are many different schools of thought or analytical approaches including spatial analysis, spatial modeling, geostatistics, spatial econometrics, spatial statistics, qualitative analysis, map algebra, and network analysis. This unit compares and contrasts these approaches."
             Notation="AM1"
             PrefLabel="Foundations of analytical methods"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:46:37-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-18T19:51:53-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM2-1_Set_theory_rev2"
-            Definition="- Perform a logic (set theoretic) query using GIS software"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM2-1_Set_theory_rev5"
+            Definition="- Describe set theory&#xA;- Explain how set theory relates to spatial queries&#xA;- Explain how logic theory relates to set theory&#xA;- Perform a logic (set theoretic) query using GIS software"
             Notation="AM2-1"
             PrefLabel="Set theory"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:35:52-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:30:38-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM2-2_Structured_Query_Language_%28SQL%29_and_attribute_queries_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM2-2_Structured_Query_Language_%28SQL%29_and_attribute_queries_rev4"
             Definition="- Alternative (Non-SQL) queries, such as linked data queries"
             Notation="AM2-2"
-            PrefLabel="Structured Query Language (SQL) and attribute queries"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:36:21-05:00"/>
+            PrefLabel="Structured Query Language %28SQL%29 and attribute queries"
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:29:06-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM2-2_Structured_Query_Language_(SQL)_and_attribute_queries_rev1"
             Label="AM2-2.Structured Query Language (SQL) and attribute queries"
@@ -267,84 +310,78 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM2-3_Spatial_queries_rev2"
-            Definition="- Construct a spatial query to extract all point objects that fall within a polygon"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM2-3_Spatial_queries_rev5"
+            Definition="- Demonstrate the syntactic structure of spatial and temporal operators in SQL &#xA;- Compare and contrast attribute query and spatial query&#xA;- State questions that can be solved by selecting features based on location or spatial relationships&#xA;- Construct a query statement to search for a specific spatial or temporal relationship&#xA;- Construct a spatial query to extract all point objects that fall within a polygon"
             Notation="AM2-3"
             PrefLabel="Spatial queries"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:36:43-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:29:39-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM2_Query_operations_and_query_languages_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM2_Query_operations_and_query_languages_rev4"
             Label="AM2.Query operations and query languages"
             Definition="Attribute and spatial query operations are core functionality in any GIS and they are often considered to be the most basic form of analysis."
             Notation="AM2"
             PrefLabel="Query operations and query languages"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:26:17-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-1_Distances_and_lengths_rev2"
-            Definition="- Estimate the fractal dimension of a sinuous line"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-1_Distances_and_lengths_rev4"
+            Definition="- Describe several different measures of distance between two points (e.g., Euclidean, - Manhattan, network distance, spherical)&#xA;- Explain how different measures of distance can be used to calculate the spatial weights matrix&#xA;- Explain why estimating the fractal dimension of a sinuous line has important implications for the measurement of its length&#xA;- Explain how fractal dimension can be used in practical applications of GIS&#xA;- Explain the differences in the calculated distance between the same two places when data used are in different projections&#xA;- Outline the implications of differences in distance calculations on real world applications of GIS, such as routing and determining boundary lengths and service areas&#xA;- Estimate the fractal dimension of a sinuous line"
             Notation="AM3-1"
             PrefLabel="Distances and lengths"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:37:59-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:38:50-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-2_Direction_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-2_Direction_rev5"
             Definition="- Compute the mean of directional data"
             Notation="AM3-2"
             PrefLabel="Direction"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:38:20-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:37:55-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-3_Shape_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-3_Shape_rev4"
             Label="AM3-3.Shape"
-            Definition="- Calculate several different shape indices for a polygon dataset"
+            Definition="- Identify situations in which shape affects geometric operations &#xA;- Explain what is meant by the convex hull and minimum enclosing rectangle of a set of point data&#xA;- Explain why the shape of an object might be important in analysis&#xA;- Exemplify situations in which the centroid of a polygon falls outside its boundary&#xA;- Compare and contrast different shape indices, include examples of applications to which each could be applied&#xA;- Develop a method for describing the shape of a cluster of similarly valued points by using the concept of the convex hull&#xA;- Develop an algorithm to determine the skeleton of polygons&#xA;- Find centroids of polygons under different definitions of a centroid and different polygon shapes&#xA;- Calculate several different shape indices for a polygon dataset"
             Notation="AM3-3"
             PrefLabel="Shape"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:38:47-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:39:15-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-4_Area_rev2"
-            Definition="- Outline an algorithm to find the area of a polygon using the coordinates of its vertices"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-4_Area_rev5"
+            Definition="- List reasons why the area of a polygon calculated in a GIS might not be the same as the real world object it describes&#xA;- Explain how variations in the calculation of area may have real world implications, such as calculating density&#xA;- Demonstrate how the area of a region calculated from a raster data set will vary by resolution and orientation&#xA;- Outline an algorithm to find the area of a polygon using the coordinates of its vertices"
             Notation="AM3-4"
             PrefLabel="Area"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:39:13-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:39:49-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-5_Proximity_and_distance_decay_rev3"
-            Definition="- Write a program to create a matrix of pair-wise distances among a set of points"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-5_Proximity_and_distance_decay_rev6"
+            Definition="- Describe real world applications where distance decay is an appropriate representation of the strength of spatial relationships (e.g., shopping behavior, property values)&#xA;- Describe real world applications where distance decay would not be an appropriate representation of the strength of spatial relationships (e.g., distance education, commuting, telecommunications)&#xA;- Explain the rationale for using different forms of distance decay functions&#xA;- Explain how a semi-variogram describes the distance decay in dependence between data values&#xA;- Outline the geometry implicit in classical &#34;gravity&#34; models of distance decay&#xA;- Plot typical forms for distance decay functions&#xA;- Write typical forms for distance decay functions&#xA;- Write a program to create a matrix of pair-wise distances among a set of points"
             Notation="AM3-5"
             PrefLabel="Proximity and distance decay"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:39:43-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:40:20-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-6_Adjacency_and_connectivity_rev2"
-            Definition="- Create a matrix describing the pattern of adjacency in a set of planar enforced polygons"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3-6_Adjacency_and_connectivity_rev5"
+            Definition="- List different ways connectivity can be determined in a raster and in a polygon dataset&#xA;- Describe real world applications where adjacency and connectivity are a critical component of analysis&#xA;- Explain the nine-intersection model for spatial relationships&#xA;- Demonstrate how adjacency and connectivity can be recorded in matrices&#xA;- Calculate various measures of adjacency in a polygon dataset&#xA;- Create a matrix describing the pattern of adjacency in a set of planar enforced polygons"
             Notation="AM3-6"
             PrefLabel="Adjacency and connectivity"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:40:06-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:40:51-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3_Geometric_measures_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3_Geometric_measures_rev3"
             Label="AM3.Geometric measures"
             Definition="For simple data exploration, GIS offers many basic geometric operations that help in extracting meaning from sets of data or for deriving new data for further analysis. Concepts on which these operations are based are addressed in Unit CF3 Domains of geographic information and Unit CF5 Relationships."
             Notation="AM3"
             PrefLabel="Geometric measures"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:36:51-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-1_Reclassification_and_selection_operations_rev2"
-            Definition="- Select by location"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-1_Reclassification_and_selection_operations_rev5"
+            Definition="- Basic reclassification&#xA;- Select by attribute&#xA;- Select by location"
             Notation="AM4-1"
             PrefLabel="Reclassification and selection operations"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:46:20-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-2_Buffer_analysis_rev1"
-            Notation="AM4-2"
-            PrefLabel="Buffer analysis"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:45:17-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:45:37-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-2_Buffer_analysis_rev4"
             Label="AM4-1.Buffers"
@@ -354,27 +391,49 @@
             Revision="4"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:45:13-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-3_Neighborhoods_rev4"
-            Definition="- Perform a map algebra calculation using command line, form-based, and flow charting user interfaces"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-2_Buffers_rev5"
+            Label="AM4-1.Buffers"
+            Definition="- Compare and contrast raster and vector definitions of buffers&#xA;- Explain why a buffer is a contour on a distance surface&#xA;- Outline circumstances in which buffering around an object is useful in analysis"
+            Notation="AM4-2"
+            PrefLabel="Buffers"
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:46:11-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-3_Overlay_rev2"
+            Definition="- Explain why the process &#34;dissolve and merge&#34; often follows vector overlay operations&#xA;- Explain what is meant by the term &#34;planar enforcement&#34;&#xA;- Outline the possible sources of error in overlay operations Exemplify applications in which overlay is useful, such as site suitability analysis&#xA;- Compare and contrast the concept of overlay as it is implemented in raster and vector domains&#xA;- Demonstrate how the geometric operations of intersection and overlay can be implemented in GIS&#xA;- Demonstrate why the georegistration of datasets is critical to the success of any map overlay operation&#xA;- Formalize the operation called map overlay using Boolean logic"
             Notation="AM4-3"
-            PrefLabel="Neighborhoods"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:42:48-05:00"/>
+            PrefLabel="Overlay"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:48:16-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-3_Overlay_analysis_rev4"
-            Definition="- Formalize the operation called map overlay using Boolean logic"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-3_Overlay_rev8"
+            Definition="- Explain why the process &#34;dissolve and merge&#34; often follows vector overlay operations&#xA;- Explain what is meant by the term &#34;planar enforcement&#34;&#xA;- Outline the possible sources of error in overlay operations Exemplify applications in which overlay is useful, such as site suitability analysis&#xA;- Compare and contrast the concept of overlay as it is implemented in raster and vector domains&#xA;- Demonstrate how the geometric operations of intersection and overlay can be implemented in GIS&#xA;- Demonstrate why the georegistration of datasets is critical to the success of any map overlay operation&#xA;- Formalize the operation called map overlay using Boolean logic"
             Notation="AM4-3"
-            PrefLabel="Overlay analysis"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:44:03-05:00"/>
+            PrefLabel="Overlay"
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:48:10-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-4_Neighborhood_analysis_rev2"
+            Definition="- Describe how map algebra performs mathematical functions on raster grids&#xA;- Describe a real modeling situation in which map algebra would be used (e.g., site selection, climate classification, least-cost path)&#xA;- Explain the categories of map algebra operations (i.e., local, focal, zonal, and global functions)&#xA;- Explain why georegistration is a precondition to map algebra&#xA;- Differentiate between map algebra and matrix algebra using real examples&#xA;- Perform a map algebra calculation using command line, form-based, and flow charting user interfaces"
+            Notation="AM4-4"
+            PrefLabel="Neighborhood analysis"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:44:06-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-4_Neighborhood_analysis_rev9"
+            Definition="- Describe how map algebra performs mathematical functions on raster grids&#xA;- Describe a real modeling situation in which map algebra would be used (e.g., site selection, climate classification, least-cost path)&#xA;- Explain the categories of map algebra operations (i.e., local, focal, zonal, and global functions)&#xA;- Explain why georegistration is a precondition to map algebra&#xA;- Differentiate between map algebra and matrix algebra using real examples&#xA;- Perform a map algebra calculation using command line, form-based, and flow charting user interfaces"
+            Notation="AM4-4"
+            PrefLabel="Neighborhood analysis"
+            Revision="9"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:43:58-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-5_Map_algebra_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-5_Map_algebra_rev6"
             Label="AM4-4.Map algebra"
-            Definition="- Perform a map algebra calculation using command line, form-based, and flow charting user interfaces"
+            Definition="- Describe how map algebra performs mathematical functions on raster grids&#xA;- Describe a real modeling situation in which map algebra would be used (e.g., site selection, climate classification, least-cost path)&#xA;- Explain the categories of map algebra operations (i.e., local, focal, zonal, and global functions)&#xA;- Explain why georegistration is a precondition to map algebra&#xA;- Differentiate between map algebra and matrix algebra using real examples&#xA;- Perform a map algebra calculation using command line, form-based, and flow charting user interfaces"
             Notation="AM4-5"
             PrefLabel="Map algebra"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:41:23-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:43:09-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4_Basic_analytical_operations_rev2"
             Definition="This small set of analytical operations is so commonly applied to a broad range of problems that their inclusion in software products is often used to determine if that product is a true GIS.  Concepts on which these operations are based are addressed in Unit CF3 Domains of geographic information and Unit CF5 Relationships."
@@ -383,62 +442,62 @@
             Revision="2"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:46:29-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-1_Point_pattern_analysis_rev2"
-            Definition="- Compute measures of overall dispersion and clustering of point datasets using nearest neighbor distance statistics"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-1_Point_pattern_analysis_rev5"
+            Definition="- List the conditions that make point pattern analysis a suitable process&#xA;- Identify the various ways point patterns may be described&#xA;- Identify various types of K-function analysis&#xA;- Describe how Independent Random Process/Chi-Squared Result (IRP/CSR) may be used to make statistical statements about point patterns&#xA;- Outline measures of pattern based on first and second order properties such as the mean center and standard distance, quadrat counts, nearest neighbor distance, and the more modern G,F, and K functions&#xA;- Outline the basis of classic critiques of spatial statistical analysis in the context of point pattern analysis&#xA;- Explain how distance-based methods of point pattern measurement can be derived from a distance matrix&#xA;- Explain how proximity polygons (e.g., Thiessen polygons) may be used to describe point patterns&#xA;- Explain how the K function provides a scale-dependent measure of dispersion&#xA;- Compute measures of overall dispersion and clustering of point datasets using nearest neighbor distance statistics"
             Notation="AM5-1"
             PrefLabel="Point pattern analysis"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:48:02-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:06:25-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-2_Kernels_and_density_estimation_rev3"
-            Definition="- Create density maps from point datasets using kernels and density estimation techniques using standard software"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-2_Kernels_and_density_estimation_rev6"
+            Definition="- Describe the relationships between kernels and classical spatial interaction approaches, such as surfaces of potential&#xA;- Differentiate between kernel density estimation and spatial interpolation&#xA;- Outline the likely effects on analysis results of variations in the kernel function used and the bandwidth adopted&#xA;- Explain why and how density estimation transforms point data into a field representation&#xA;- Explain why, in some cases, an adaptive bandwidth might be employed&#xA;- Create density maps from point datasets using kernels and density estimation techniques using standard software"
             Notation="AM5-2"
             PrefLabel="Kernels and density estimation"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:48:33-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:07:01-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-3_Spatial_cluster_analysis_rev3"
-            Definition="- Perform a cluster detection analysis to detect “hot spots” in a point pattern"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-3_Spatial_cluster_analysis_rev6"
+            Definition="- Identify several cluster detection techniques and discuss their limitations&#xA;- Discuss the characteristics of the various cluster detection techniques&#xA;- Demonstrate the extension of spatial clustering to deal with clustering in space-time using the now and Mantel tests&#xA;- Perform a cluster detection analysis to detect &#34;hot spots&#34; in a point pattern"
             Notation="AM5-3"
             PrefLabel="Spatial cluster analysis"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:48:57-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:07:32-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-4_Spatial_interaction_rev2"
-            Definition="- Create a matrix that shows spatial interaction"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-4_Spatial_interaction_rev6"
+            Definition="- State the classic formalization of the interaction model&#xA;- Differentiate between the gravity model and spatial interaction models&#xA;- Describe the formulation of the classic gravity model, the unconstrained spatial interaction model, the production constrained spatial interaction model, the attraction constrained spatial interaction model, and the doubly constrained spatial interaction model&#xA;- Explain how dynamic, chaotic, complex, or unpredictable aspects in some phenomena make spatial interaction models more appropriate than gravity models&#xA;- Explain the concept of competing destinations, describing how traditional spatial interaction model forms are modified to account for it&#xA;- Create a matrix that shows spatial interaction"
             Notation="AM5-4"
             PrefLabel="Spatial interaction"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:49:19-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:52:41-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-5_Analyzing_multidimensional_attributes_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-5_Analyzing_multidimensional_attributes_rev4"
             Label="AM5-5.Analyzing multidimensional attributes"
-            Definition=""
+            Definition="- Relate plots of multidimensional attribute data to geography by equating similarity in data space with proximity in geographical space&#xA;- Assemble a data matrix of attributes&#xA;- Produce plots in several data dimensions using a data matrix of attributes&#xA;- Conduct a simple hierarchical cluster analysis to classify area objects into statistically similar regions&#xA;- Perform multidimensional scaling (MDS) and principal components analysis (PCA) to reduce the number of coordinates, or dimensionality, of a problem"
             Notation="AM5-5"
             PrefLabel="Analyzing multidimensional attributes"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:53:46-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-6_Cartographic_modeling_rev2"
-            Definition="- Develop a flowchart of a cartographic model for a site suitability problem"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-6_Cartographic_modeling_rev7"
+            Definition="- Describe the difference between prescriptive and descriptive cartographic models &#xA;- Discuss the origins of cartographic modeling with reference to the work of Ian McHarg&#xA;- Develop a flowchart of a cartographic model for a site suitability problem"
             Notation="AM5-6"
             PrefLabel="Cartographic modeling"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:50:16-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:04:13-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-7_Multi-criteria_evaluation_rev2"
-            Definition="- Discuss the issue of sensitivity analysis in the context of mca"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-7_Multi-criteria_evaluation_rev5"
+            Definition="- Describe the implementation of an ordered weighting scheme in a multiple-criteria aggregation&#xA;- Compare and contrast the terms multi-criteria evaluation, weighted linear combination, and site suitability analysis&#xA;- Differentiate between contributing factors and constraints in a multi-criteria application&#xA;- Explain the legacy of multi-criteria evaluation in relation to cartographic modeling - Determine which method to use to combine criteria (e.g., linear, multiplication)&#xA;- Create initial weights using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP)&#xA;- Calibrate a linear combination model by adjusting weights using a test data set&#xA;- Discuss the issue of sensitivity analysis in the context of mca"
             Notation="AM5-7"
             PrefLabel="Multi-criteria evaluation"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:50:37-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:04:50-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-8_Spatial_process_models_rev3"
-            Definition="- Describe a simple process model that would generate a given set of spatial patterns"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-8_Spatial_process_models_rev6"
+            Definition="- Discuss the relationship between spatial processes and spatial patterns&#xA;- Differentiate between deterministic and stochastic spatial process models&#xA;- Describe a simple process model that would generate a given set of spatial patterns"
             Notation="AM5-8"
             PrefLabel="Spatial process models"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:51:01-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:05:45-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5_Basic_analytical_methods_rev2"
             Definition="Building on the basic geometric measures and analytical operations found in most GIS products, a broad range of additional analytical methods form the fundamental GIS toolkit."
@@ -447,95 +506,96 @@
             Revision="2"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:49:23-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6-1_Calculating_surface_derivatives_rev3"
-            Definition="- Discuss the available DEM data (e.g. data derived from Earth Observation)"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6-1_Calculating_surface_derivatives_rev6"
+            Definition="- List the likely sources of error in slope and aspect maps derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) and state the circumstances under which these can be very severe&#xA;- Outline a number of different methods for calculating slope from a DEM&#xA;- Outline how higher order derivatives of height can be interpreted&#xA;- Explain how slope and aspect can be represented as the vector field given by the first derivative of height&#xA;- Explain why the properties of spatial continuity are characteristic of spatial surfaces&#xA;- Explain why zero slopes are indicative of surface specific points such as peaks, pits, and passes, and list the conditions necessary for each&#xA;- Design an algorithm that calculates slope and aspect from a triangulated irregular network (TIN) model&#xA;- Discuss the available DEM data (e.g. data derived from Earth Observation)"
             Notation="AM6-1"
             PrefLabel="Calculating surface derivatives"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:52:14-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:31:37-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6-2_Interpolation_of_surfaces_rev3"
-            Definition="- Implement a trend surface analysis using either the supplied function in a GIS or a regression function from any standard statistical package"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6-2_Interpolation_of_surfaces_rev6"
+            Definition="- Identify the spatial concepts that are assumed in different interpolation algorithms&#xA;- Describe how surfaces can be interpolated using splines&#xA;- Compare and contrast interpolation by inverse distance weighting, bi-cubic spline fitting, and kriging&#xA;- Differentiate between trend surface analysis and deterministic spatial interpolation&#xA;- Explain why different interpolation algorithms produce different results and suggest ways by which these can be evaluated in the context of a specific problem&#xA;- Design an algorithm that interpolates irregular point elevation data onto a regular grid&#xA;- Outline algorithms to produce repeatable contour-type lines from point datasets using proximity polygons, spatial averages, or inverse distance weighting&#xA;- Implement a trend surface analysis using either the supplied function in a GIS or a regression function from any standard statistical package"
             Notation="AM6-2"
             PrefLabel="Interpolation of surfaces"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:52:39-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:32:24-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6-3_Surface_features_rev3"
-            Definition="- Explain how ridgelines and streamlines can be used to improve the result of an interpolation Process"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6-3_Surface_features_rev6"
+            Definition="- Describe how a network of stream channels and ridges can be estimated from a DEM&#xA;- Explain how ridgelines and streamlines can be used to improve the result of an interpolation Process"
             Notation="AM6-3"
             PrefLabel="Surface features"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:53:04-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:32:56-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6-4_Intervisibility_rev3"
-            Definition="- Perform siting analyses using specified visibility, slope, and other surface related constraints"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6-4_Intervisibility_rev6"
+            Definition="- Define &#34;intervisibility&#34; - Explain the sources and impact of errors that affect intervisibility analyses&#xA;- Outline an algorithm to determine the viewshed (area visible) from specific locations on surfaces specified by DEMs&#xA;- Perform siting analyses using specified visibility, slope, and other surface related constraints"
             Notation="AM6-4"
             PrefLabel="Intervisibility"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:53:32-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:33:28-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6-5_Friction_surfaces_rev3"
-            Definition="- Apply the principles of friction surfaces in the calculation of least-cost paths"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6-5_Friction_surfaces_rev6"
+            Definition="- Define &#34;friction surface&#34; - Explain how friction surfaces are enhanced by the use of impedance and barriers&#xA;- Apply the principles of friction surfaces in the calculation of least-cost paths"
             Notation="AM6-5"
             PrefLabel="Friction surfaces"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:53:53-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:33:56-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6_Analysis_of_surfaces_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM6_Analysis_of_surfaces_rev6"
             Definition="There is a wide range of phenomena that can be studied using a set of techniques and tools that are designed to help understand the characteristics of continuous surface data. Applications of these techniques using terrain data include overland transport, flow, and siting tasks, but similar analyses can be conducted using non-tangible surfaces such as those of temperature, pressure and population density."
             Notation="AM6"
             PrefLabel="Analysis of surfaces"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:51:39-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:47:03-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-1_Graphical_methods_rev2"
-            Definition="- Select the appropriate statistical methods for the analysis of given spatial datasets by first exploring them using graphic methods"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-1_Graphical_methods_rev5"
+            Definition="- Describe the statistical characteristics of a set of spatial data using a variety of graphs and plots (including scatterplots, histograms, boxplots, q–q plots)&#xA;- Select the appropriate statistical methods for the analysis of given spatial datasets by first exploring them using graphic methods"
             Notation="AM7-1"
             PrefLabel="Graphical methods"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:55:27-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:33:46-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-2_Stochastic_processes_rev2"
-            Definition="- Outline the logic behind the derivation of long run expected outcomes of the independent random process using quadrat counts"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-2_Stochastic_processes_rev5"
+            Definition="- List the two basic assumptions of the purely random process&#xA;- Justify the stochastic process approach to spatial statistical analysis&#xA;- Exemplify deterministic and spatial stochastic processes&#xA;- Exemplify non-stationarity involving first and second order effects&#xA;- Differentiate between isotropic and anisotropic processes&#xA;- Discuss the theory leading to the assumption of intrinsic stationarity&#xA;- Outline the logic behind the derivation of long run expected outcomes of the independent random process using quadrat counts"
             Notation="AM7-2"
             PrefLabel="Stochastic processes"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:55:55-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:43:35-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-3_The_spatial_weights_matrix_rev2"
-            Definition="- Construct a spatial weights matrix for lattice, point, and area patterns"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-3_The_spatial_weights_matrix_rev5"
+            Definition="- Explain how different types of spatial weights matrices are defined and calculated&#xA;- Explain the rationale used for each type of spatial weights matrix&#xA;- Discuss the appropriateness of different types of spatial weights matrices for various problems&#xA;- Construct a spatial weights matrix for lattice, point, and area patterns"
             Notation="AM7-3"
             PrefLabel="The spatial weights matrix"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:56:57-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:44:37-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-4_Global_measures_of_spatial_association_rev2"
-            Definition="- Justify, compute, and test the significance of the join count statistic for a pattern of objects"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-4_Global_measures_of_spatial_association_rev5"
+            Definition="- Describe the effect of the assumption of stationarity on global measures of spatial association&#xA;- Explain how a statistic that is based on combining all the spatial data and returning a single summary value or two can be useful in understanding broad spatial trends&#xA;- Explain how the K function provides a scale-dependent measure of dispersion &#xA;- Compute Moran`s I and Geary`s c for patterns of attribute data measured on interval/ratio scales &#xA;- Compute measures of overall dispersion and clustering of point datasets using nearest neighbor distance statistics&#xA;- Compute the K function&#xA;- Justify, compute, and test the significance of the join count statistic for a pattern of objects"
             Notation="AM7-4"
             PrefLabel="Global measures of spatial association"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:57:15-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:45:33-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-5_Local_measures_of_spatial_association_rev2"
-            Definition="- Compute the Gi and Gi* statistics"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-5_Local_measures_of_spatial_association_rev5"
+            Definition="- Describe the effect of non-stationarity on local indices of spatial association&#xA;- Compare and contrast global and local statistics and their uses - Explain how a weights matrix can be used to convert any classical statistic into a local measure of spatial association&#xA;- Explain how geographically weighted regression provides a local measure of spatial association&#xA;- Decompose Moran`s I and Geary`s c into local measures of spatial association&#xA;- Compute the Gi and Gi* statistics"
             Notation="AM7-5"
             PrefLabel="Local measures of spatial association"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:57:32-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:44:09-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-6_Outliers_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-6_Outliers_rev5"
+            Definition="- Explain how outliers affect the results of analyses&#xA;- Explain how the following techniques can be used to examine outliers: tabulation, histograms, box plots, correlation analysis, scatter plots, local statistics"
             Notation="AM7-6"
             PrefLabel="Outliers"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:57:43-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:46:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-7_Bayesian_methods_rev3"
-            Definition="- Compare and contrast Bayesian methods and classical “frequentist” statistical methods"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7-7_Bayesian_methods_rev6"
+            Definition="- Define &#34;prior and posterior distributions&#34; and &#34;Markov-Chain Monte Carlo&#34;&#xA;- Explain how the Bayesian perspective is a unified framework from which to view uncertainty&#xA;- Compare and contrast Bayesian methods and classical &#34;frequentist&#34; statistical methods"
             Notation="AM7-7"
             PrefLabel="Bayesian methods"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:58:11-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:46:31-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM7_Spatial_statistics_rev2"
             Label="AM7.Spatial statistics"
@@ -545,11 +605,12 @@
             Revision="2"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-26T19:54:23-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8-1_Spatial_sampling_for_statistical_analysis_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8-1_Spatial_sampling_for_statistical_analysis_rev5"
+            Definition="- List and describe several spatial sampling schemes and evaluate each one for specific applications&#xA;- Describe sampling schemes for accurately estimating the mean of a spatial data set&#xA;- Differentiate between model-based and design-based sampling schemes&#xA;- Design a sampling scheme that will help detect when space-time clusters of events occur&#xA;- Create spatial samples under a variety of requirements, such as coverage, randomness, and transects"
             Notation="AM8-1"
             PrefLabel="Spatial sampling for statistical analysis"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:21:51-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:47:55-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8-2_Principles_of_semi-variogram_construction_rev2"
             Definition="- Construct a semi-variogram and illustrate with a semi-variogram cloud"
@@ -558,76 +619,76 @@
             Revision="2"
             TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:23:18-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8-3_semi-variogram_modeling_rev2"
-            Definition="- Apply the method of weighted least squares and maximum likelihood to fit semi-variogram models to dataset"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8-3_semi-variogram_modeling_rev5"
+            Definition="- List the possible sources of error in a selected and fitted model of an experimental semi-variogram&#xA;- Describe some commonly used semi-variogram models&#xA;- Describe the conditions under which each of the commonly used semi-variograms models would be most appropriate&#xA;- Explain the necessity of defining a semi-variogram model for geographic data&#xA;- Apply the method of weighted least squares and maximum likelihood to fit semi-variogram models to dataset"
             Notation="AM8-3"
             PrefLabel="semi-variogram modeling"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:23:46-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:50:18-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8-4_Principles_of_kriging_rev2"
-            Definition="- Conduct a spatial interpolation process using kriging from data description to final error map"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8-4_Principles_of_kriging_rev5"
+            Definition="- Describe the relationship between the semi-variogram and kriging&#xA;- Explain why kriging is more suitable as an interpolation method in some applications than others&#xA;- Explain why it is important to have a good model of the semi-variogram in kriging&#xA;- Explain the concept of the kriging variance, and describe some of its shortcomings&#xA;- Explain how block-kriging and its variants can be used to combine data sets with different spatial resolution (support)&#xA;- Compare and contrast block-kriging with areal interpolation using proportional area weighting and dasymetric mapping&#xA;- Outline the basic kriging equations in their matrix formulation&#xA;- Conduct a spatial interpolation process using kriging from data description to final error map"
             Notation="AM8-4"
             PrefLabel="Principles of kriging"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:24:05-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:51:08-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8-5_Kriging_variants_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8-5_Kriging_variants_rev4"
             Label="AM8-5.Kriging variants"
-            Definition="- Interpret the results of universal kriging"
+            Definition="- Compare and contrast co-kriging, log-normal kriging, disjunctive kriging, indicator kriging, factorial kriging, and universal kriging&#xA;- Apply universal kriging to appropriate data sets&#xA;- Interpret the results of universal kriging"
             Notation="AM8-5"
             PrefLabel="Kriging variants"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:24:24-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:51:44-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8_Geostatistics_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM8_Geostatistics_rev5"
             Definition="Geostatistics are a variety of techniques used to analyze continuous data e.g., rainfall, elevation, air pollution. The fundamental structure of geostatistics is based on the concept of semi-variograms and their use for spatial prediction kriging. Sampling methods are also discussed in Unit GD9 Field data collection."
             Notation="AM8"
             PrefLabel="Geostatistics"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:22:27-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:47:06-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM9-1_Principles_of_spatial_econometrics_rev2"
-            Definition="- Demonstrate why spatial autocorrelation among regression residuals can be an indication that spatial variables have been omitted from the models"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM9-1_Principles_of_spatial_econometrics_rev5"
+            Definition="- Describe the general types of spatial econometric models&#xA;- Explain how spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity violate the Gauss-Markov assumptions of regression used in traditional econometrics&#xA;- Demonstrate how spatially lagged, trend surface, or dummy spatial variables can be used to create the spatial component variables missing in a standard regression analysis&#xA;- Demonstrate how the spatial weights matrix is fundamental in spatial econometrics models&#xA;- Demonstrate why spatial autocorrelation among regression residuals can be an indication that spatial variables have been omitted from the models"
             Notation="AM9-1"
             PrefLabel="Principles of spatial econometrics"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:26:03-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:53:01-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM9-2_Spatial_autoregressive_models_rev2"
-            Definition="- Apply spatial statistic software (e.g., GEODA) to create and estimate an autoregressive model"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM9-2_Spatial_autoregressive_models_rev6"
+            Definition="- Explain Anselin`s typology of spatial autoregressive models&#xA;- Conduct a spatial econometric analysis to test for spatial dependence in the residuals from leastsquares models and spatial autoregressive models&#xA;- Demonstrate how the parameters of spatial auto-regressive models can be estimated using univariate and bivariate optimization algorithms for maximizing the likelihood function&#xA;- Justify the choice of a particular spatial autoregressive model for a given application&#xA;- Implement a maximum likelihood estimation procedure for determining key spatial econometric parameters&#xA;- Apply spatial statistic software (e.g., GEODA) to create and estimate an autoregressive model"
             Notation="AM9-2"
             PrefLabel="Spatial autoregressive models"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:26:24-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:53:36-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM9-3_Spatial_filtering_rev2"
-            Definition="- Demonstrate how spatial autocorrelation can be “removed” by resampling"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM9-3_Spatial_filtering_rev5"
+            Definition="- Identify modeling situations where spatial filtering might not be appropriate&#xA;- Describe the relationship between factorial kriging and spatial filtering &#xA;- Explain how spatial correlation can result as a side effect of the spatial aggregation in a given dataset&#xA;- Explain how dissolving clusters of blocks with similar values may resolve the spatial correlation problem Explain how the Getis and Tiefelsdorf-Griffith spatial filtering techniques incorporate spatial component&#xA;- variables into OLS regression analysis in order to remedy misspecification and the problem of spatially auto-correlated residuals&#xA;- Demonstrate how spatial autocorrelation can be &#34;removed&#34; by resampling"
             Notation="AM9-3"
             PrefLabel="Spatial filtering"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:26:50-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:54:06-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM9-4_Spatial_expansion_and_Geographically_Weighted_Regression_GWR_rev2"
-            Definition="- Analyze the number of degrees of freedom in GWR analyses and discuss any possible difficulties with the method based on your results"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM9-4_Spatial_expansion_and_Geographically_Weighted_Regression_GWR_rev5"
+            Definition="- Describe the characteristics of the spatial expansion method&#xA;- Discuss the appropriateness of GWR under various conditions - Explain how allowing the parameters of the model to vary with the spatial location of the sample data can be used to accommodate spatial heterogeneity&#xA;- Explain the principles of geographically weighted regression&#xA;- Compare and contrast GWR with universal kriging using moving neighborhoods&#xA;- Perform an analysis using the geographically weighted regression technique&#xA;- Analyze the number of degrees of freedom in GWR analyses and discuss any possible difficulties with the method based on your results"
             Notation="AM9-4"
             PrefLabel="Spatial expansion and Geographically Weighted Regression GWR"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:27:09-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:54:37-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM9_Spatial_regression_and_econometrics_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM9_Spatial_regression_and_econometrics_rev6"
             Definition="Many problems of the social sciences can be expressed in terms of spatial regression analysis. The development of spatial autoregressive models and the estimation of their parameters is the focus for the field of spatial econometrics."
             Notation="AM9"
             PrefLabel="Spatial regression and econometrics"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:25:45-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T15:52:29-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM_Analytical_Methods_rev6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM_Analytical_Methods_rev8"
             Definition="This knowledge area encompasses a wide variety of operations whose objective is to derive analytical results from geospatial data. Data analysis seeks to understand both first-order (environmental) effects and second-order (interaction) effects. Approaches that are both data-driven (exploration of geospatial data) and model-driven (testing hypotheses and creating models) are included. Data driven techniques derive summary descriptions of data, evoke insights about characteristics of data, contribute to the development of research hypotheses, and lead to the derivation of analytical results. The goal of model driven analysis is to create and test geospatial process models. In general, model-driven analysis is an advanced knowledge area where previous experience with exploratory spatial data analysis would constitute a desired prerequisite. Visual tools for data analysis are covered in Knowledge Area: Cartography and Visualization (CV) and many of the fundamental principles required to ground data analysis techniques are introduced in Knowledge Area: Conceptual Foundations (CF). Image processing techniques are considered in Knowledge Area: Geospatial Data (GD). All of the methods described in this knowledge area are more or less sensitive to data error and uncertainty as covered in Unit GC8 Uncertainty and Unit GD6 Data quality. Mastery of the educational objectives outlined in this knowledge area requires knowledge and skills in mathematics, statistics, and computer programming."
             Notation="AM"
             PrefLabel="Analytical Methods"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:39:57-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-18T19:49:09-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1-1_Metaphysics_and_ontology_rev1"
             Label="CF1-1.Metaphysics and ontology"
@@ -637,12 +698,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1-1b_What_is_Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1-1b_What_is_Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_rev4"
             Definition="Brief history of GIScience as related to the history of GISystems; Definitions of GIS&amp;T; Sub-domains of GIS&amp;T (i.e., Geographic Information Science, Geospatial Technology, and Applications of GIS&amp;T)"
             Notation="CF1-1b"
             PrefLabel="What is Geographic Information Science and Technology"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T20:03:49-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:11:58-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1-2_Epistemology_rev1"
             Label="CF1-2.Epistemology"
@@ -652,12 +713,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1-2b_Contributions_to_GIS_and_T_by_key_allied_fields_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1-2b_Contributions_to_GIS_and_T_by_key_allied_fields_rev6"
             Definition="GIS&amp;amp;T draws upon insights and methods from key allied fields: Geography, Cartography, Computer and information science, Engineering, Mathematics and Statistics, Philosophy, Cognitive Science, Linguistics"
             Notation="CF1-2b"
             PrefLabel="Contributions to GIS and T by key allied fields"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T20:05:28-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:12:20-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1-3_Philosophical_perspectives_rev1"
             Label="CF1-3.Philosophical perspectives"
@@ -667,19 +728,19 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1_Philosophical_foundations_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1_Philosophical_foundations_rev8"
             Definition="Many branches of philosophy are relevant to an understanding of geographic information, especially metaphysics and epistemology. Philosophical theories are deeply engaged in the study of knowledge, space, time, geographic phenomena and human interaction with them. These theories influence the development of geographic ontologies and the structuring, analysis, and interpretation of geographic information. It is, therefore, crucial for professionals to understand these principles in order to bridge (rather than eliminate) the differences and work together. Philosophical perspectives on GIS practice are covered in Unit GS7 Critical GIS."
             Notation="CF1"
             PrefLabel="Philosophical foundations"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:21:24-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:01:49-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1b_Introduction_to_Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF1b_Introduction_to_Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_rev5"
             Definition="Unit CF1 introduces the broad domain refered to as Geographic Information Science &amp; Technology (GIS&amp;T) and its sub-domains (i.e., Geographic Information Science, Geospatial Technology, and Applications of GIS&amp;T). It outlines the history of Geographic Information Science as related to the history of GISystems, as well as the contributions to this multidisciplinary domain by key allied fields, such as geography, cartography, computer and information science, engineering, mathematics, philosophy, cognitive science, and linguistics."
             Notation="CF1b"
             PrefLabel="Introduction to Geographic Information Science and Technology"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T20:02:44-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:11:29-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF2-1_Perception_and_cognition_of_geographic_phenomena_rev1"
             Label="CF2-1.Perception and cognition of geographic phenomena"
@@ -689,12 +750,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF2-1b_Philosophy_of_being_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF2-1b_Philosophy_of_being_rev6"
             Definition="Metaphysics and Ontology - Formal ontology - Ontological distinctions (e.g., continuants vs. occurrents, universals vs. particulars) - The problem of universals and relevant theories (realism, nominalism, conceptualism) - Ontologies of the geographic domain - Philosophical theories relating to the nature of space, time, geographic phenomena and human interaction with them"
             Notation="CF2-1b"
             PrefLabel="Philosophy of being"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:20:35-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:08:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF2-2_From_concepts_to_data_rev1"
             Label="CF2-2.From concepts to data"
@@ -704,12 +765,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF2-2b_Philosophy_of_knowledge_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF2-2b_Philosophy_of_knowledge_rev5"
             Definition="Epistemology; Theories on what constitutes knowledge; The notions of model and representation in science; The influences of epistemology on GIS practices"
             Notation="CF2-2b"
             PrefLabel="Philosophy of knowledge"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:22:46-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:08:20-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF2-3_Geography_as_a_foundation_for_GIS_rev1"
             Label="CF2-3.Geography as a foundation for GIS"
@@ -751,70 +812,70 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3-1_Space_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3-1_Space_rev6"
             Label="CF3-1.Space"
-            Definition=""
+            Definition="- Theories of space - contributions that different perspectives on the nature of space bring to an understanding of geographic entities and phenomena &#xA;- Spatial frames of reference&#xA;- Differing denotations and connotations of the terms spatial, geographic, and geospatial&#xA;- Nature and characteristics of spatial entities&#xA;- Place (i.e., difference between space and place, how the concept of place encompasses more than just location)&#xA;- Landscape, various concepts and definitions&#xA;- Basic primitives used to describe spatial objects (i.e., points, lines, regions, volumes)&#xA;- Discrepancies between the nature of locations in the real world and representations thereof, (e.g., generalisation of towns as points)&#xA;- Spatial metaphors and models of phenomena to be represented in GIS&#xA;- Advantages and disadvantages of the use of Cartesian/metric space as a basis for GIS and related technologies&#xA;- Methods for representing non-Cartesian models of space in GIS&#xA;- Limitations of representation of place, landscape, and spatial phenomena in GIS"
             Notation="CF3-1"
             PrefLabel="Space"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:55:57-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3-1b_Cognitive_foundations_rev4"
-            Definition="- Difference between real phenomena, conceptual models, and GIS data representations thereof – connections with cartography and maps"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3-1b_Cognitive_foundations_rev7"
+            Definition="- Theories of human perception, cognition, and memory and their ability to model spatial knowledge acquisition (e.g., Marr on vision, Piaget on cognitive development)&#xA;- Types of mental representations (i.e., analogue, propositional, procedural)&#xA;- The role of metaphors and image schemata in our understanding of geographic phenomena and geographic tasks&#xA;- From concepts to data (i.e., data, information, knowledge, and wisdom; transformation of a conceptual model of information for a particular task into a data model; limitations of various information stores (the mind, computers) and means (maps, graphics, and text) for representing geographic information)&#xA;- Difference between real phenomena, conceptual models, and GIS data representations thereof – connections with cartography and maps"
             Notation="CF3-1b"
             PrefLabel="Cognitive foundations"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T13:41:59-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:13:08-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3-2b_Linguistic_foundations_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3-2b_Linguistic_foundations_rev6"
             Definition="- Semantics &#xA;- Meaning (e.g., the nature of meaning, modes of meaning) &#xA;- Geospatial semantics &#xA;- The role of natural language in the conceptualization of geographic phenomena"
             Notation="CF3-2b"
             PrefLabel="Linguistic foundations"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:52:22-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:13:45-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3-3b_Social_foundations_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3-3b_Social_foundations_rev5"
             Definition="- The ways in which the elements of culture (e.g., language, religion, education, traditions) may influence the understanding and use of geographic information &#xA;- The influences of social theories and political ideologies and actions on human perceptions of space and place &#xA;- The constraints that political forces place on geospatial applications in public and private sectors"
             Notation="CF3-3b"
             PrefLabel="Social foundations"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:53:16-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:14:07-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3-4b_Common-sense_geographies_rev5"
-            Definition="- Difference between applications that can make use of common-sense principles of geography and those that should not"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3-4b_Common-sense_geographies_rev8"
+            Definition="- Common-sense views and laymen knowledge of geographic phenomena that contrast with established theories and technologies of geographic information&#xA;- The impact of geospatial technologies and the geoweb (e.g., digital globes) that allow non-geospatial professionals to create, distribute, and map geographic information&#xA;- The design, procedures, and results of GIS projects to non-GIS audiences (clients, managers, general public)&#xA;- Difference between applications that can make use of common-sense principles of geography and those that should not"
             Notation="CF3-4b"
             PrefLabel="Common-sense geographies"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T13:46:24-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:14:28-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3_Cognitive_linguistic_and_social_foundations_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3_Cognitive_linguistic_and_social_foundations_rev2"
             Definition="Geographic information is observed, comprehended, organized, used in human processes, with both personal and social influences. Therefore, sound models of geographic information should be grounded on a sound understanding of human perception, cognition, memory, and behavior, as well as human institutions."
             Notation="CF3"
             PrefLabel="Cognitive, linguistic and social foundations"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T13:52:12-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:12:49-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-2b_Time_rev4"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF3_Cognitive_linguistic_and_social_foundations_rev6"
+            Definition="Geographic information is observed, comprehended, organized, used in human processes, with both personal and social influences. Therefore, sound models of geographic information should be grounded on a sound understanding of human perception, cognition, memory, and behavior, as well as human institutions."
+            Notation="CF3"
+            PrefLabel="Cognitive, linguistic and social foundations"
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:12:44-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-2b_Time_rev7"
             Label="CF3-2.Time"
-            Definition="- Temporal elements of geographic phenomena that need to be represented in particular GIS applications"
+            Definition="- Mathematical and phenomenological theories of the nature of time&#xA;- Different temporal frames of reference: linear and cyclical, absolute and relative&#xA;- The role that time plays in static GIS&#xA;- Models of a given spatial process using continuous and discrete perspectives of time&#xA;- Temporal elements of geographic phenomena that need to be represented in particular GIS applications"
             Notation="CF4-2b"
             PrefLabel="Time"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T13:56:49-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-3b_Relationships_between_space_and_time_rev1"
-            Notation="CF4-3b"
-            PrefLabel="Relationships between space and time"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T13:57:58-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:56:21-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-3b_Relationships_between_space_and_time_rev4"
-            Label="CF3-3.Relationships between space and time"
-            Definition="- Types of movement, change, and evolution"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-3b_Relationships_between_space_and_time_rev8"
+            Definition="- Characteristics of spatial and temporal dimensions&#xA;- Types of geographic interactions in space and time&#xA;- Types of movement, change, and evolution"
             Notation="CF4-3b"
             PrefLabel="Relationships between space and time"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T13:57:47-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:06:53-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-4b_Categories_rev4"
             Label="CF5-1.Categories"
@@ -826,46 +887,34 @@
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-5_Properties_rev3"
             Label="CF3-4.Properties"
-            Definition="- Alternative forms of representations for situations in which attributes do not adequately capture meaning %28such as aesthetics%29"
+            Definition="- Difference between the theory holding that properties are fundamental (and objects are human simplifications of patterns thereof) and the theory holding that objects are fundamental (and properties are attributes thereof)&#xA;- Stevens` four levels of measurement (i.e., nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)&#xA;- Attribute domains in GIS, including continuous and discrete, qualitative and quantitative, absolute and relative - proper uses of attributes based on their domains&#xA;- Attribute domains that do not fit well into Stevens` four levels of measurement such as cycles, indexes, and hierarchies&#xA;- Set theory to formalize attribute values and domains &#xA;- Alternative forms of representations for situations in which attributes do not adequately capture meaning (such as aesthetics)"
             Notation="CF4-5"
             PrefLabel="Properties"
             Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T13:59:34-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:58:34-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-6_Distinctive_features_of_geographic_information_rev4"
-            Definition="- Spatial integration"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-6_Distinctive_features_of_geographic_information_rev7"
+            Definition="- Scale and detail &#xA;- Spatial patterns &#xA;- Spatial distribution (i.e., influence of scale, causality, distributions in space, time, and attribute) &#xA;- Region (i.e., different types of regions, including functional, cultural, physical, administrative, and others, delineation using categories, properties, spatial relationships, and geospatial technologies, influence of scale, the role of boundaries) &#xA;- Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) &#xA;- Spatial integration"
             Notation="CF4-6"
             PrefLabel="Distinctive features of geographic information"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T13:54:01-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4b_Fundamentals_of_Geographic_Information_rev1"
-            Notation="CF4b"
-            PrefLabel="Fundamentals of Geographic Information"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:02:48-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:00:52-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4b_Fundamentals_of_Geographic_Information_rev4"
             Label="CF3.Domains of geographic information"
-            Definition="Geographic phenomena, geographic information, and geographic tasks are described in terms of space, time, and properties. Different theories exist as to the nature and formal representation of these aspects, including space-like dimensions, sets, and phenomenology. Information in each of these three aspects is measured and reported with respect to one of several frames of reference or domains, including both absolute and relative approaches. Early frameworks such as those of Berry (1964) and Sinton (1978) were influential in setting forth the importance of space, time, and theme in GIS. This unit is closely tied to the creation of data models in Knowledge Area DM Data Modeling."
+            Definition="Geographic phenomena, geographic information, and geographic tasks are described in terms of space, time, and properties. Different theories exist as to the nature and formal representation of these aspects, including space-like dimensions, sets, and phenomenology. Information in each of these three aspects is measured and reported with respect to one of several frames of reference or domains, including both absolute and relative approaches. Early frameworks such as those of Berry (1964) and Sinton (1978) were influential in setting forth the importance of space, time, and theme in GIS&amp;T. Besides, space, time, and properties, categories are also fundamental in the conceptualization and representation of spatial entities, phenomena, processes, and events. Distinctive features of geographic information such as scale and detail, spatial patterns, spatial integration, and regions are also critical for a complete description of its nature and representation. This unit is closely tied to the creation of data models in Knowledge Area 5: Data Modeling, Storage, and Exploitation."
             Notation="CF4b"
             PrefLabel="Fundamentals of Geographic Information"
             Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-18T14:37:45-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:55:06-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-1b_Discrete_entities_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-1b_Discrete_entities_rev6"
             Label="CF4-1.Discrete entities"
-            Definition="-The influence of scale on the conceptualization of entities"
+            Definition="-The predominance of discrete entities (in terms of space, time, and properties) in human conceptualizations of geographic phenomena&#xA;-Perceptual processes (e.g., edge detection) that aid cognitive objectification&#xA;-Differing epistemological and metaphysical viewpoints on the &#34;reality&#34; of geographic entities&#xA;-Entity types that need to be modeled in a particular GIS application or procedure&#xA;-Phenomena that are difficult or impossible to conceptualize in terms of entities&#xA;-Difficulties in modeling entities with ill-defined edges&#xA;-The effectiveness of GIS data models for representing the identity, existence, and lifespan of entities&#xA;-The influence of scale on the conceptualization of entities"
             Notation="CF5-1b"
             PrefLabel="Discrete entities"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:09:10-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-2b_Fields_rev1"
-            Notation="CF5-2b"
-            PrefLabel="Fields"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:10:26-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:09:06-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-2b_Fields_rev4"
             Label="CF4-3.Fields in space and time"
@@ -873,7 +922,7 @@
             Notation="CF5-2b"
             PrefLabel="Fields"
             Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:10:18-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:09:41-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-3_Genealogical_relationships:_lineage,_inheritance_rev1"
             Label="CF5-3.Genealogical relationships: lineage, inheritance"
@@ -883,27 +932,19 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-3b_Events_and_processes_rev5"
-            Definition="-The difficulty of integrating process models into GIS software based on the entity and field views, and methods used to do so"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-3b_Events_and_processes_rev8"
+            Definition="-Continuants (entities) vs. occurrents (events)&#xA;-Event vs. process&#xA;-Description of particular events or processes in terms of identity, categories, attributes, and locations&#xA;-Formal systems for describing continuous spatio-temporal processes&#xA;-The &#34;actor&#34; role that entities and fields play in events and processes&#xA;-The difficulty of integrating process models into GIS software based on the entity and field views, and methods used to do so"
             Notation="CF5-3b"
             PrefLabel="Events and processes"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:11:20-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-4_Topological_relationships_rev2"
-            Label="CF5-4.Topological relationships"
-            Definition="-Methods that analyze topological relationships"
-            Notation="CF5-4"
-            PrefLabel="Topological relationships"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:31:09-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:10:05-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-4b_Integrated_models_rev5"
-            Definition="-The degree to which integrated models can be implemented using current technologies"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-4b_Integrated_models_rev9"
+            Definition="-Phenomena or applications that are not adequately represented in an existing comprehensive model&#xA;-Early attempts to integrate the concepts of space, time, and attribute in geographic information, such as Berry (1964) and Sinton (1978)&#xA;-Major integrated models of geographic information, such as Peuquet`s triad, Mennis` pyramid, and Yuan`s three-domain&#xA;-The degree to which integrated models can be implemented using current technologies"
             Notation="CF5-4b"
             PrefLabel="Integrated models"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:12:47-05:00"/>
+            Revision="9"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:10:31-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5-6_Spatial_distribution_rev1"
             Label="CF5-6.Spatial distribution"
@@ -928,6 +969,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Spatial integration"
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5_Elements_of_geographic_information_rev2"
+            Definition="The concepts below form the basic elements of common human conceptions of geographic phenomena. Concepts from many units in this knowledge area have been synthesized to create general conceptual models of geographic information. Attempts to resolve the object-field debate have led to attempts to create comprehensive models that bridge these views. Consideration of this unit should also include formal models of these elements in mathematics and other fields. Knowledge Area DM Data Modeling discusses the representation of these elements in digital models."
+            Notation="CF5"
+            PrefLabel="Elements of geographic information"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:08:46-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF5b_Elements_of_geographic_information_rev3"
             Label="CF4.Elements of geographic information"
@@ -937,20 +985,27 @@
             Revision="3"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:08:08-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6-1_Mereology:_structural_relationships_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6-1_Mereology:_structural_relationships_rev5"
             Label="CF5-2.Mereology: structural relationships"
             Definition=""
             Notation="CF6-1"
             PrefLabel="Mereology: structural relationships"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:22:42-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:52:12-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6-2_Genealogical_relationships:_lineage_inheritance_rev1"
-            Definition="-The effects of temporal scale on the modeling of genealogical structures"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6-2_Genealogical_relationships:_lineage_inheritance_rev4"
+            Definition="-How a geographic entity can be created from one or more others &#xA;-Identity-based change or temporal relationships of particular geographic phenomena&#xA;-When to represent the genealogy of entities for a particular application&#xA;-The effects of temporal scale on the modeling of genealogical structures"
             Notation="CF6-2"
             PrefLabel="Genealogical relationships: lineage, inheritance"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:28:09-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:53:33-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6-3_Topological_relationships_rev13"
+            Definition="-Topology (the branch of mathematics) and the study of geographic relationships&#xA;-Terms used to describe topological relationships, such as disjoint, overlap, within, and intersect&#xA;-Description of geographic phenomena in terms of their topological relationships in space and time to other phenomena&#xA;-Possible topological relationships between entities in space (e.g., 9-intersection) and time&#xA;-Methods that analyze topological relationships"
+            Notation="CF6-3"
+            PrefLabel="Topological relationships"
+            Revision="13"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:53:07-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6-3_Topological_relationships_rev2"
             Label="CF5-4.Topological relationships"
@@ -960,52 +1015,58 @@
             Revision="2"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:30:42-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6-4_Metrical_relationships:_distance_and_direction_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6-4_Metrical_relationships:_distance_and_direction_rev10"
             Label="CF5-5.Metrical relationships: distance and direction"
-            Definition=""
+            Definition="-Geographic phenomena in terms of their distances and directions (in space and time)&#xA;-Spatial autocorrelation in the context of geographic proximity&#xA;-Methods that analyze metrical relationships&#xA;-Categories of distance (e.g. Euclidean distances, Manhattan distance, geodetic distance, spherical distance)&#xA;-Tobler`s first law of geography and GIS operations&#xA;-Situations in which Tobler`s first law of geography is valuable or does not apply&#xA;-The principle of friction of distance and geographic models that are based on it (e.g., gravity models, spatial interaction models)"
             Notation="CF6-4"
             PrefLabel="Metrical relationships: distance and direction"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:30:14-05:00"/>
+            Revision="10"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:54:15-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6-4_Metrical_relationships:_distance_and_direction_rev2"
+            Definition="-Geographic phenomena in terms of their distances and directions (in space and time)&#xA;-Spatial autocorrelation in the context of geographic proximity&#xA;-Methods that analyze metrical relationships&#xA;-Categories of distance (e.g. Euclidean distances, Manhattan distance, geodetic distance, spherical distance)&#xA;-Tobler`s first law of geography and GIS operations&#xA;-Situations in which Tobler`s first law of geography is valuable or does not apply&#xA;-The principle of friction of distance and geographic models that are based on it (e.g., gravity models, spatial interaction models)"
+            Notation="CF6-4"
+            PrefLabel="Metrical relationships: distance and direction"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:54:19-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6_Relationships_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF6_Relationships_rev7"
             Label="CF5.Relationships"
             Definition="Like geography, geographic information not only models phenomena but the relationships between them.  This can include relationships between entities, between attributes, between locations.  In addition, one of the strengths of geography (and GIS) is its ability to use a spatial perspective to relate disparate subjects, such as climate and economy.  Methods for analyzing relationships are discussed in Unit AM4 Modeling relationships and patterns."
             Notation="CF6"
             PrefLabel="Relationships"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:22:25-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:51:35-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF7-1_Vagueness_rev4"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF7-1_Vagueness_rev7"
             Definition="-Meanings of related terms such as vague, fuzzy, imprecise, indefinite, indiscrete, unclear, and ambiguous&#xA;-The role that system complexity, dynamic processes, and subjectivity play in the creation of vague phenomena and concepts&#xA;-Cognitive processes that tend to create vagueness&#xA;-Vagueness and language&#xA;-Vagueness and scale (granularity)&#xA;-Vagueness in different aspects of geographic phenomena&#xA;-When is vagueness acceptable and when it is not &#xA;-Difference between: vagueness and ambiguity, well defined and poorly defined objects and fields&#xA;-Mathematical models of vagueness (e.g., fuzzy sets, rough sets)"
             Notation="CF7-1"
             PrefLabel="Vagueness"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:26:32-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:15:14-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF7-2_Error-based_uncertainty_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF7-2_Error-based_uncertainty_rev6"
             Label="CF6-3.Error-based uncertainty"
-            Definition="-Mathematical models of uncertainty: Probability and statistics"
+            Definition="-Uncertainty-related terms, such as error, accuracy, uncertainty, precision, stochastic, probabilistic, deterministic, and random&#xA;-Difference between uncertainty and vagueness&#xA;-Dependence of uncertainty on scale and application&#xA;-Expressions of uncertainty in language&#xA;-The causes of uncertainty in geospatial data&#xA;-Stochastic error models for natural phenomena&#xA;-How the concepts of geographic objects and fields affect the conceptualization of uncertainty&#xA;-Mathematical models of uncertainty: Probability and statistics"
             Notation="CF7-2"
             PrefLabel="Error-based uncertainty"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-25T14:20:14-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:15:32-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF7_Imperfections_in_geographic_information_rev2"
-            Label="CF6.Imperfections in geographic information"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF7_Imperfections_in_geographic_information_rev6"
             Definition="Human models (mental, digital, visual, etc.) of the geographic environment are necessarily imperfect. While the mathematical principle of homomorphism (often operationalized as fitness for use) allows for imperfect data to be useful as long as they yield results adequate for the use for which they are intended, imperfections are frequently problematic. Although terminology still varies, two types of imperfection are generally accepted: vagueness (a.k.a. fuzziness, imprecision, and indeterminacy), which is generally caused by human simplification of a complex, dynamic, ambiguous, subjective world; and uncertainty (or ambiguity), generally the result of imperfect measurement processes (as discussed in Knowledge Area GD Geospatial Data). Both of these can be manifested in all forms of geographic information, including space, time, attribute, categories, and even existence. Imperfection is also dealt with in Units GD6 Data quality (in the context of measurement), GC8 Uncertainty and GC9 Fuzzy sets (for the handling and propagation of imperfections), and CV4 Graphic representation techniques (in the context of visualization)."
             Notation="CF7"
             PrefLabel="Imperfections in geographic information"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:28:55-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:14:57-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF_Conceptual_Foundations_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF_Conceptual_Foundations_rev7"
             Label="CF.Conceptual Foundations"
             Definition="The GIScience perspective is grounded in spatial thinking. The aim of this knowledge area is to recognize, identify, and appreciate the explicit spatial, spatio-temporal and semantic components of the geographic environment at an ontological and epistemological level in preparation for modeling the environment with geographic data and analysis. To do this, one must understand the nature of space and time as a context for geographic phenomena.This knowledge area covers the ways in which views of the geographic environment depend on philosophical viewpoints, physics, human cognition, society, and the task at hand. This knowledge area also requires an understanding of the fundamental principles in the discipline of geography, the &#34;language&#34; of spatial tasks. On a more advanced level, this area incorporates mathematical and graphical models that formalize these concepts, such as set theory, algebra, and semantic nets.&#xA;&#xA;Because of its wide range of foundational principles, this knowledge area forms a basis for the other knowledge areas. Wise design and use of geospatial technologies requires an understanding of the nature of geographic information, the social and philosophical context of geographic information, and the principles of geography. This knowledge area is especially closely tied to Knowledge Areas Data Modeling (DM) and Design Aspects (DA), as generic data models and application designs need to be grounded in sound conceptual models.&#xA;&#xA;The foundations of geographic information have developed over several decades. Philosophical and scientific views on the nature of space and time have evolved since the ancient Greeks. Early papers during the Quantitative Revolution, such as Berry (1964), began to formalize the structure of information used in geographic inquiry.The fundamental data structures and algorithms comprising the GIS software developed in the 1960`s and 1970`s were based on implicit &#34;common-sense&#34; conceptual models of geographic information. During the 1980`s, several researchers questioned these underlying assumptions. Some were refuted, other confirmed, and many extended. However, the most rapid pace of development in this area was during the 1990`s with the rise of GIScience as a distinct discipline, and the many cooperative initiatives it comprised.The new millennium has seen some of these foundational principles incorporated into commercial software, thus making theoretical knowledge even more important for practitioners.&#xA;&#xA;It is expected that the concepts in this knowledge area will be learned gradually. An introductory course may cover only a few topics in a cursory manner, an intermediate course on data modeling or data analysis may consider several theoretical topics of practical application, and a number of graduate courses could cover each topic in a research-oriented environment. Discussion of this knowledge area includes several terms that can have multiple meanings. For the purposes of this document, two in particular require definition:&#xA;&#xA;Geographic: Almost any subject or discourse involving earthly phenomena, studied from a spatial perspective at a medium scale (sub-astronomical and super-architectural).&#xA;Phenomenon: Any subject of geographic discourse that is perceived to be external to the individual, including entities, events, processes, social constructs, and the like."
             Notation="CF"
             PrefLabel="Conceptual Foundations"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T22:00:48-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T19:50:18-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CV1-1_History_of_cartography_rev7"
             Definition="The evolution of cartographical representation of geography in the previous centuries followed technological and scientific developments. It was driven by commercial and/or military needs and influenced by the nature of the area to be mapped. More recent developments are the rise of open data in some countries and the widely available internet technology allowing end users to get geodata from the web. The last decades the data and their presentation have become central to cartography, whereas paper maps became peripheral. Facets: a.&#x9;Measuring position and direction b.&#x9;Reference systems c.&#x9;Mapmakers and their influence d.&#x9;Analog tools for graphic representation e. Governmental map production f.&#x9;GIS technology g.&#x9;Internet technology h.&#x9;Open Data movement"
@@ -1283,14 +1344,6 @@
             PrefLabel="Map ethics Evaluation and testing"
             Revision="3"
             TimeStamp="2019-04-15T07:33:28-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CV6-5_Evaluation_and_testing_rev1"
-            Label="CV6-5.Evaluation and testing"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="CV6-5"
-            PrefLabel="Evaluation and testing"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CV6-5b_Map_ethics_Legal_and_privacy_issues_rev5"
             Definition="Ethics is about the question if behaviour is right or wrong in a social context. In dealing with geodata, a person can do the wrong thing with respect to laws (e.g. disclose secrets, disregard privacy, copyright infringement) or to professional standards (e.g. use bad data, forget about the colour blind, downplay unpleasant details). Aspects: breach of legal standards; breach of professional standards"
@@ -1589,69 +1642,12 @@
             Revision="7"
             TimeStamp="2019-04-15T07:41:42-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA5-1_Recognizing_analytical_components_rev1"
-            Label="DA5-1.Recognizing analytical components"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA5-1"
-            PrefLabel="Recognizing analytical components"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA5-2_Identifying_and_designing_analytical_procedures_rev1"
-            Label="DA5-2.Identifying and designing analytical procedures"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA5-2"
-            PrefLabel="Identifying and designing analytical procedures"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA5-3_Coupling_scientific_models_with_GIS_rev1"
-            Label="DA5-3.Coupling scientific models with GIS"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA5-3"
-            PrefLabel="Coupling scientific models with GIS"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA5-4_Formalizing_a_procedure_design_rev1"
-            Label="DA5-4.Formalizing a procedure design"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA5-4"
-            PrefLabel="Formalizing a procedure design"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA5_Analysis_design_rev1"
-            Label="DA5.Analysis design"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA5_Analysis_design_rev5"
             Definition="This unit addresses the design of GIS procedures and data to implement mathematical, geographical, statistical, and other analytical models. This process requires critical thinking and problem-solving skills for resolving unstructured tasks into analysis procedures. Successful analysis design also requires a working knowledge of many of the tools and techniques in Knowledge Area AM Analytical Methods and Knowledge Area GC Geocomputation."
             Notation="DA5"
             PrefLabel="Analysis design"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA6-1_Workflow_analysis_and_design_rev1"
-            Label="DA6-1.Workflow analysis and design"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA6-1"
-            PrefLabel="Workflow analysis and design"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA6-2_User_interfaces_rev1"
-            Label="DA6-2.User interfaces"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA6-2"
-            PrefLabel="User interfaces"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA6-3_Development_environments_for_geospatial_applications_rev1"
-            Label="DA6-3.Development environments for geospatial applications"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA6-3"
-            PrefLabel="Development environments for geospatial applications"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T07:46:10-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA6-4_Computer-Aided_Software_Engineering_(CASE)_tools_rev1"
             Label="DA6-4.Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools"
@@ -1660,54 +1656,6 @@
             PrefLabel="Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools"
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA6_Application_design_rev1"
-            Label="DA6.Application design"
-            Definition="This unit addresses the development of customized software for using geospatial technologies in geographic tasks. It also considers types of procedures: structured vs. unstructured, routine vs. unique; various approaches to implementing applications, including standard workflows and customized software; and making the design appropriate to the expected user. It includes procedural and object-oriented approaches to software development, as well. Successful mastery of this unit will require mastery of core portions of the Computer Science Body of Knowledge (ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Task Force, 2001) especially high-level programming. "
-            Notation="DA6"
-            PrefLabel="Application design"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA7-1_Implementation_planning_rev1"
-            Label="DA7-1.Implementation planning"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA7-1"
-            PrefLabel="Implementation planning"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA7-2_Implementation_tasks_rev1"
-            Label="DA7-2.Implementation tasks"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA7-2"
-            PrefLabel="Implementation tasks"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA7-3_System_testing_rev1"
-            Label="DA7-3.System testing"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA7-3"
-            PrefLabel="System testing"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA7-4_System_deployment_rev1"
-            Label="DA7-4.System deployment"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="DA7-4"
-            PrefLabel="System deployment"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA7_System_implementation_rev1"
-            Label="DA7.System implementation"
-            Definition="Once a design is created, it is time to actually create the system. This phase generally requires the majority of the resources of the entire project, so it is crucial that it be done well. This unit leads directly into Unit OI2 Managing the GI system operations and infrastructure, which covers the permanent maintenance of a system. Workforce development is also an important part of system implementation, but is discussed in Unit OI4 GIS and T workforce themes."
-            Notation="DA7"
-            PrefLabel="System implementation"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DA_Design_and_Setup_of_Geographic_Information_Systems_rev12"
             Definition="Proper design of geospatial applications, models, and databases, and the validation and verification of design activities, are critical components of work in all areas related to GIS and T. Design failures can negate well-intentioned efforts to apply concepts and technology to solve real-world problems. While sharing a number of concerns with general systems analysis, the unique and complex spatial elements of geospatial information provide significant additional challenges. The focus of this knowledge area is on the design of applications and databases for a particular need. The design of general-purpose models and tools (e.g., raster and vector) is covered in Knowledge Area DM Data Modeling. In the context of specific implementations, design activities fall into three general classes: 1. Application Design addresses the development of workflows, procedures, and customized software tools for using geospatial technologies and methods to accomplish both routine and unique tasks that are inherently geographic. 2. Analytic Model Design incorporates methods for developing effective mathematical and other models of spatial situations and processes. The design of the analytic model is often influenced by decisions that are made about data models and structures. 3. Database Design concerns the optimal organization of the necessary spatial data in a computer environment in order to efficiently sustain a particular application or enterprise. Several units in Knowledge Area GD Geospatial Data follow from Knowledge Area DA Design Aspects, especially those that discuss the collection of data in conformance with the designs discussed herein. This knowledge area is also closely related to Knowledge Area OI Organizational and Institutional Aspects, which discusses several issues relating to the management of systems in organizations after they are designed and implemented. Beyond GIS and T, this knowledge area has strong ties to information science and technology (e.g., Gorgone, G. B. and Gray, P., 2000, and Gorgone, G. B. and others, 2002), and to business management in the area of resource planning. Some of the methods of geospatial system design are identical to established methods in information system design, while others are unique."
@@ -1716,12 +1664,12 @@
             Revision="12"
             TimeStamp="2019-04-15T07:35:31-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-10_Data_base_practice_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-10_Data_base_practice_rev5"
             Definition="To be defined depending of the background of the course etc."
             Notation="DM1-10"
             PrefLabel="Data base practice"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T20:09:17-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:56:53-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-1_Basic_data_structures_rev1"
             Label="DM1-1.Basic data structures"
@@ -1731,12 +1679,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-1_Overview_on_data_base_concepts_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-1_Overview_on_data_base_concepts_rev5"
             Definition="This topic includes the main basic data base concepts: &#xA;- Data base, definition and overview &#xA;- Data base management system, definition and overview &#xA;- Relational data bases, overview &#xA;- Object-oriented data bases, overview&#xA;- Object-relational data bases&#xA;- NoSQL data bases, general overview &#xA;- NoSQL data bases, examples triple stores, array databases, others (overview)"
             Notation="DM1-1"
             PrefLabel="Overview on data base concepts"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T20:09:25-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:57:06-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-2_Data_retrieval_strategies_rev1"
             Label="DM1-2.Data retrieval strategies"
@@ -1746,61 +1694,61 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-2_The_Relational_Model_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-2_The_Relational_Model_rev5"
             Definition="The Relational Model is the most important data base model, &#xA;  therefore it is explained in more detail here:&#xA;- Basic concepts (tables, tuples, etc.) &#xA;- Relation to relational algebra (RA), basics of RA &#xA;- Constraints (key, domain, referential integrity) &#xA;- Relation to entity relation (ER) model, basics of ER"
             Notation="DM1-2"
             PrefLabel="The Relational Model"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T20:10:27-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:57:19-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-3_Relational_Data_Bases_Data_Base_Managements_Systems_and_Data_base_principles_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-3_Relational_Data_Bases_Data_Base_Managements_Systems_and_Data_base_principles_rev5"
             Definition="Relational data bases and data base management systems are essential for GIS&#xA;  in consequence the important issues have to be treated here:&#xA;- General aspects, basic architecture of a DB, advantages, features&#xA;- DBMS concepts and functionalites (transactions, locks, multiuser access etc.) &#xA;- Data base design, techniques&#xA;- Database administration&#xA;- Normalization (1NF - 3NF) &#xA;- Example of a data base design"
             Notation="DM1-3"
             PrefLabel="Relational Data Bases, Data Base Managements Systems and Data base principles"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T20:10:37-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:57:47-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-4_Data_Structures_and_Indices_for_Data_Bases_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-4_Data_Structures_and_Indices_for_Data_Bases_rev4"
             Definition="Data base queries and especially spatial queries require specific data structures to be performed satisfactory&#xA;  Relevant is:&#xA;- Motivation, examples of typical non-spatial and spatial queries &#xA;- Trees, B-tree, R-tree, Q-tree&#xA;- Graphs, overview and relation to DB"
             Notation="DM1-4"
             PrefLabel="Data Structures and Indices for Data Bases"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T20:11:01-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:58:02-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-5_Data_compression_techniques_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-5_Data_compression_techniques_rev5"
             Definition="Big data like imagery but also for example GML data sets need compression to be accessed / transferred in an acceptable time. &#xA;  Therefore some compression techniques have to be taught:&#xA;- Motivation, examples of data sets which need compression &#xA;- General introduction, vector - / raster data compression, compression lossless, lossy &#xA;- Popular compression techniques, LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) encoding, Huffman encoding &#xA;- Techniques for raster data, runlength encoding, JPEG coding, wavelet etc. &#xA;- Techniques for the reduction of vector data (Douglas Peuker etc.) &#xA;- Data formats, overview and relation to compression techniques"
             Notation="DM1-5"
             PrefLabel="Data compression techniques"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T20:11:19-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:58:21-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-6_SQL_and_its_usage_for_data_handling_spatial_extensions_to_SQL_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-6_SQL_and_its_usage_for_data_handling_spatial_extensions_to_SQL_rev4"
             Definition="SQL is the &amp;quot;standard&amp;quot; to perform spatial and non-spatial queries in data bases.&#xA;  That means each student in a GI related course has to be familiar with the main aspects if it:&#xA;- Motivation, history, overview &#xA;- Data definition language DDL &#xA;- Data manipulation language DML&#xA;- Data control language DCL &#xA;- Spatial extensions of SQL"
             Notation="DM1-6"
             PrefLabel="SQL and its usage for data handling, spatial extensions to SQL"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T20:02:01-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:54:08-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-7_UML_introduction_and_class_diagrams_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-7_UML_introduction_and_class_diagrams_rev4"
             Definition="UML is the standard for describing the schema related to GI models, &#xA;  but also user requirements, workflows etc. can be described in UML using the UML diagrams:&#xA;- Motivation, background, purpose &#xA;- Use case diagrams &#xA;- Class diagrams &#xA;- Sequence diagrams &#xA;- Activity diagrams"
             Notation="DM1-7"
             PrefLabel="UML introduction and class diagrams"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T20:07:39-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:54:40-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-8_XML_introduction_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-8_XML_introduction_rev4"
             Definition="XML knowledge is an important bases for understanding GML.&#xA;  Moreover XML tools like XSLT are important to transform XML or GML data sets into other XML based formats like SVG or others.&#xA;  Important issues:&#xA;- Motivation, purpose&#xA;- Relation to HTML &#xA;- XML document structure &#xA;- XML syntax, elements, attributes and namespaces &#xA;- xlink, xpath and XSLT &#xA;- XML DTD &#xA;- XML schema"
             Notation="DM1-8"
             PrefLabel="XML introduction"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T20:08:53-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:55:16-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-9_Data_Base_concepts_in_GIS_and_Principles_of_spatial_data_bases_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1-9_Data_Base_concepts_in_GIS_and_Principles_of_spatial_data_bases_rev4"
             Definition="The long term storage of GI data in general is based on spatial data bases.&#xA;  Therefore the following is essential for a GI course:&#xA;- Relation between GIS and DB / &amp;quot;Long transactions&amp;quot;&#xA;- Dual concepts &#xA;- Characteristics of spatial data bases&#xA;- Spatial data in object relational data bases&#xA;- Spatial extensions of DBs, overview"
             Notation="DM1-9"
             PrefLabel="Data Base concepts in GIS and Principles of spatial data bases"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T20:09:05-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:55:48-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1_Basic_storage_and_retrieval_structures_rev1"
             Label="DM1.Basic storage and retrieval structures"
@@ -1810,68 +1758,68 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1_Foundations_for_Data_Modelling_Storage_and_Exploitation_rev6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM1_Foundations_for_Data_Modelling_Storage_and_Exploitation_rev8"
             Definition="This unit includes the basics for data modelling, storage and exploitation.&#xA;Data modelling is one of the most important activities in conjunction with Geographic Information / GIS as it determines &#xA;how the data can be used and if the requirements from  applications are fulfilled. Data modelling can be done in conjunction&#xA;with the data base, e.g. through ER diagrams or according to the ISO 191xx standards by using UML. The costs of data&#xA;acquisition can be tremendous, therefore the data represents an enormous value. This value has to be conserved through a safe&#xA;long term data storage. Therefore data bases and especially relational and object relational data bases are crucial. For a&#xA;proper storage and query of geographic information data bases are extended with specific data types and data structures. As&#xA;data sets can be very large suitable compression techniques became important especially in the context of accessing and&#xA;delivering geographical data, e.g. through services. XML based modeling languages for encoding also play and important role&#xA;in this context"
             Notation="DM1"
             PrefLabel="Foundations for Data Modelling Storage and Exploitation"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T19:45:10-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:58:37-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-1_Overview_on_relevant_standards_and_standardisation_bodies_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-1_Overview_on_relevant_standards_and_standardisation_bodies_rev4"
             Definition="GI standards, mainly from ISO and OGC are essential nowadays. Moreover also an overview on ICT standards from W3C or OMG are important  &#xA;  as well as some understanding of standardization processes. In detail:&#xA;- Motivation for standards, examples from daily life &#xA;- Overview on GIS and relevant ICT standardization bodies and selected standards&#xA;- De jure and De facto standards, obligation, reasons for the usage of standards &#xA;- Standardization within ISO &#xA;- Standardization within OGC, relation to ISO &#xA;- Examples of ISO 191xx standards"
             Notation="DM2-1"
             PrefLabel="Overview on relevant standards and standardisation bodies"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:47:27-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:59:38-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-2_The_principle_of_conceptual_data_modelling_according_to_ISO_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-2_The_principle_of_conceptual_data_modelling_according_to_ISO_rev4"
             Definition="Conceptual data modeling is a key skill for GI people. (see relations to other topics)&#xA;  The following therefore is important:&#xA;- Overview on the relevant standards like conceptual schema language, Rules for application schema &#xA;- Examples of conceptual schemas"
             Notation="DM2-2"
             PrefLabel="The principle of conceptual data modelling according to ISO"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:48:49-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:00:08-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-3_Geometry_data_types_according_to_spatial_schema_and_the_simple_feature_specification_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-3_Geometry_data_types_according_to_spatial_schema_and_the_simple_feature_specification_rev4"
             Definition="Geometric modelling is an important subtask of conceptual modelling &#xA;  and requires the following basics:&#xA;- Overview of ISO 19107 - spatial schema &#xA;- Overview of ISO 19125 - simple features &#xA;- Examples of the usage of spatial schema and simple feature elements for feature class definitions &#xA;- Relation to GML &#xA;- Relation to DBs"
             Notation="DM2-3"
             PrefLabel="Geometry data types according to spatial schema and the simple feature specification"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:48:59-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:00:24-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-4_Temporal_data_types_according_to_temporal_schema_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-4_Temporal_data_types_according_to_temporal_schema_rev4"
             Definition="Also temporal aspects have to be considered within conceptual modelling.&#xA;  This also requires basics:&#xA;- Motivation, examples&#xA;- Temporal variability of features (move, change of structure or geometry) &#xA;- Overview on ISO 19108 temporal schema  &#xA;- Examples of modeling temporal aspects"
             Notation="DM2-4"
             PrefLabel="Temporal data types according to temporal schema"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:49:06-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:00:36-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-5_Transferring_conceptual_models_to_logical_models_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-5_Transferring_conceptual_models_to_logical_models_rev5"
             Definition="Conceptual models of course have to be implemented, in general in a GIS (which is often proprietary),&#xA;  or in a data base (which can be standard based),therefore here the implementation in a data base is treated:&#xA;- Repetition of conceptual and logical models &#xA;- Examples of the transferring of a conceptual model to a logical (data base) model"
             Notation="DM2-5"
             PrefLabel="Transferring conceptual models to logical models"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:49:16-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:01:01-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-6b_Other_standards_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-6b_Other_standards_rev5"
             Definition="Metadata is considered as very important for the usage as well for the search for Geodata&#xA;  Relevant basics are:&#xA;- Motivation, importance of data quality as part of metadata&#xA;- Metadata in an spatial data infrastructure with many There are quite a number of relevant standards for GI courses.&#xA;  Some are listed here, others might be considered, depending on the background of the course:&#xA;- Select other standards and explain them, Important are:&#xA;- ISO 19141 Schema for moving features, ISO 19142 Web Feature Service or others&#xA;- 19109 - Rules for application schema&#xA;- Selection of other standards is depending on the background of the course"
             Notation="DM2-6b"
             PrefLabel="Other standards"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:49:26-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:01:21-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-7_Introduction_to_GML_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-7_Introduction_to_GML_rev4"
             Definition="GML is  the most important standard for the transfer of Geodata as it allows to transfer the schema information as well as the data.&#xA;  Important issues:&#xA;- Motivation, Importance of a Geography Markup Language&#xA;- History of GML, Overview 19136 - Geography Markup Language &#xA;- Relation to spatial schema  &#xA;- Supported features in GML (Topology, 3D ...) &#xA;- Structure of GNL, profiles, application schemas etc. &#xA;- Transfer of models and of data &#xA;- Examples"
             Notation="DM2-7"
             PrefLabel="Introduction to GML"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:46:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:01:34-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-8_Introduction_to_CityGML_rev4"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2-8_Introduction_to_CityGML_rev5"
             Definition="3D Models, especially 3D city models are becoming more and more important. &#xA;  CityGML is the most important standard within the GI domain to describe City models semantically and geometrically.&#xA;  Relevant issues:&#xA;- Motivation, Usage of CityGML &#xA;- Relation to GML &#xA;- Coherence of semantics and geometry &#xA;- Principles of modeling &#xA;- Level of detail concept &#xA;- CityGML vs KML&#xA;- Examples"
             Notation="DM2-8"
             PrefLabel="Introduction to CityGML"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:45:47-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:59:19-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2_Database_management_systems_rev1"
             Label="DM2.Database management systems"
@@ -1881,12 +1829,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2_Standards_for_Spatial_Data_Modeling_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM2_Standards_for_Spatial_Data_Modeling_rev2"
             Definition="This unit includes the essentials of relevant standards for spatial data modelling. &#xA;A number of ISO and OGC standards are available for deriving the conceptual model as well as for rules for application schemas, spatial schema provides data types for geometry &#xA;models in various forms, Point, line, area, body based, temporal schema allows to consider temporal dimensions, Quality principles can be used to describe the quality of geodata,&#xA;encoding standards (mainly GML) allow the standard based transfer of data and data models, CityGML allows a standard based 3D modelling, etc."
             Notation="DM2"
             PrefLabel="Standards for Spatial Data Modeling"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:45:29-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:02:14-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-1_Grid_representations_rev1"
             Label="DM3-1.Grid representations"
@@ -1895,6 +1843,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Grid representations"
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-1b_The_concept_of_fields_rev3"
+            Definition="There are two basic concepts related to this topic: Features and Fields, or Geo-fields, as named by Goodchild at al.&#xA;  The concept of fields can be differently represented as explained here:&#xA;- Repetition of basic concepts of Geographic Information Science&#xA;- Explanation of the concept of continuous fields and the commonly used ways of representing geo-fields&#xA;- Relation between fields and coverages, an important discretizations of a Geo-field&#xA;- Types of Coverages"
+            Notation="DM3-1b"
+            PrefLabel="The concept of fields"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:36:11-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-2_The_raster_model_rev1"
             Label="DM3-2.The raster model"
@@ -1910,6 +1865,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Grid representations"
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2016-09-25T21:48:41-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-2b_Grid_representations_rev3"
+            Definition="Grids are on the one hand one important type of caverages and on the other hand Grids are used as basic structure in some applications.&#xA;  Important here is:&#xA;- Definition of the concept of grid in GIS&#xA;- Grid as an instance of coverages&#xA;- Grids as a basic structure for certain applications / medium for aggregation of data&#xA;- Examples of grid-based data such as Digital Terrain Models (DTM)&#xA;- Grids in census / statistical data and Geo-marketing applications"
+            Notation="DM3-2b"
+            PrefLabel="Grid representations"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:35:42-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-3_Grid_compression_methods_rev1"
             Label="DM3-3.Grid compression methods"
@@ -1918,6 +1880,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Grid compression methods"
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-3b_TIN_and_Voronoi_tesselations_rev3"
+            Definition="TINs and Voronoi tessellations are important types of coverages. TINs play a very important role also in Computer graphics.&#xA;  Important here is:&#xA;- Basics from Graph theory&#xA;- Definition of Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN), purpose and applications&#xA;- TINs and voronoi diagrams as a type of coverages&#xA;- One important instance of a TIN: Delauney Triangulation&#xA;- Definition of Voronoi Diagrams, purpose and applications&#xA;- Relation between Delauney Triangulation and Voronoi Diagram, the &amp;quot;Dual Graph&amp;quot;&#xA;- Examples from applications"
+            Notation="DM3-3b"
+            PrefLabel="TIN and Voronoi tesselations"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:36:35-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-4_The_hexagonal_model_rev1"
             Label="DM3-4.The hexagonal model"
@@ -1926,6 +1895,13 @@
             PrefLabel="The hexagonal model"
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-4b_Other_models_like_linear_referencing_rev3"
+            Definition="- Other relevant models &#xA;- Linear referencing (t.b.d)"
+            Notation="DM3-4b"
+            PrefLabel="Other models like linear referencing"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:37:27-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-5_The_Triangulated_Irregular_Network_(TIN)_model_rev1"
             Label="DM3-5.The Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) model"
@@ -1934,6 +1910,13 @@
             PrefLabel="The Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) model"
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-5b_Resolution_and_georeferencing_system_rev3"
+            Definition="Resolution of raster and gridded data&#xA;- Georeferencing of data, direct and indirect methods (t.b.d.)"
+            Notation="DM3-5b"
+            PrefLabel="Resolution and georeferencing system"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:37:46-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3-6_Resolution_rev1"
             Label="DM3-6.Resolution"
@@ -1951,19 +1934,26 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3_Tessellation_data_models_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM3_Tessellation_data_models_rev3"
             Definition="This unit includes relevant tessellation data models. &#xA;Besides features (sometimes also called geo-objects) geo-fields play and important role. &#xA;In recent literature tessellation models are classified as discretizations of fields. In &#xA;traditional GI literature tessellations are defined as important data structure itself.  &#xA;Tessellation discretise a continuous surface into a set of non-overlapping polygons that &#xA;cover the surface without gaps. Tessellation data models represent continuous surfaces &#xA;with sets of data values that correspond to partitions. Important tessellation models are &#xA;Grids, TINs and Voronoi diagrams."
             Notation="DM3"
             PrefLabel="Tessellation data models"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T21:42:51-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:38:01-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-1_Feature_based_modelling_rev1"
-            Definition="- Techniques for the definition of features / feature classes (mainly link, as they are described elsewhere, see relations)"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-1_Feature_based_modelling_rev3"
+            Definition="This topic includes the basics for feature based modelling. There are a number of standards also relevant for this topic (see relations). The following items should be included:&#xA;- Definition of a feature (in some literature also called object, or geoobject) and of feature classes respectively.&#xA;- Aspects of the definition (ID, geometry, topology, thematic, time etc.)&#xA;- Techniques for the definition of features / feature classes (mainly link, as they are described elsewhere, see relations)"
             Notation="DM4-1"
             PrefLabel="Feature based modelling"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T17:14:34-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:46:29-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-2_Geometric_modelling_rev3"
+            Definition="This topic describes the process of Geometric modelling using vector data, means the primitives like points, lines, areas, bodies, or raster data. &#xA;  There is a strong relation to ISO standards (see relations) as they provide basic data types for geometric modelling. Main issues:&#xA;- Geometric modeling based on vector data&#xA;- Geometric modeling based on raster data&#xA;- Conversion between the models&#xA;- examples, advantages, disadvantages of the models"
+            Notation="DM4-2"
+            PrefLabel="Geometric modelling"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:46:54-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-2_Geometric_modelling_rev5"
             Definition="- examples, advantages, disadvantages of the models"
@@ -1979,26 +1969,33 @@
             Revision="5"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-26T17:17:04-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-4_Application_models_based_on_vector_data_rev2"
-            Definition="- Domains / data relevant for INSPIRE"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-4_Application_models_based_on_vector_data_rev4"
+            Definition="This topics deals with the definition of an application schema. There are other units which are important for this topic (see Relations). Issues to be included:&#xA;- Methods to define and describe an application schema (requirement analysis, description of the schema etc.)&#xA;- Feature attribute catalogues&#xA;- Domains / data relevant for INSPIRE"
             Notation="DM4-4"
             PrefLabel="Application models based on vector data"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T17:26:45-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:45:22-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-5_Examples_of_important_application_models_rev3"
-            Definition="- Domains / data relevant for INSPIRE"
+            Definition="This Topic deals with important application models, which should be chosen with relation to the course (geographically / related to the background of the course)&#xA;  INSPIRE should be treated in any case. In detail:&#xA;- Overview on important application models relevant for the course, e.g. from topography or environment in the country&#xA;- Repetition of the principles of Spatial data infrastructures&#xA;- Overview on the INSPIRE initiative and the goals related&#xA;- The INSPIRE data model&#xA;- The architecture of INSPIRE and the necessary services&#xA;- Domains / data relevant for INSPIRE"
             Notation="DM4-5"
             PrefLabel="Examples of important application models"
             Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T17:21:21-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:43:32-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-6_Model_based_interoperability_model_transformations_rev1"
-            Definition="- Approaches for model transformations, e.g. related to INSPIRE, from the Humboldt project"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-6_Model_based_interoperability_model_transformations_rev3"
+            Definition="This topic is dedicated to the challenges of model based interoperability and related issues, The principles of interoperability are included in DA3-2.&#xA;  In detail:&#xA;- The challenges of model interoparability (semantics, different modelling of the same features in different models, syntacs)&#xA;- Overview on IT concepts for schema integration / transformation&#xA;- Approaches for model integration &#xA;- Approaches for model transformations, e.g. related to INSPIRE, from the Humboldt project"
             Notation="DM4-6"
             PrefLabel="Model based interoperability, model transformations"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T17:27:21-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:46:09-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-7_Network_models_rev3"
+            Definition="Network models are crucial in some application domains, such as Navigation (roads etc.), but also in utility applications (facilities like pipes etc.)&#xA;  In this topic should be treated:&#xA;- The network model in the data base domain&#xA;- Graph based NoSQL data bases&#xA;- Topology of network models&#xA;- Data structures for storing network data&#xA;- The Dijkstra algorithm&#xA;- Overview on important applications"
+            Notation="DM4-7"
+            PrefLabel="Network models"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:44:31-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4-7_Network_models_rev6"
             Definition="- Overview on important applications"
@@ -2007,12 +2004,19 @@
             Revision="6"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-26T17:23:48-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4_Vector_data_model_Feature_based_modelling_Applications_rev4"
-            Definition="integration and transformation of models are an important issue also."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM4_Vector_data_model_Feature_based_modelling_Applications_rev5"
+            Definition="This unit includes relevant issues related to vector data models, feature based modelling, applications.&#xA;Besides imagery data the majority of GI data available is feature based and founded on vector geometry. &#xA;Topology modeling also is very common nowadays, as many analysis like routing or neighborhood analysis require it.&#xA;Spaghetti modelling becomes more and more and exception.&#xA;In every country there are important feature and vector geometry based application models available e.g. in Topography / Cartography.&#xA;In Europe every GI course should include some information on INSPIRE. As in different application domains different data models are used, sometimes for the same feature types,  &#xA;integration and transformation of models are an important issue also."
             Notation="DM4"
             PrefLabel="Vector data model, Feature based modelling, Applications"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T17:27:50-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T11:53:00-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM5-1_Basics_of_uncertainty_and_its_modelling_rev3"
+            Definition="- Many geographical phenomena are not defined sharply but uncertain&#xA;  Uncertainty has a number of considerations:&#xA;- Motivation, background, purpose&#xA;- Conceptual model of uncertainty&#xA;- Uncertainty of geographic phenomena (vagueness, ambiguity)&#xA;- Uncertainty of measurements &#xA;- Uncertainty of analysis&#xA;- Uncertainty vs. data quality&#xA;- Statistical models of uncertainty&#xA;- Outline of Fuzzy approaches"
+            Notation="DM5-1"
+            PrefLabel="Basics of uncertainty and its modelling"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:03:18-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM5-1_Spatio-temporal_GIS_rev1"
             Label="DM5-1.Spatio-temporal GIS"
@@ -2030,12 +2034,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM5-2_Modelling_time_aspects_rev4"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM5-2_Modelling_time_aspects_rev6"
             Definition="Space and time are 2 connected concepts, this topic is dedicated to some basics of modelling time and the temporal dimensions related to features and fields:&#xA;- Motivation, background, purpose&#xA;- Changes in time in Entity based and field based representations&#xA;- A conceptual model of changes in time&#xA;- Move of objects&#xA;- Change of structure&#xA;- Change of geometry&#xA;- Examples from applications"
             Notation="DM5-2"
             PrefLabel="Modelling time aspects"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2019-02-27T11:27:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:03:41-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM5-3_Modeling_three-dimensional_(3D)_entities_rev1"
             Label="DM5-3.Modeling three-dimensional (3D) entities"
@@ -2044,6 +2048,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Modeling three-dimensional (3D) entities"
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM5-3_Modelling_3D_rev3"
+            Definition="Traditionally many GIS used 2D or 2.5 D data models, but in the last decade 3D modeling mainly in form of city models or in the context of Building Information Models (BIM):&#xA;- Basic concepts of 3D modelling, edge, area, volume models&#xA;- The workflow of 3D modelling, general aspects, choose of the proper model&#xA;- Methods of 3D modeling&#xA;- Principles of Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)&#xA;- Principles of Boundary representation (BR)&#xA;- Principles of Voxel-beased modeling&#xA;- Comparison of the methods &#xA;- The concept of BIM, principles and purpose&#xA;- City models, principles and purpose&#xA;- Examples / applications"
+            Notation="DM5-3"
+            PrefLabel="Modelling 3D"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:04:01-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM5_Modeling_3D,_temporal_and_uncertain_phenomena_rev1"
             Label="DM5.Modeling 3D, temporal and uncertain phenomena"
@@ -2053,12 +2064,19 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM_Data_Modeling_Storage_and_Exploitation_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM5_Modelling_3D_temporal_and_uncertain_phenomena_rev3"
+            Definition="Traditional raster and vector data models cannot easily represent the more complex aspects of geographic information, such as temporal change, uncertainty, three-dimensional phenomena, and integrated multimedia. A variety of models have been proposed to represent these complexities, including both extensions to existing models and software, and entirely new models and software. During the 1990s, work in this area was largely experimental, but many solutions are now available to practitioners in commercial and open source software. The data models in this unit are based on concepts discussed in Knowledge Area CF Conceptual Foundations."
+            Notation="DM5"
+            PrefLabel="Modelling 3D, temporal and uncertain phenomena"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:04:30-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DM_Data_Modeling_Storage_and_Exploitation_rev3"
             Definition="This knowledge area deals with representation of formalized spatial and spatio-temporal reality through data models and the translation of these data models into data structures that are capable of being implemented within a computational environment (i.e., within a GIS or more likely within a spatial data base).&#xA;&#xA;Data modelling is a crucial issue as it defines the content of a spatial database and usefulness of these content (data) for certain applications. Data Modelling is performed using system neutral languages like UML (or more seldom ER-diagrams). These conceptual models have to be transferred to logical models (i.e. tables of a database). Data is stored in spatial data bases which are normally organized in an object relational way. For certain types of data specific data bases are used, like triple stores, NoSQL DBs, Array DBs etc. For data modelling quite a number of ISO standards are available for deriving the conceptual model as well as for rules for application schemas, spatial schemas, temporal schemas, Quality principles, encoding, 3D modelling (CityGML) etc.&#xA;&#xA;Data models provide the means for formalizing the spatio-temporal conceptualizations. Examples of spatial data model types are discrete (object-based), continuous (location-based), dynamic, and probabilistic. Mastery of the objectives presented in this knowledge area require knowledge and skills presented in the bodies of knowledge of allied fields, including computer science (ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Task Force, 2001) and information systems (Gorgone &amp; Gray, 2000; Gorgone &amp; others, 2002)."
             Notation="DM"
             PrefLabel="Data Modeling, Storage and Exploitation"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T19:29:58-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:56:32-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DN2-2_Approaches_to_point,_line,_and_area_generalization_rev1"
             Label="DN2-2.Approaches to point, line, and area generalization"
@@ -2068,34 +2086,33 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DN3-1_Database_change_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DN3-1_Database_change_rev5"
             Definition="Modification of spatial and attribute data while ensuring consistency within the database, implications of transactions on database integrity, scenarios for periodic changes in GIS database and monitoring the periodic changes."
             Notation="DN3-1"
             PrefLabel="Database change"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T20:16:46-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:14:50-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DN3-2_Modeling_database_change_rev2"
-            Label="DN3-2.Modeling database change"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DN3-2_Modeling_database_change_rev5"
             Definition="Rules for modelling spatial database change, techniques for handling version control, techniques for managing long and short transactions, management of spatial databases in multi-user environment"
             Notation="DN3-2"
             PrefLabel="Modeling database change"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-18T15:48:53-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:15:33-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DN3-3_Reconciling_database_change_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DN3-3_Reconciling_database_change_rev5"
             Definition="Reliability tests of change information, design and implementation. Logical consistency of updates."
             Notation="DN3-3"
             PrefLabel="Reconciling database change"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T20:17:10-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:16:17-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DN3-4_Managing_versioned_geospatial_databases_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DN3-4_Managing_versioned_geospatial_databases_rev5"
             Definition="Needs for versioned databases, queries for change scenarios using DB management tools, algorithms for performing dynamic queries, role of time-criticality and data security while choosing methods for change detection."
             Notation="DN3-4"
             PrefLabel="Managing versioned geospatial databases"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T20:17:22-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:17:17-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#DN3_Transaction_management_of_geospatial_data_rev6"
             Definition="It is quite common, that data including both spatial entities and their attribute data undergo changes. These changes need to be catalogued fully and explicitly, including initial conditions, new conditions, all intermediate stages and operations used. The geospatial data needs to contain an archival history of change."
@@ -2188,182 +2205,38 @@
             Revision="7"
             TimeStamp="2019-04-12T09:28:30-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC3-4_Pattern_recognition_rev6"
-            Definition="Pattern recognition is the process of classifying input data into objects or classes based on key features. There are two classification methods in pattern recognition: supervised and unsupervised classification. The supervised classification of input data in the pattern recognition method uses supervised learning algorithms that create classifiers based on training data from different object classes. The classifier then accepts input data and assigns the appropriate object or class label. The unsupervised classification method works by finding hidden structures in unlabelled data using segmentation or clustering techniques. Common unsupervised classification methods include: K-means clustering, Gaussian mixture models, Hidden Markov models. The aim of the topic is to provide knowledge about the different methods in pattern recognition and how to choose the optimum method for a specific spatial problem."
-            Notation="GC3-4"
-            PrefLabel="Pattern recognition"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2019-04-12T10:47:52-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC3-5_Spatio-temporal_knowledge_discovery_and_data_mining_rev7"
-            Definition="Understanding natural and human-induced structures and processes in space and&#xA;time has long been the agenda of geographical research. Through theoretical and experimental studies, geographers have accumulated a wealth of knowledge about our physical and man-made world over the years. Knowledge is often discovered through critical observations of phenomena in space and time. Due to the rapidly expanding amount of data and information the problem is often not having enough data but having too much and too complex a database. The aim of the topic is to provide insight into several methods to carry out spatio-temporal knowledge discovery through spatial data mining and clustering techniques."
-            Notation="GC3-5"
-            PrefLabel="Spatio-temporal knowledge discovery and data mining"
-            Revision="7"
-            TimeStamp="2019-04-12T11:15:23-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC3-6_Big_data_filtering_rev2"
-            Definition="Data-intensive computing is now starting to be considered as the basis for a new,&#xA;fourth paradigm for science. Two factors are encouraging this trend. First, vast&#xA;amounts of data are becoming available in more and more application areas.&#xA;Second, the infrastructures allowing to persistently store these data for sharing and&#xA;processing are becoming a reality. The technical and scientific issues related to this context have been designated as `Big Data` challenges and have been identified as highly strategic by major research agencies. The aim of this topic is to introduce Big Data as a concept, and the needed methods to navigate through the vast amount of heterogeneous information."
-            Notation="GC3-6"
-            PrefLabel="Big data filtering"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2019-04-15T07:51:22-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC3-6_rev2"
-            Notation="GC3-6"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T15:59:03-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC3_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Data_Mining_rev7"
-            Definition="The amount of data in current geospatial repositories along with their high-dimensional nature requires a sophisticated set of analysis capabilities in order to extract new and unexpected patterns, trends, and relationships embedded in that data. Artificial intelligence and data mining methods constitute an alternative to explore and extract knowledge from geospatial data, which is less assumption dependent. Data Mining is a step in the knowledge discovery process that automatically detects patterns in data, and Geographic Data Mining is a special type of data mining that seeks to apply standard data mining tools modified to take into account the special features of geospatial data"
-            Notation="GC3"
-            PrefLabel="Artificial Intelligence and Data Mining"
-            Revision="7"
-            TimeStamp="2019-04-15T07:49:46-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC4-1_Greedy_heuristics_rev1"
-            Label="GC4-1.Greedy heuristics"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC4-1"
-            PrefLabel="Greedy heuristics"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC4-2_Interchange_heuristics_rev1"
-            Label="GC4-2.Interchange heuristics"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC4-2"
-            PrefLabel="Interchange heuristics"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC4-3_Interchange_with_probability_rev1"
-            Label="GC4-3.Interchange with probability"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC4-3"
-            PrefLabel="Interchange with probability"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC4-4_Simulated_annealing_rev1"
-            Label="GC4-4.Simulated annealing"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC4-4"
-            PrefLabel="Simulated annealing"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC4-5_Lagrangian_relaxation_rev1"
-            Label="GC4-5.Lagrangian relaxation"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC4-5"
-            PrefLabel="Lagrangian relaxation"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC5-1_GA_and_global_solutions_rev1"
-            Label="GC5-1.GA and global solutions"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC5-1"
-            PrefLabel="GA and global solutions"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC5-2_Genetic_algorithms_and_artificial_genomes_rev1"
-            Label="GC5-2.Genetic algorithms and artificial genomes"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC5-2"
-            PrefLabel="Genetic algorithms and artificial genomes"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC6-1_Structure_of_agent-based_models_rev1"
-            Label="GC6-1.Structure of agent-based models"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC6-1"
-            PrefLabel="Structure of agent-based models"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC6-2_Specification_of_agent-based_models_rev1"
-            Label="GC6-2.Specification of agent-based models"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC6-2"
-            PrefLabel="Specification of agent-based models"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC6-3_Adaptive_agents_rev1"
-            Label="GC6-3.Adaptive agents"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC6-3"
-            PrefLabel="Adaptive agents"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC6-4_Microsimulation_and_Calibration_of_Agent_Activities_rev1"
-            Label="GC6-4.Microsimulation and Calibration of Agent Activities"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC6-4"
-            PrefLabel="Microsimulation and Calibration of Agent Activities"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC6-5_Encoding_agent-based_models_rev1"
-            Label="GC6-5.Encoding agent-based models"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC6-5"
-            PrefLabel="Encoding agent-based models"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC7-1_Simulation_modeling_rev1"
-            Label="GC7-1.Simulation modeling"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC7-1"
-            PrefLabel="Simulation modeling"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC8-1_Definitions_within_a_conceptual_model_of_uncertainty_rev1"
-            Label="GC8-1.Definitions within a conceptual model of uncertainty"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC8-1"
-            PrefLabel="Definitions within a conceptual model of uncertainty"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
-   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC8-2_Error_rev1"
-            Label="GC8-2.Error"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC8-2"
-            PrefLabel="Error"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC3-4_Pattern_recognition_rev6"
+            Definition="Pattern recognition is the process of classifying input data into objects or classes based on key features. There are two classification methods in pattern recognition: supervised and unsupervised classification. The supervised classification of input data in the pattern recognition method uses supervised learning algorithms that create classifiers based on training data from different object classes. The classifier then accepts input data and assigns the appropriate object or class label. The unsupervised classification method works by finding hidden structures in unlabelled data using segmentation or clustering techniques. Common unsupervised classification methods include: K-means clustering, Gaussian mixture models, Hidden Markov models. The aim of the topic is to provide knowledge about the different methods in pattern recognition and how to choose the optimum method for a specific spatial problem."
+            Notation="GC3-4"
+            PrefLabel="Pattern recognition"
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-12T10:47:52-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC8-3_Problems_of_scale_and_zoning_rev1"
-            Label="GC8-3.Problems of scale and zoning"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC8-3"
-            PrefLabel="Problems of scale and zoning"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC3-5_Spatio-temporal_knowledge_discovery_and_data_mining_rev7"
+            Definition="Understanding natural and human-induced structures and processes in space and&#xA;time has long been the agenda of geographical research. Through theoretical and experimental studies, geographers have accumulated a wealth of knowledge about our physical and man-made world over the years. Knowledge is often discovered through critical observations of phenomena in space and time. Due to the rapidly expanding amount of data and information the problem is often not having enough data but having too much and too complex a database. The aim of the topic is to provide insight into several methods to carry out spatio-temporal knowledge discovery through spatial data mining and clustering techniques."
+            Notation="GC3-5"
+            PrefLabel="Spatio-temporal knowledge discovery and data mining"
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-12T11:15:23-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC8-4_Propagation_of_error_in_geospatial_modeling_rev1"
-            Label="GC8-4.Propagation of error in geospatial modeling"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC8-4"
-            PrefLabel="Propagation of error in geospatial modeling"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC3-6_Big_data_filtering_rev5"
+            Definition="Data-intensive computing is now starting to be considered as the basis for a new,&#xA;fourth paradigm for science. Two factors are encouraging this trend. First, vast&#xA;amounts of data are becoming available in more and more application areas.&#xA;Second, the infrastructures allowing to persistently store these data for sharing and&#xA;processing are becoming a reality. The technical and scientific issues related to this context have been designated as `Big Data` challenges and have been identified as highly strategic by major research agencies. The aim of this topic is to introduce Big Data as a concept, and the needed methods to navigate through the vast amount of heterogeneous information."
+            Notation="GC3-6"
+            PrefLabel="Big data filtering"
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T08:53:54-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC8-5_Theory_of_error_propagation_rev1"
-            Label="GC8-5.Theory of error propagation"
-            Definition=""
-            Notation="GC8-5"
-            PrefLabel="Theory of error propagation"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC3-6_rev2"
+            Notation="GC3-6"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T15:59:03-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC3_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Data_Mining_rev7"
+            Definition="The amount of data in current geospatial repositories along with their high-dimensional nature requires a sophisticated set of analysis capabilities in order to extract new and unexpected patterns, trends, and relationships embedded in that data. Artificial intelligence and data mining methods constitute an alternative to explore and extract knowledge from geospatial data, which is less assumption dependent. Data Mining is a step in the knowledge discovery process that automatically detects patterns in data, and Geographic Data Mining is a special type of data mining that seeks to apply standard data mining tools modified to take into account the special features of geospatial data"
+            Notation="GC3"
+            PrefLabel="Artificial Intelligence and Data Mining"
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-15T07:49:46-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GC8-6_Problems_of_currency,_source,_and_scale_rev1"
             Label="GC8-6.Problems of currency, source, and scale"
@@ -2420,12 +2293,19 @@
             Revision="14"
             TimeStamp="2019-04-12T09:23:36-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-1_Earth_geometry_rev5"
-            Definition=""
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-1_Earth_geometry_rev7"
+            Definition="Usable and accurate geospatial data are based upon proper model of the Earth`s surface. Shape of the Earth is complex and complicated to measure. Approximations are used to minimize complexity of the task and possible errors."
             Notation="GD1-1"
             PrefLabel="Earth geometry"
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:13:11-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-2_Georeferencing_systems_rev5"
+            Definition="Geospatial referencing systems provide unique codes for every location on the surface of the Earth (or other celestial bodies). These codes are used to measure distances, areas, and volumes, to navigate, and to predict how and where phenomena on the Earths surface may move, spread, or contract. Point-based, vector coordinate systems specify locations in relation to the origins of planar or spherical grids. Tessellated referencing systems specify locations hierarchically, as sequences of numbers that represent smaller and smaller subdivisions of two- or three dimensional surfaces that approximate the Earths shape, Linear referencing systems specify locations in relation to distances along a path from a starting point. Tessellation data models, are considered in Unit DM3 Tessellation data models, and linear referencing models are considered in Unit DM4 Vector data models."
+            Notation="GD1-2"
+            PrefLabel="Georeferencing systems"
             Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:09:59-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:11:07-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-3_Datums_rev8"
             Definition="Horizontal datums determine the geometric relations between a coordinate system grid and a particular ellipsoid approximating the Earth`s surface. Vertical datums determine elevation reference surfaces, like mean sea level.&#xA;A. Horizontal datums. Relation of coordinate system to particular ellipsoid, datum transformation options, Molodensky and Helmert transformation, other high accuracy transformations, ED50 and WGS84, historical development of horizontal datums, ETRS89.&#xA;B. Vertical datums. Historical development of vertical datums, difference between vertical datum and geoid, relations between ellipsoidal (geodetic) heiht, geoidal height and orthometric elevation."
@@ -2433,6 +2313,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Datums"
             Revision="8"
             TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:48:17-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-4_Map_projections_rev5"
+            Definition="Map projections are systematic transformations of geographic coordinates of the surface of ellipsoid into locations in plane. Plane coordinates are based on map projection. As the transformation of a spherical grid into a plane grid causes inevitably distortions of the geometry, and, different projections cause different distortions, knowledgeable choice of appropriate projection for any particular use is crucial.&#xA;A. Map projection poperties. Geometric properties that may be preserved or lost in projected grid, usefulness of compromise projection, Tissot indicatrix as an indicator of projection errors, visual appearance of the Earth`s graticule, distortion patterns for projection classes, distortions in raster data.&#xA;B. Map projection classes. Three main classes of map projection based on developable surface, projection types by geometric properties preserved, mathematical basis of projecting longitude and latitude into x and y coordinates. UTM, ETM, projections used by EC.&#xA;C. Map projection parameters. Standard line, projection case, latitutde and longitude of origin, aspects of projection.&#xA;D. Georegistration. Rectification vs orthorectification, ground controle points in georegistration of aerial imagery."
+            Notation="GD1-4"
+            PrefLabel="Map projections"
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:09:52-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD10-1_Nature_of_aerial_image_data_rev4"
             Notation="GD10-1"
@@ -2578,18 +2465,26 @@
             Revision="3"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-26T20:15:56-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev3"
-            Definition="Proper model of the Earth’s surface and ability to locate spatial phenomena accurately to it, is crucial in effective collection, management and use of data. Characterising size and shape of the Earth, using appropriate surfaces to approximate it, choosing suitable coordinate system and map projection is bases for efficient understanding of spatial data."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev5"
+            Definition="Proper model of the Earth`s surface and ability to locate spatial phenomena accurately to it, is crucial in effective collection, management and use of data. Characterising size and shape of the Earth, using appropriate surfaces to approximate it, choosing suitable coordinate system and map projection is bases for efficient understanding of spatial data."
             Notation="GD1"
             PrefLabel="Geolocating Data to Earth"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T18:55:57-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:13:44-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-1_rev3"
-            Definition="Land surveyors are usually licensed by state governments to produce geospatial data conforming to legal accuracy standards. Standards pertain to property demarcation, construction engineering, and other applications. Land surveyors and geodesists create and maintain the control networks useful for highly accurate positioning. GPS provides novel methods for point positioning in surveying, mapping, and navigation. Principles of survey theory, measurement of angles and distances, calculation of point locations in coordinate systems, the relationship between the concepts of ellipsoidal %28or geodetic%29 height, geoidal height, and orthometric elevation, diferential leveling, trigonometric leveling, relations between GIS, LIS and CAD/CAM, principles of global positioning, horizontal and vertical accuracy while coarse and precision positioning, GPS; GALILEO; GLONASS. Field data collection involves measurement of physical and demographic phenomena. Distribution of point samples, statistical reliability, point, transect and area sampling stratgeies, random and systematic sampling strategies, sampling rate and interval."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-1_Land_surveying_and_field_data_collection_rev2"
+            Definition=""
             Notation="GD2-1"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T20:21:49-05:00"/>
+            PrefLabel="Land surveying and field data collection"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T08:51:55-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-1_Land_surveying_and_field_data_collection_rev7"
+            Definition=""
+            Notation="GD2-1"
+            PrefLabel="Land surveying and field data collection"
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T08:51:48-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-2_Remote_sensing_rev9"
             Definition="Aerial imagery has been the primary source of detailed geospatial data for extensive study areas. Photogrammetry is producing precise measurements from aerial imagery. Aerial imaging and photogrammetry comprise a major component of the geospatial data production. Satellite-based sensors enable frequent mapping and analysis of very large areas. Sensing instruments are able to measure electromagnetic energy at multiple wavelengths. Satellite remote sensing is a key source for regional- and global-scale land use and land cover mapping, environmental resource management, mineral exploration, and global change research. Shipboard sensors employ acoustic energy to determine seafloor depth or to create imagery of the seafloor or water column. Principles of aerial photography, oblique and vertical imagery, spatial and radiometric resolution, spectral sensitivity, principal point, distortions and displacements in aerial image, parallax, stereophotogrammetry, generation of an orthoimage from a vertical aerial phoptograph, aerotriangulation, vector data extraction from digital seteroimagery, mission planning. Use of UAV in photogrammetry. Main platforms and sensors in spatial image acquisition, active and passive sensors, LiDAR and microwave, multispectral and hypersepctral imagery, interpretation of imagery, supervised and unsupervised classification, pixel based and segmented classification, ground verification, main applications, bathymetric mapping. SENTINEL."
@@ -2598,26 +2493,26 @@
             Revision="9"
             TimeStamp="2019-04-12T12:09:25-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-3_Crowdsourced_data_collection_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-3_Crowdsourced_data_collection_rev6"
             Definition="Crowdsourcing is the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers. Crowdsourced spatial data collection is becoming more and more important. The advantages and disadvantages of crowdsourced data, opensource mapping tools, potential application of crowdsourcing, VGI, OSM or cell-phone based, aspects of crowdsourced data quality and reliabilty."
             Notation="GD2-3"
             PrefLabel="Crowdsourced data collection"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T20:19:58-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T08:50:31-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-4_Digitizing_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-4_Digitizing_rev9"
             Definition="Digitizing as the main secondary spatial data production technique. Encoding vector points, lines, and polygons by tracing map sheets has diminished in importance, but remains a useful technique for incorporating historical geographies and local knowledge. &#34;Heads-up&#34; digitizing using digital imagery as a backdrop on-screen is a standard technique for editing and updating GIS databases. Tablet and on-screen digitizing, scanning and (semi)automatic vectorization."
             Notation="GD2-4"
             PrefLabel="Digitizing"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:15:43-05:00"/>
+            Revision="9"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T08:51:13-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev5"
             Definition="Spatial data collection / production involves measurement of locations in relation to the coordinate system, and collection of attributed data about the spatial phenomena. Measurements may be direct (e.g. surveying) or remote, data acquisition involves measurement of parameter values, evaluation of parameters, polls, interpretation of spatial imagery, and re-use of secondary data (e.g. old maps). Volunteered geographic information is becoming more important."
             Notation="GD2"
             PrefLabel="Data Collection"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T20:11:10-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T08:52:35-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD3-1_Geographic_coordinate_system_rev1"
             Label="GD3-1.Geographic coordinate system"
@@ -2658,12 +2553,33 @@
             Revision="6"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-26T20:34:02-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD3_Transaction_management_of_geospatial_data_rev5"
+            Definition="It is quite common, that data including both spatial entities and their attribute data undergo changes. These changes need to be catalogued fully and explicitly, including initial conditions, new conditions, all intermediate stages and operations used. The geospatial data needs to contain an archival history of change."
+            Notation="GD3"
+            PrefLabel="Transaction management of geospatial data"
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:17:56-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-1_Data_quality_rev3"
+            Definition="Geometric accuracy, factors influencing it, geometric accuracy and topological fidelity, geometric accuracy in survey and GPS mesurements, thematic accuracy, relations between thematic accuracy, geometric accuracy and topological fidelity, misclassification matrix, commission and omission, logical consistency, relations between resolution, precision, and accuracy, spatial resolution, thematic resolution, and temporal resolution, precision, uncertainties associated with coordinate precision, primary and secondary data sources."
+            Notation="GD4-1"
+            PrefLabel="Data quality"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:43:36-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-2_Metadata_standards_and_infrastructures_rev5"
+            Definition="Meaning of geospatial metadata, elements of metadata, use of metadata, integration of metadata in data production, standards in geospatial data, ISO standard family 191xx, data warehouse, exchange protocol, transport protocols, spatial data infrastructure, INSPIRE, OGC, DCAT profiles for CKAN applications – bridging metadata from GI and IT domains."
+            Notation="GD4-2"
+            PrefLabel="Metadata, standards, and infrastructures"
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:20:01-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev4"
             Definition="Data quality is the degree of data usability in relation to given objective and particular application. The expectations to data vary between different applications. The key criteria in data quality are the amount of uncertainty in data as compared to the acceptable level of uncertainty. Evaluation of the usability may be more complicated using data from secondary sources. Appropriate metadata is inevitable for these judgements. Aspects of data quality include geometric and thematic accuracy, (in)consistencies, resolution, precision, usability and others. Assurance of data quality may be improved by following proper standards and spatial data infrastructure – regulations for data collection and management. System of basic data quality measures for geospatial domain in the EN ISO 19157:2013 standard."
             Notation="GD4"
-            PrefLabel="Data Quality Metadata and Data Infrastructure"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T20:10:32-05:00"/>
+            PrefLabel="Data Quality, Metadata and Data Infrastructure"
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:45:18-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD5-1_Map_projection_properties_rev1"
             Label="GD5-1.Map projection properties"
@@ -2710,39 +2626,31 @@
             Notation="GD6-1"
             PrefLabel="Geometric accuracy"
             Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:21:33-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-2_Thematic_accuracy_rev1"
-            Label="GD6-2.Thematic accuracy"
-            Definition=""
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-2_Thematic_accuracy_rev2"
             Notation="GD6-2"
             PrefLabel="Thematic accuracy"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:21:20-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-3_Resolution_rev1"
-            Label="GD6-3.Resolution"
-            Definition=""
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-3_Resolution_rev2"
             Notation="GD6-3"
             PrefLabel="Resolution"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:22:04-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-4_Precision_rev1"
-            Label="GD6-4.Precision"
-            Definition=""
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-4_Precision_rev2"
             Notation="GD6-4"
             PrefLabel="Precision"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:21:54-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-5_Primary_and_secondary_sources_rev1"
-            Label="GD6-5.Primary and secondary sources"
-            Definition=""
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-5_Primary_and_secondary_sources_rev2"
             Notation="GD6-5"
             PrefLabel="Primary and secondary sources"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T10:22:29-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6_Data_quality_rev6"
             Definition="particular application. That standard varies from one application to another. In general, however, the key criteria are how much uncertainty is present in a data set and how much is acceptable. Judgments about fitness for use may be more difficult when data are acquired from secondary rather than primary sources. Aspects of data quality include accuracy, resolution, and precision.  Concepts of data quality, error, and uncertainty are also covered in Knowledge Areas CF Conceptual Foundations (in a theoretical context) and GC Geocomputation (in the context of analysis); the focus here is on the measurement and assessment of data quality."
@@ -2775,13 +2683,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD7_Land_surveying_and_GPS_rev1"
-            Label="GD7.Land surveying and GPS"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD7_Land_surveying_and_GPS_rev2"
             Definition="In the U.S., land surveyors are licensed by state governments to produce geospatial data that conforms to legal accuracy standards. Such standards pertain to property demarcation, construction engineering, and other applications. Land surveyors and geodesists also create and maintain the control networks upon which highly accurate positioning depends. GPS is supplanting electro-optical methods for point positioning in surveying, mapping, and navigation. The topics included in this unit do not comprise an exhaustive treatment of land surveying and GPS, but they are aspects of the field about which all geospatial professionals should be knowledgeable."
             Notation="GD7"
             PrefLabel="Land surveying and GPS"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:43:49-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD8-1_Tablet_digitizing_rev1"
             Label="GD8-1.Tablet digitizing"
@@ -2839,13 +2746,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD9_Field_data_collection_rev1"
-            Label="GD9.Field data collection"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD9_Field_data_collection_rev2"
             Definition="Field data collection involves the in situ measurement of physical and demographic phenomena occurring at or near the earths surface at particular locations and times."
             Notation="GD9"
             PrefLabel="Field data collection"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:39:02-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD_Geospatial_Data_rev5"
             Label="GD.Geospatial Data"
@@ -2855,11 +2761,11 @@
             Revision="5"
             TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:13:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GIST_Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_rev6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GIST_Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_rev8"
             Notation="GIST"
             PrefLabel="Geographic Information Science and Technology"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-13T09:44:29-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T12:28:01-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-1_The_legal_regime_and_legal_framework_rev4"
             Label="GS1-1.The legal regime"
@@ -2877,12 +2783,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-2_Contract_law_liability_and_licensing_rev1"
-            Definition="•&#x9;Describing strategies for managing liability risk, including disclaimers and data quality standards"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-2_Contract_law_liability_and_licensing_rev5"
+            Definition="Differentiating &#34;contracts for service&#34; from &#34;contracts of service&#34; &#xA;•&#x9;Identifying the liability implications associated with contracts &#xA;•&#x9;Discuss potential legal problems associated with licensing geospatial information &#xA;•&#x9;Describing the nature of tort law generally and nuisance law specifically &#xA;•&#x9;Differentiating among contract liability, tort liability, and statutory liability &#xA;•&#x9;Describing cases of liability claims associated with misuse of geospatial information, erroneous information, and loss of proprietary interests &#xA;•&#x9;Describing strategies for managing liability risk, including disclaimers and data quality standards"
             Notation="GS1-2"
             PrefLabel="Contract law, liability and licensing"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T09:56:20-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:27:13-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-3_Privacy_and_Security_rev10"
             Label="GS1-4.Privacy"
@@ -2892,58 +2798,61 @@
             Revision="10"
             TimeStamp="2019-01-04T10:19:30-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-3_Privacy_and_Security_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-3_Privacy_and_Security_rev5"
+            Definition="Discussion of the status of the concepts of privacy and security in the European legal regime &#xA;•&#x9;Explaining how data aggregation is used to protect personal privacy in data production &#xA;•&#x9;Explaining how conversion of land records data from analog to digital form increases risk to personal privacy &#xA;•&#x9;Compare and contrast geographic information technologies that are privacy-invasive, privacy -enhancing, and privacy-sympathetic &#xA;•&#x9;Explaining the argument that human tracking systems enable &#34;geoslavery&#34; &#xA;•&#x9;Security and privacy challenges for Internet, citizen-generated and linked data i.e. volunteered geographic information (VGI) &#xA;•&#x9;Citizen and privacy. Discussion of confidentiality issues and policies related to the utilization and dissemination of geospatial data for different scenarios including environment/public health applications"
             Notation="GS1-3"
             PrefLabel="Privacy and Security"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2019-01-04T10:20:59-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:23:27-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-4_Ownership_and_property_rights_rev2"
-            Definition="•&#x9;Compare and contrast the consequences of different national policies about rights to geospatial data in terms of the real costs of spatial data, their coverage, accuracy, uncertainty, reliability, validity, and maintenance"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-4_Ownership_and_property_rights_rev3"
+            Definition="Discussion of legal definition of the concepts &#34;ownership&#34; and &#34;property rights&#34; &#xA;•&#x9;Description of organizations` and governments` incentives to treat geospatial information as property &#xA;•&#x9;Arguments for and against the treatment of geospatial information as a commodity &#xA;•&#x9;Outlines of arguments for and against the notion of information as a public good &#xA;•&#x9;Compare and contrast National, European policy regarding rights to geospatial data with similar policies in other countries &#xA;•&#x9;Explaining how geospatial information might be used in a taking of private property through a government`s claim of its right of eminent domain &#xA;•&#x9;Compare and contrast the consequences of different national policies about rights to geospatial data in terms of the real costs of spatial data, their coverage, accuracy, uncertainty, reliability, validity, and maintenance"
             Notation="GS1-4"
             PrefLabel="Ownership and property rights"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T09:59:33-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:27:32-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-5_Competition_and_public-private_sector_relationships_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-5_Competition_and_public-private_sector_relationships_rev3"
+            Definition="•&#x9;Looking at rights and management of geospatial data, coverage, accuracy, reliability and validity in both public and private organisational contexts &#xA;•&#x9;Discussion of the role of the public and private sectors in producing and dissemination of geospatial information &#xA;•&#x9;Legal framework and competition and public-private sector relationships &#xA;•&#x9;Discussion of opportunities for exchange of geospatial data between public and private sector to enable more efficient analysis"
             Notation="GS1-5"
             PrefLabel="Competition and public-private sector relationships"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T10:01:15-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:28:10-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-6_Open_data_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-6_Open_data_rev3"
+            Definition="•&#x9;Discussion of various legal aspects of public and private sectors concerning owning, controlling, sharing/ disseminating open data &#xA;•&#x9;Discussion of and define open data and impact on GIS&amp;amp;T &#xA;•&#x9;Discussion of various sources of open data (science, public and private sectors)&#xA;•&#x9;Discussion of arguments for and against open data &#xA;•&#x9;Discussion of open data impact on society and citizenship"
             Notation="GS1-6"
             PrefLabel="Open data"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T10:00:22-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:27:52-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev6"
             Definition="Legal problems can arise when geospatial information is used for land management, among other activities. Geospatial professionals may be liable for harm that results from flawed data or the misuse of data. Understanding of contract law and liability standards is essential to mitigate risks associated with the provision of geospatial information products and services. Legal relations between public and private organizations and individuals govern data access. The nature of information in general, and the characteristics of geospatial information in particular, make it an unusual and difficult subject for a legal regime that seeks to establish and enforce the type of exclusive control associated with other commodities. Geospatial information is in many ways unlike the kinds of works that intellectual property rights were intended to protect. Still, organizations can, and do, assert proprietary interests in geospatial information. Perspectives on geospatial information as property vary between the public and private sectors and between different countries."
             Notation="GS1"
             PrefLabel="Legal aspects"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2019-04-15T07:34:19-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:30:05-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-1_Business_models_and_funding_models_rev4"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-1_Business_models_and_funding_models_rev6"
             Definition="• Discussion of the general role of information in economics &#xA;• Describing the role of economics in public and private production of geospatial information &#xA;• Describing the role of economics in the use of geospatial information &#xA;• Describing perspectives on the nature and scope of system benefits among agency officials, organizational personnel, and citizens &#xA;• Discussion of implications of unequal economic power on the kinds of organizations that use, and benefits from, GIS&amp;amp;T"
             Notation="GS2-1"
             PrefLabel="Business models and funding models"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:35:53-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:31:16-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-2_Costs_benefits_and_risks_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-2_Costs_benefits_and_risks_rev6"
             Definition="• Describing recent models of the benefits of GIS&amp;amp;T applications &#xA;• Discussion of the extent to which external costs and benefits enhance the economic case for GIS &#xA;• Explain how profit considerations have shaped the evolution of GIS&amp;amp;T &#xA;• Outlining the elements of a business case that justifies an organization`s investment in an enterprise geospatial information infrastructure &#xA;• Describing the potential benefits of geospatial information in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and equity &#xA;• Explaining how cost-benefit analyses can be manipulated &#xA;• Compare and contrast the evaluation of benefits at different scales (e.g., national, regional/state,local) true for an organization that is already collecting data as part of its regular operations &#xA;• Outlining the categories of costs that an organization should anticipate as it plans to design and implement a GIS &#xA;• Outlining sources of additional costs associated with development of an enterprise GIS"
             Notation="GS2-2"
             PrefLabel="Costs, benefits and risks"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:36:06-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:31:27-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-3_Valuing_and_measuring_aspects_rev6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-3_Valuing_and_measuring_aspects_rev7"
             Definition="• Distinguishing between operational, organizational, and societal activities that rely upon geospatial Information &#xA;• Discussion of relations between marketing and economical factors in substainablity/environmental issues by using geospatial information &#xA;• Discussion of and defining the process of the Information value chain &#xA;• Identifying practical problems in defining and measuring the value of geospatial information in land or other business decisions &#xA;• Describing some non-fiduciary barriers to GIS implementation &#xA;• Summarizing what the literature suggests as means for overcoming some of the non-fiduciary barriers to GIS implementation &#xA;• Explaining how cost-benefit analyses can be manipulated &#xA;• Compare and contrast the evaluation of benefits at different scales (e.g., national, regional/state,local) &#xA;• Explaining how the saying &#34;developing data is the largest single cost of implementing GIS&#34; could be true for an organization that is already collecting data as part of its regular operations"
             Notation="GS2-3"
             PrefLabel="Valuing and measuring aspects"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:37:27-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:31:44-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-4_Agency,_organizational,_and_individual_perspectives_rev1"
             Label="GS2-4.Agency, organizational, and individual perspectives"
@@ -2953,75 +2862,82 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev6"
             Definition="Most organizations insist that investments in GIS and T be justified in economic terms. Quantifying the value of information, and of information systems, however, is not a straightforward matter."
             Notation="GS2"
             PrefLabel="Economic aspects"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:35:30-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:31:56-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-1_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_public_sector_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-1_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_public_sector_rev7"
             Definition="•&#x9;Listing and describing the types of data maintained by local, state, and federal governments &#xA;•&#x9;Describing how geospatial data are used and maintained for land use planning, property value assessment, maintenance of public works, and other applications &#xA;•&#x9;Explaining the concept of a &#34;spatial decision support system&#34;"
             Notation="GS3-1"
             PrefLabel="Use of geospatial information in the public sector"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:30:36-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:29:15-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-2_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_private_sector_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-2_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_private_sector_rev4"
             Definition="•&#x9;Discussion of open data and data sharing and public/private sector &#xA;•&#x9;Discussion of the changing role of the private sector in the use of geospatial information &#xA;•&#x9;Describing private sector impact in development of solutions in collecting, processing and managing geospatial information &#xA;•&#x9;GI infrastructure development and the role of the private sector &#xA;•&#x9;Private sector and Organizational organizational integration, training in the use of geospatial information &#xA;•&#x9;Private sector and Research research and development in the use of Geospatial geospatial information"
             Notation="GS3-2"
             PrefLabel="Use of geospatial information in the private sector"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:31:55-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:29:41-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-3_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_research_and_education_rev4"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-3_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_research_and_education_rev5"
             Definition="• Relationship between research and education, private/public sectors, and citizens &#xA;•&#x9;Discussion of the paradigm shifts and current trends in GIS&amp;amp;T education and pedagogical approaches for GIS teaching and learning in detail &#xA;•&#x9;GIS&amp;amp;T in formal as well as informal learning environments &#xA;•&#x9;Professional growth of teacher and trainer in the field of GIS&amp;amp;T education (TPACK) and GIS and pedagogical approaches for teaching GIS. •&#x9;Aspects of citizen science and public engagement in research &#xA;•&#x9;Discuss how to approach the widening audience/participants for geospatial products and service, increasing geo-awareness and geo-enablement &#xA;•&#x9;Discuss ways of working with crowd sourcing in education and research"
             Notation="GS3-3"
             PrefLabel="Use of geospatial information in research and education"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:32:32-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:29:56-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-4_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_environmental_issues_rev4"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-4_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_environmental_issues_rev5"
             Definition="•&#x9;Discussion of the role of public, private sector and the citizen in facilitating geospatial information in environmental/sustainable issues. &#xA;•&#x9;Discussion of legal aspects of access to environmental data, global change/warming or sustainable development (regional, national, global) in conjunction to society."
             Notation="GS3-4"
             PrefLabel="Use of geospatial information in environmental issues"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:32:47-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:30:17-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev7"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev8"
             Definition="Geospatial Information used in Government agencies and public authorities at local, state, and federal levels produce and use geospatial data for many activities, including provision of social services, public safety, economic development, environmental management, and national defence. Public participation in governing, empowered by geospatial technologies, offers the potential to strengthen democratic societies by involving grassroots community organizations and by engaging local knowledge. The private sector covers a broad range of areas of opportunity. With continued advancements in technology, greater awareness of its advantages as a powerful decision support tool the use of geospatial information use in the private sector needs to be discussed."
             Notation="GS3"
             PrefLabel="Use of geospatial information"
-            Revision="7"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:28:21-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:31:07-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-1_Public_participation_and_citizenship_rev6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-1_Public_participation_and_citizenship_rev7"
             Definition="• Definition of and understanding of citizenship, democracy, maturity, and negotiation related to geo information use and participation in society /community development (local, regional, national level) &#xA;• Differentiating among universal/deliberative, pluralist/representative, and participatory models of citizen participation &#xA;• Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of group participation and individual participation &#xA;• Describing increasing participation in governmental decision-making &#xA;• Describing the range of spatial scales at which community organizations operate &#xA;• Describing an example of &#34;local knowledge&#34; that is unlikely to be represented in the geospatial data maintained routinely by government agencies&#xA;• Explaining how community organizations represent the interests of citizens, politicians, and specialists"
             Notation="GS4-1"
             PrefLabel="Public participation and citizenship"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2018-12-28T11:12:56-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:31:45-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-2b_GI_and_social_media_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-2b_GI_and_social_media_rev4"
             Definition="• Components and characteristics of the Geoweb, digital geo media / &#34;new spatial media&#34;. &#xA;• Defining and discussing impacts of crowdsourcing on geospatial sSociety. • Discussing the impact of geospatial information for the development of social media (Facebook, Twitter, Wikimapia, Flickr etc.) becoming increasingly location-based. &#xA;• Discussing the role and value of &#34;place&#34; and &#34;space&#34; for geo media based social networking. &#xA;• Differentiating between consumption, analysis, prosumption and production of geoinformation within digital geo media."
             Notation="GS4-2b"
             PrefLabel="GI and social media"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:40:10-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:31:56-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-3b_Citizens_and_volunteered_geographic_information_rev4"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-3b_Citizens_and_volunteered_geographic_information_rev5"
             Definition="• Defining and discussing volunteered geographic information. &#xA;• Defining and discussing enabling technologies: geotag, georeferencing, GPS and more. &#xA;• Discussion of positive and negative aspects of the term &#34;humans as sensors&#34;. &#xA;• Application domains and roles regarding geoinformation use in society: &#34;spatial information systems manager&#34;, &#34;spatial analyst&#34;, &#34;spatial citizen&#34;. &#xA;• Defining and discussing impact of Crowdsourcing on Geospatial Society."
             Notation="GS4-3b"
             PrefLabel="Citizens and volunteered geographic information"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:40:20-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:32:05-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev8"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev9"
             Definition="Today, geo data has become a conventional and pervasively familiar data type seen at once to underpin and significantly re-characterize the digital world, with broad implications for both technology and society. Geospatial data are abundant, but access to data varies with the nature of the data, the user groups wishes to acquire it and for what purpose, under what conditions, and at what price geodata can be obtained. The explosive growth of geographic information contributed by users through various application programming interfaces has made geographic information a powerful media for the general public, but perhaps more importantly, geospatial information have also become media for constructive dialogs and interactions about social issues, recent growth of Web-based Geographic information and volunteered geographic information (VGI)."
             Notation="GS4"
             PrefLabel="Geospatial citizenship"
-            Revision="8"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:39:06-05:00"/>
+            Revision="9"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:32:13-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5-1b_Ethics_in_the_geospatial_information_society_rev4"
+            Definition="• Describing a variety of philosophical frameworks upon which codes of professional ethics may be based.&#xA;• Discussing the ethical implications of a local government`s decision to charge fees for its data.&#xA;• Describe a scenario in which you would find it necessary to report misconduct by a colleague or friend.&#xA;• Describe examples of ethical obligations of public/private sectors."
+            Notation="GS5-1b"
+            PrefLabel="Ethics in the geospatial information society"
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:19:11-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5-1b_Ethics_in_the_geospatial_information_society_rev5"
             Label="GS6-1.Ethics and geospatial information"
@@ -3041,11 +2957,11 @@
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5-2b_Codes_of_ethics_for_geospatial_professionals_rev3"
             Label="GS6-2.Codes of ethics for geospatial professionals"
-            Definition="• Proposing a resolution to a conflict between an obligation in the GIS Code of Ethics and organizations’ proprietary interests."
+            Definition="• Compare and contrast the ethical guidelines from different Associations associations.&#xA;• Discussing obligations to : society, obligations to Employers employers and funders, obligations to colleagues and the profession, obligations to individuals in society. &#xA;• Explaining how one or more obligations in the GIS Code of Ethics may conflict with organizations` proprietary interests.&#xA;• Proposing a resolution to a conflict between an obligation in the GIS Code of Ethics and organizations` proprietary interests."
             Notation="GS5-2b"
             PrefLabel="Codes of ethics for geospatial professionals"
             Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T08:32:55-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:19:31-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5-3_Legal_mechanisms_for_sharing_geospatial_information__rev1"
             Label="GS5-3.Legal mechanisms for sharing geospatial information "
@@ -3063,41 +2979,40 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5_Ethical_aspects_rev17"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5_Ethical_aspects_rev21"
             Definition="Ethics provide frameworks that help individuals and organizations make decisions when confronted with choices that have moral implications. Most professional organizations develop codes of ethics to help their members do the right thing, preserve their good reputation in the community, and help their members develop as a community"
             Notation="GS5"
             PrefLabel="Ethical aspects"
-            Revision="17"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:21:55-05:00"/>
+            Revision="21"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:21:58-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-1_Epistemological_and_critical_issues_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-1_Epistemological_and_critical_issues_rev5"
             Definition="• Discussiion of the argument that the use of Geospatial geospatial Information information privileges certain views of the world over others.&#xA;• Identifying alternatives to the &#34;algorithmic way of thinking&#34; that characterizes use of geospatial Information.&#xA;• Discussing critiques of GIS as &#34;deterministic&#34; technology in relation to debates about the Quantitative quantitative revolution in the discipline of geography.&#xA;• Describing the extent to which contemporary use of Geospatial geospatial information supports diverse ways of understanding the world. • Discuss the implications of interoperability on ontology."
             Notation="GS6-1"
             PrefLabel="Epistemological and critical issues"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T14:42:54-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:11:58-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-2_Critical_approach_on_the_use_of_geospatial_information_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-2_Critical_approach_on_the_use_of_geospatial_information_rev5"
             Definition="• Discussionof the various implications of surveillance technology. &#xA;• Critical aspects of data collection and analysis.&#xA;• Discussion of &amp;quot;mapping who`s` reality?&amp;quot; &#xA;• Pros and cons of geoinformation sharing in social media, i.e. big data, &#34;digital shadow&#34; etc."
             Notation="GS6-2"
             PrefLabel="Critical approach on the use of geospatial information"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T14:43:01-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:12:18-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-3_Critical_aspects_and_invisible_groups_rev4"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-3_Critical_aspects_and_invisible_groups_rev6"
             Definition="Defending or refuting the argument that the &#34;digital divide&#34; that characterizes access use of geospatial information perpetuates inequities among developed and developing nations, among socio-economic groups,and between individuals, community organizations, and public agencies and private firms."
             Notation="GS6-3"
             PrefLabel="Critical aspects and invisible groups"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T14:42:47-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:11:44-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev2"
-            Label=""
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev3"
             Definition="Many of the educational objectives used to define topics in this knowledge area, and in the Body of Knowledge as a whole, challenge educators and students to think critically about GI and Society. Since the 1990s, scholars have criticized cartography and the GIS science from a wide range of perspectives. Common among these critiques are questioned assumptions about the purported benefits of GI and Society and attention to its unexamined risks. By promoting reflective practice among current and aspiring geospatial information professionals, an understanding of the range of critical perspectives increases the likelihood that geospatial information will fulfil its potential to benefit all stakeholders. Philosophical, psychological, and social underpinnings of these critiques are considered in Knowledge Area CF: Conceptual Foundations."
             Notation="GS6"
             PrefLabel="Critical approach"
-            Revision=""
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T14:33:08-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:12:42-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS7-1_Epistemological_critiques_rev1"
             Label="GS7-1.Epistemological critiques"
@@ -3144,32 +3059,67 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-26T08:20:02-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev3"
             Definition="Geographic Information Science and Technology serve the society, but it is not a panacea. The history of its development is the sum of fragmented efforts, which have still not been fully integrated. Its potential benefits are often constrained and its potential impacts are not fully understood. Institutional and economic factors limit access to data, technology, and expertise by some of those who need it to make better decisions. Political, ideological, and personal issues aside, organizations invest in GIS&amp;T when estimated benefits outweigh estimated costs. Evaluating costs and benefits is difficult, however and too often leads to nothing being done. For some individuals and groups, costs are prohibitive even though potential benefits are compelling.&#xA;&#xA;The legal framework provides a structure for regulating a number of key aspects of geographic information science, technology, and applications. Legal regimes determine who can claim the exclusive right to hold and use geospatial data, the conditions under which others may have access to the data, and what subsequent uses are permitted. Political struggles arise from conflicting proprietary and public interests about who benefits from geospatial information, and how the power to allocate the use of this information is, or should be, distributed among members of a society. The need to choose among conflicting interests sometimes poses ethical dilemmas for GIS&amp;T professionals.&#xA;&#xA;The explosive growth of the geospatial information contributed by users through various application programming interfaces has made geospatial information is a powerful tool in the social media toola powerful media for the general public to communicate, but perhaps more importantly, geographic information have also become a tool media for constructive dialogs and interactions about social issues, recent growth of Web-based geospatial information and volunteered geographic information (VGI).&#xA;&#xA;Because so many public agencies and private organizations rely upon GIS&amp;T for planning, decision making, and management, GIS&amp;T increasingly affects and is used to direct daily life. Critical approaches to understanding the role of GIS in society equip practitioners to employ GIS&amp;T reflectively. The critical approach specifically questions the assumptions and premises that underlie the economic, legal and political regimes and institutional structures within which GIS&amp;T is implemented. Related concerns are considered in Knowledge Area OI: Organizational and Institutional Aspects."
             Notation="GS"
             PrefLabel="GI and Society"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:32:52-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#MDSClassical_Classical_multidimensional_scaling_rev3"
+            Definition="It is also known as Principal Coordinates Analysis, Torgerson Scaling or Torgerson–Gower scaling. It takes an input matrix giving dissimilarities between pairs of items and outputs a coordinate matrix whose configuration minimizes a loss function called strain."
+            Notation="MDSClassical"
+            PrefLabel="Classical multidimensional scaling"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:56:41-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#MDSGeneralized_Generalized_multidimensional_scaling_rev2"
+            Definition="An extension of metric multidimensional scaling, in which the target space is an arbitrary smooth non-Euclidean space. In cases where the dissimilarities are distances on a surface and the target space is another surface, GMDS allows finding the minimum-distortion embedding of one surface into another."
+            Notation="MDSGeneralized"
+            PrefLabel="Generalized multidimensional scaling"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:58:28-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#MDSMetric_Metric_multidimensional_scaling_rev2"
+            Notation="MDSMetric"
+            PrefLabel="Metric multidimensional scaling"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:57:56-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#MDS_Multidimensional_scaling_rev2"
+            Definition="MDS is a dimensionality reduction technique."
+            Notation="MDS"
+            PrefLabel="Multidimensional scaling"
             Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T13:17:59-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:55:24-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-1_Organizational_models_for_GIS_management_rev5"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-1_Organizational_models_for_GIS_management_rev8"
+            Definition="The development of an appropriate organizational model, which establishes the basic character of GIS&#xA;operations, is a crucial element of the GIS management.  The appropriate GIS organizational model for any organization is based on its&#xA;intended role.Alternative GIS organizational models are based on differing arrangements concerning the&#xA;scope of GIS, the degree of integration of GIS into business operations, the degree of centralization&#xA;of GIS operation and use, and the degree of centralization of management control.&#xA;Although many variations can arise from different combinations of these factors, GIS organizational&#xA;models can generally be classified into three types: (1) enterprise GIS, (2) GIS&#xA;data and service resource, and (3) GIS as a business tool (Somers, 1998)."
             Notation="OI1-1"
             PrefLabel="Organizational models for GIS management"
-            Revision="5"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T20:36:34-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:25:31-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-2_Managing_GIS_operations_and_infrastructure_rev4"
+            Definition="Management of GIS can be done in a more centralized or more decentralized manner. In a a so-called enterprise or information-framework GIS, an organizational unit may be established to manage the GIS environment and run the core system, whereas usage is decentralized. In environments where GIS is used occasionally by various users, it may be set up as a separate service with a designated group that manages the GIS and also controls users` applications services. A second decision that needs to be made after the choice between more centralized or more decentralized management of GI and GIS is about where to place the GI management. Alternative options are in a line organization, in a support area, or at the executive level, each with their own advantages and disadvantages."
+            Notation="OI1-2"
+            PrefLabel="Managing GIS operations and infrastructure"
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:47:45-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-3_User_roles_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-3_User_roles_rev4"
             Definition="User roles describe the relationship between different users and the GIS in an organization. Each user role includes responsibilities (e.g. for modifying certain information) and privileges (e.g. for viewing specific information). Although many different roles can be defined, a basic distinction is made between users, who can only view certain information, and editors, who can edit certain information."
             Notation="OI1-3"
             PrefLabel="User roles"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T19:22:06-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:25:53-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-4_Strategic_planning_rev3"
             Definition="A GIS management strategy should be unique for each organization, as organizations have unique environments, characteristics, goals, GIS requirements. An important step in developing an effective strategy for an organization is to establish the strategic vision for GI and GIS in the organization and define its role and scope. Other elements that should be covered in the GIS Strategy are the degree of centralized management of the GIS, the placement of GIS management and support in the organization, involvement of users in GIS planning and implementation, coordination of users, organizational changes, preparation of users, personnel issues, transitions to GIS operations, integration into business operations, user support, data access, and integration of technology changes (Somers, 1998)."
             Notation="OI1-4"
             PrefLabel="Strategic planning"
             Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T19:20:33-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:50:26-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-5_Coordinating_GIS_Participants_and_Users_rev3"
             Definition="Committee and team approaches are frequently employed for coordinating participants and users in multi-participant GIS projects. The aim of creating such committees and teams is to ensure that the varied interests of participants are addressed, as participants bring many different interests, application needs, data needs, priorities, organizational issues, and political interests to a common project—the GIS. Common models for coordinating participants recognize that participants have three levels of interest in the GIS: policy, technical development, and usage.  Different bodies can be established focusing on these different levels of interest: a technical committee focusing on the design and development of the GIS, an management committee providing policy guidance and support and a user’s group."
@@ -3177,6 +3127,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Coordinating GIS Participants and Users"
             Revision="3"
             TimeStamp="2016-06-02T19:21:40-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-5_Coordinating_GIS_Participants_and_Users_rev7"
+            Definition="Committee and team approaches are frequently employed for coordinating participants and users in multi-participant GIS projects. The aim of creating such committees and teams is to ensure that the varied interests of participants are addressed, as participants bring many different interests, application needs, data needs, priorities, organizational issues, and political interests to a common project—the GIS. Common models for coordinating participants recognize that participants have three levels of interest in the GIS: policy, technical development, and usage.  Different bodies can be established focusing on these different levels of interest: a technical committee focusing on the design and development of the GIS, an management committee providing policy guidance and support and a user`s group."
+            Notation="OI1-5"
+            PrefLabel="Coordinating GIS Participants and Users"
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:49:25-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-6_Ongoing_GIS_revision_rev1"
             Definition="After the development and implementation of a GIS within an organization, the challenge is to maintain the system and revise and update it when necessary. This means the performance of the GIS in terms of efficiency and effectiveness should be measured and monitoring, and feedback from users on the system and applications, on the data as well as on new needs should be collected. Particular attention should be paid to the maintenance of data sets."
@@ -3184,6 +3141,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Ongoing GIS revision"
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2016-09-26T20:35:08-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-7_Organizational_changes_rev3"
+            Definition="The introduction of GIS into organizational environments should be seen as a complex process of mutual adaptation (Nedovic-Budic, 1997). These technologies changes the established organisational processes and structures, while on the other hand the organisational context and culture modify the technological set-up and use. Therefore, knowledge and understanding of the relationship between technologies and organizations is necessary to increase the success of GIS implementations in organizations. Successful GIS implementation and adoption often require some degree of organizational change. However, this can be very difficult to effect because organizations are naturally resistant to it (Somers, 1998)."
+            Notation="OI1-7"
+            PrefLabel="Organizational changes"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:51:01-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-7_Organizational_changes_rev4"
             Definition="The introduction of GIS into organizational environments should be seen as a complex process of mutual adaptation (Nedovic-Budic, 1997). These technologies changes the established organisational processes and structures, while on the other hand the organisational context and culture modify the technological set-up and use. Therefore, knowledge and understanding of the relationship between technologies and organizations is necessary to increase the success of GIS implementations in organizations. Successful GIS implementation and adoption often require some degree of organizational change. However, this can be very difficult to effect because organizations are naturally resistant to it (Somers, 1998)."
@@ -3192,12 +3156,19 @@
             Revision="4"
             TimeStamp="2016-06-02T19:17:19-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1_Organizational_structures_procedures_and_management_rev8"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1_Organizational_structures_procedures_and_management_rev9"
             Definition="GIS and T implementation and use within an organization often involves a variety of participants, stakeholders, users and applications. Organizational structures and procedures address methods for developing, managing, and coordinating these multi-participant users. The development of the appropriate organizational model for managing the GIS is crucial. In certain cases, changes to the organizational structure in place might be required. Strategic planning and the establishment of coordination structures can be considered as valuable instruments for managing and coordinating all involved users, while also the different user roles need to be assigned."
             Notation="OI1"
             PrefLabel="Organizational structures, procedures and management"
-            Revision="8"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T22:40:28-05:00"/>
+            Revision="9"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:51:12-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-1_GIS_and_T_positions_and_qualifications_rev3"
+            Definition="GIS and T professionals can be hired for a wide range of different job positions, for which the precise skills, competences and qualifications needed will vary.  Typical examples of GIS and T positions are GIS&amp;T project managers, technicians, system developers and analyst. The recognition and certification of the competences people have acquired in informal and non-formal learning contexts is important to know which skills and competences individuals have and whether they meet the qualifications required for a certain job position."
+            Notation="OI2-1"
+            PrefLabel="GIS and T positions and qualifications"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:57:33-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-1_GIS_and_T_positions_and_qualifications_rev4"
             Notation="OI2-1"
@@ -3211,6 +3182,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Managing GIS operations and infrastructure"
             Revision="10"
             TimeStamp="2016-06-02T19:20:14-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-2_GIS_and_T_staff_development_and_evaluation_rev4"
+            Definition="Making sure staff members have the necessary skills and competences to perform geospatial activities is necessary for an effective implementation and operation of GI within an organizations. Several training methods can be adopted to ensure the development of skills and competencies of staff members. A distinction can be made between formal and informal training, but also between internal and external training programs.  Another relevant issue is the assessment and evaluation of the skills and competences of staff members, to determine their future training and development needs."
+            Notation="OI2-2"
+            PrefLabel="GIS and T staff development and evaluation"
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:58:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-2_GIS_and_T_staff_development_and_evaluation_rev5"
             Definition="Making sure staff members have the necessary skills and competences to perform geospatial activities is necessary for an effective implementation and operation of GI within an organizations. Several training methods can be adopted to ensure the development of skills and competencies of staff members. A distinction can be made between formal and informal training, but also between internal and external training programs.  Another relevant issue is the assessment and evaluation of the skills and competences of staff members, to determine their future training and development needs."
@@ -3226,6 +3204,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Ongoing GIS revision"
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-3_GIS_and_T_training_and_education_rev3"
+            Definition="Programs and courses on GIS and T and related subjects are provided by a wide range of institutions. While in recent years also the use and integration of GI and GIS in primary and secondary education has received significant attention, GIS and T education is mainly organized by institutions of higher education, especially universities but also other higher education institutions. Analyses of the higher education GIS&amp;T programs and courses in Europe showed that the offer of courses is very diverse, in terms of size (ECTS), educational level (EQF) and course content. Vocational training on GIS and T related topics is organized by different types of training providers, including the major GIS vendors, data and service providers, academic sector, professional organisations, but also the public sector."
+            Notation="OI2-3"
+            PrefLabel="GIS and T training and education"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:58:23-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-3_GIS_and_T_training_and_education_rev4"
             Notation="OI2-3"
@@ -3233,19 +3218,19 @@
             Revision="4"
             TimeStamp="2016-06-02T19:29:14-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-4_GIS_and_T_curriculum_and_course_design_rev2"
-            Definition="test"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-4_GIS_and_T_curriculum_and_course_design_rev3"
+            Definition="A curriculum is a systematic description of a study program, in terms of learning goals, structure and sequence, learning, teaching and assessment strategies and content. A curriculum consists of both a set of related – required and elective - courses  along with all direct and indirect skills, competences and learning outcomes resulting from these courses. In the process of curriculum design typically particular attention is assigned to objectives, teaching methods and educational strategies, while also attention should be paid to the content organization aspects and the global structure of the curriculum. The process of designing GIS&amp;T curricula presents many challenges, as the design of the curriculum should be aligned to both the institutional context and the expected outcomes of the learning and teaching process (Prager, 2011)."
             Notation="OI2-4"
             PrefLabel="GIS and T curriculum and course design"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T19:27:34-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:57:14-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-5_GIS_and_T_teaching_and_learning_methods_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-5_GIS_and_T_teaching_and_learning_methods_rev3"
             Definition="An important challenge in organizing GIS and T education and training is the choice and use of effective teaching and learning methods. These methods should follow recent technological developments and use the best technologies to help students acquire the necessary skills and competencies. Traditionally, most GIS and T programs and courses were taught in the context of a full-time, face-to-face setting, using traditional teaching  methods  such  as  lectures and lab-based  computer  practical sessions. In recent years, educational institutions and their teachers have been experimenting with more innovative teaching and learning methods, such as project-based and case-based learning, distance learning, integrated and inter-disciplinary lessons, collaboration with companies and other stakeholders, etc."
             Notation="OI2-5"
             PrefLabel="GIS and T teaching and learning methods"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T19:25:22-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:58:43-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2_GIS_and_T_workforce_themes_rev5"
             Definition="This unit addresses GIS and T staff and workforce issues within an organization, particularly as they relate to ensuring that GIS and T is appropriately used and supported. The focus of this unit is on the skills and competencies of professionals in the GIS and T domain: how can these skills and competencies be described and evaluated, and how can they be developed through training and education."
@@ -3254,19 +3239,19 @@
             Revision="5"
             TimeStamp="2016-06-02T20:44:10-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3-1_Drivers_and_incentives_for_sharing_geospatial_data_rev6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3-1_Drivers_and_incentives_for_sharing_geospatial_data_rev9"
             Definition="Cost savings are an important driver or motivation for sharing geospatial data and information. As costs associated with collecting and maintaining geospatial data are high, sharing data means that users no longer need to duplicate data gathering and archiving, which leads to savings in terms of personnel, space/facilities, data acquisition and maintenance costs. One fundamental argument for sharing thus derives from scale economies in production. Because the cost of making data is high, there is a clear incentive to maximize the number of users of these data. Sharing allows data to be used repeatedly for many purposes, thus increasing their value without increasing their cost. Sharing data also leads to improved data quality. Moreover, in many cases, sharing data is the only way to get access to certain data sets, as the authority to collect and manage certain data lies with another public institution."
             Notation="OI3-1"
             PrefLabel="Drivers and incentives for sharing geospatial data"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T20:47:19-05:00"/>
+            Revision="9"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:16:38-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3-2_Barriers_to_geospatial_information_sharing_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3-2_Barriers_to_geospatial_information_sharing_rev4"
             Definition="Sharing of geospatial data can be hindered or inhibited by several types of barriers. These include technological barriers, such as a lack of common data definitions, formats and models or incompatibility of hardware and software. Among the non-technological barriers are organizational, political and legal issues and elements, such as  misaligned organizational missions, diversity in organizational cultures, conflicting organizational priorities, lack of funding, lack of executive and legislative support; restrictive laws and regulations, copyright issues, data privacy and data ownership issues. However, it should be noticed that many of these barriers have been decreased or eliminated in recent years."
             Notation="OI3-2"
             PrefLabel="Barriers to geospatial information sharing"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T20:47:06-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:16:08-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3-2_Organizational_models_for_coordinating_GISs_and/or_program_participants_and_stakeholders_rev1"
             Label="OI3-2.Organizational models for coordinating GISs and/or program participants and stakeholders"
@@ -3284,26 +3269,26 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3-3_Legal_framework_for_geospatial_data_sharing_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3-3_Legal_framework_for_geospatial_data_sharing_rev5"
             Definition="The legal framework for a spatial data sharing consists of two main types of information policies: those that promote and those that hinder the availability of spatial data. Policies that promote spatial data availability can focus on different types of users (public bodies, private companies, citizens) and different types of use (public access, commercial and non-commercial reuse, reuse for performing public tasks). Among the policies that hinder the availability of spatial data are those dealing with privacy, liability, and intellectual property.&#xA;The legal framework also includes legislation that applies to data or information in general, which may also be applicable to spatial data (e.g. legislation on freedom of information, copyright, etc.). Moreover, also general legislation relating to any interaction between people or any situation in everyday life (e.g. liability, contract law, competition law, etc.) will apply to spatial data sharing.&#xA;decreased or eliminated in recent years."
             Notation="OI3-3"
             PrefLabel="Legal framework for geospatial data sharing"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T20:47:31-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:16:54-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3-4_Legal_instruments_for_sharing_geospatial_data_rev6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3-4_Legal_instruments_for_sharing_geospatial_data_rev8"
             Definition="Several types of legal mechanisms for sharing geospatial data can be used.  A data sharing arrangements can be formalized by a contract or agreement between the data provider and the data user. A particular type of agreement are the framework agreements, which are agreements between two or more organisations concluded prior to the datasets or services being required. These framework agreement can involve one or multiple spatial data sets or services. Partnership agreements are often used to formalize the data sharing agreements among a broader group of partners. Participation in such a partnership often means participants share their data with other participants and get access to shared data. Another relevant mechanism is the use of licenses, which are mechanisms to give organizations and people the permission to use spatial data sets and services. A license is legally binding, and defines the conditions of use of the related spatial data sets and services. In order to reduce the number of licenses used and ensure the harmonization of the terms in these licenses, the use of standard licenses is promoted."
             Notation="OI3-4"
             PrefLabel="Legal instruments for sharing geospatial data"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T20:47:40-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:17:17-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3_Geospatial_data_sharing_rev4"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3_Geospatial_data_sharing_rev6"
             Definition="Geospatial data sharing has become an essential element of the GI activities of organizations. Spatial data sharing can be defined as the electronic transfer of spatial data/information between two or more organizational units where there is independence between the holder of the data and the prospective user. Spatial data sharing has many advantages, but several technical and non-technical barriers must be overcome to put data sharing into practice.  While the practice of spatial data sharing has  substantially grown with the development of spatial data infrastructures, many consider data sharing as a crucial element for the success of these infrastructures."
             Notation="OI3"
             PrefLabel="Geospatial data sharing"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T20:46:14-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:17:37-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3b_Spatial_data_infrastructures_rev6"
             Definition="A Spatial Data Infrastructure can be defined as the collection of technological and non-technological components to facilitate and coordinate the exchange of and sharing of spatial data. The concept infrastructure is used to promote the concept of a reliable, supporting environment, analogous to a road or telecommunications network, that facilitates the access to spatial data. Data, metadata, access networks, standards, coordination, policies, funding, people and institutional frameworks are often considered among the key components of an SDI.  SDIs have been developed in many countries worldwide at local, national and international levels. Often a distinction is made between a between the first generation SDIs that have data as their key driver and are based on a product model and second generation SDIs in which user needs are the key driver and that are based on a process or development model."
@@ -3312,26 +3297,33 @@
             Revision="6"
             TimeStamp="2016-06-02T19:42:44-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-1_Adoption_and_implementation_of_standards_rev8"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-1_Adoption_and_implementation_of_standards_rev10"
             Definition="The adoption and implementation of standards are two key phases in the standardization process, which starts with the definition of standardization requirements and the development of standards.  The adoption and implementation of standards follows after the development phase. The distinction made between the adoption and implementation of standards is important: adoption entails the decision to apply standards, while the implementation relates to the integration of standards in software, in data development and in other processes. GI-Standards are one of the key components of each SDI, consist of  both semantic and technical standards, and include standards related to the different architectural components of an SDI, i.e. standards related to spatial data sets and data products, web services, metadata and catalogues, encodings, etc."
             Notation="OI4-1"
             PrefLabel="Adoption and implementation of standards"
-            Revision="8"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T14:48:08-05:00"/>
+            Revision="10"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:12:49-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-2_Policies_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-2_Policies_rev2"
             Definition="The SDI policy framework includes the set of policies, strategies, initiatives and projects aimed at increasing access, sharing, and effective use of spatial data. SDI policies can be divided into strategic and more operational policies. Strategic policies define the broader framework and formal structure within  which  the  SDI  initiative is  developed. Operational  policies provide more practical  tools  to facilitate  access  to  and  use  of  the SDI,  and  address specific topics  related  to  the  collection,  management,  use, access   and   dissemination   of   spatial   data.   These operational policies include   a   broad   range   of   guidelines,   directives, procedures and manuals that apply to the day-to-day business  of  organizations in  developing,  operating and using an SDI. To guarantee the success of an SDI, it is important to recognize the wider policy context in which these SDI`s are developed, and to link them   to   the   overall   policy environment in the jurisdiction in which they are implemented. These include policies on open government and open data, environmental policies, digital government or e-government policies and other."
             Notation="OI4-2"
             PrefLabel="Policies"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T14:51:44-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:13:30-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-3_Coordination_and_organizational_structure_rev4"
             Definition="If is often argued that SDI implementation requires coordination, because without coordination all other SDI components would not be developed or would be developed in a very fragmented and inconsistent manner. In general terms, coordination is about bringing into alignment the activities of different stakeholders in the SDI landscape. A typical instrument to realize coordinate in the context of SDI, is the establishment of an effective SDI coordination structure. The SDI coordination structure should ensure that all stakeholders are involved in the development and implementation of the SDI, through the participation in one or more coordination bodies. Another important element is the establishment of clear roles and responsibilities for the different involved organizations, making a distinction between data users, data providers, services providers and a geo-broker."
             Notation="OI4-3"
             PrefLabel="Coordination and organizational structure"
             Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-06-02T19:45:06-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:13:16-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-5_Funding_an_SDI_rev2"
+            Definition="Funding an SDI is about guaranteeing the – long-term – financial security of an SDI, by obtaining and formalizing financing for the implementation and maintenance of the different SDI components. An SDI funding model provides the answer to the central question of where and how to seek funding for implementing and maintaining an SDI. Within an SDI often different funding models will be combined, as the selection of the most appropriate funding model will be linked to different activities and the associated costs. Costs of an SDI include both set-up costs (one off costs) and maintenance costs (yearly), of which certain costs need to be made for each data sets or each data provider and other costs for the infrastructure in general. The most commonly used SDI funding models are centralized government funding, decentralized government funding (e.g. for each data provider), partnership funding, funding through revenues, and government funding based on donor agencies or on European projects."
+            Notation="OI4-5"
+            PrefLabel="Funding an SDI"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:14:23-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-5_Funding_an_SDI_rev5"
             Definition="Funding an SDI is about guaranteeing the – long-term – financial security of an SDI, by obtaining and formalizing financing for the implementation and maintenance of the different SDI components. An SDI funding model provides the answer to the central question of where and how to seek funding for implementing and maintaining an SDI. Within an SDI often different funding models will be combined, as the selection of the most appropriate funding model will be linked to different activities and the associated costs. Costs of an SDI include both set-up costs (one off costs) and maintenance costs (yearly), of which certain costs need to be made for each data sets or each data provider and other costs for the infrastructure in general. The most commonly used SDI funding models are centralized government funding, decentralized government funding (e.g. for each data provider), partnership funding, funding through revenues, and government funding based on donor agencies or on European projects."
@@ -3339,6 +3331,13 @@
             PrefLabel="Funding an SDI"
             Revision="5"
             TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:36:26-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-5b_Performance_measurement_and_assessment_rev3"
+            Definition=""
+            Notation="OI4-5b"
+            PrefLabel="Performance measurement and assessment"
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T14:15:10-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-5b_Performance_measurement_and_assessment_rev6"
             Definition="Measuring and assessing the performance of an SDI is a topic that has drawn increasing attention from both researchers and practitioners. Measuring and assessing SDI performance is vital to the successful  implementation of an SDI, as it provides insight in whether or not an SDI is achieving its objectives, producing the desired outputs and having effective outcomes. Current  SDI  assessment  (measuring  methods and  techniques  can  be  classified  into  two main  categories: Readiness and Performance  Evaluation. Also within these  two  categories, different  methodologies  are  employed  to  measure  and  assess  performance. SDI Readiness Assessments provide information on whether or not the key SDI components are in place, as well as the level of completeness of  their  implementation. SDI  performance  assessments  go  beyond  identifying  whether  or  not  key  components  or desired  components  have  been  implemented, but  also  seeks  to  determine  if  these  selected components  are  performing, i.e.,  if  the  SDI  is achieving  its  objectives."
@@ -3354,40 +3353,40 @@
             Revision="8"
             TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:37:05-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-1_GI_organization_at_the_European_Commission_rev2"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-1_GI_organization_at_the_European_Commission_rev4"
             Definition="Within the European Commission there are several key GI players. GIS activities in the Commission started since 1981 (e.g. DG REGIO, Eurostat, ) with the CORINE project, the creation of DG ENV and the creation of the European Environment Agency (EEA).  Together with the DG Joint Research Centre (JRC), DG ENV and EEA are in charge of the coordination of INSPIRE: DG Environment acts as an overall legislative and policy co-ordinator for INSPIRE, the JRC acts as the overall technical co-ordinator of INSPIRE and EEA is in charge of several tasks related to monitoring and reporting, and data and service sharing under INSPIRE. Also several other EC institutions are actively involved in GI(S) policies and activities (DIGIT, DG GROW, DG AGRI, DG MOVE and many others)."
             Notation="OI5-1"
             PrefLabel="GI organization at the European Commission"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-30T14:54:06-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:52:10-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-2_Federal_and_national_government_organizations_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-2_Federal_and_national_government_organizations_rev6"
             Definition="Although there may be certain differences between countries, in most countries many key organizations in the GIS&amp;T field will be active at the central/federal/national level of government.  Especially the traditional institutions for surveying and mapping play a key role in geospatial policies and activities. Several public authorities at the federal level are in charge of the production and maintenance of key reference and thematic data sets. In many countries, these national data producers were the leading actors in the development of – national – spatial data infrastructures."
             Notation="OI5-2"
             PrefLabel="Federal and national government organizations"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:27:05-05:00"/>
+            Revision="6"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:52:40-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-3_Sub-national_and_local_governments_rev7"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-3_Sub-national_and_local_governments_rev8"
             Definition="Local and sub-national governments are often considered among the major users of geographic information in governments, as they often are involved in many different policy areas, in which many problems with a locational component need to be tackled.  Geographic data produced and maintained by authorities at lower administrative levels are often more detailed and thus interesting for other users, both within and outside the public sector. As a result, local and sub-national governments are often involved in the establishment of these infrastructures because of the wide range of highly detailed geographic information they produce and manage. As many geographic data are linked to the activities and services of local organizations, the involvement of these organizations in the maintenance of data ensures that these data are up-to-date."
             Notation="OI5-3"
             PrefLabel="Sub-national and local governments"
-            Revision="7"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:29:24-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:53:40-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-4_Pan-European_and_global_associations_and_professional_organizations_rev8"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-4_Pan-European_and_global_associations_and_professional_organizations_rev9"
             Definition="The European GIS&amp;T landscape consists of many pan-European organizations and associations promoting the interest of and representing certain stakeholder groups. While some of these organisations are dealing with all sectors and aspects of geographic information, others have a more thematic focus (e.g. remote sensing, topography, geosciences) or represent a particular sector (e.g. research, business). In some cases, their clearly is an overlap in the mission and objectives of different organizations, and some organizations are working in the same field of interest. Some examples of pan-European organizations and associations are AGILE, EuroSDR, EUROGI, and EuroGeographics. Also at international level several membership organizations and associations exist."
             Notation="OI5-4"
             PrefLabel="Pan-European and global associations and professional organizations"
-            Revision="8"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:27:38-05:00"/>
+            Revision="9"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:52:54-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-5_The_geospatial_industry_rev6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-5_The_geospatial_industry_rev8"
             Definition="The geospatial industry consists of companies working with location specific information or services. Within the geospatial sector, several areas of activities can be identified: 1) measuring, collecting and storing of data about geo-objects; 2) processing, editing, modelling, analyzing and managing that data; 3) presenting, producing and distributing the data; and 4) advising, educating, researching and communicating about processes and use of geo-information products and services. The sector consists of both small-and-medium-sized enterprises but also big companies, including  surveyors, census hard-copy map providers, aerial photos providers, base map data providers, satellite and remote sensing imagery providers, software developers (GIS-related products and services providers as well as satellite image programming platform providers) and several others."
             Notation="OI5-5"
             PrefLabel="The geospatial industry"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:25:31-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:53:13-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-5b_The_geospatial_community_rev2"
             Label="OI6-5.The geospatial community"
@@ -3421,12 +3420,12 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5_Organizations_in_the_GIS_and_T_domain_rev6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5_Organizations_in_the_GIS_and_T_domain_rev7"
             Definition="Several types of organizations play a key role in the execution and coordination of geospatial activities in society. Typically, a distinction is made between data providers and data users, while coordinating organizations exist to coordinate and support the geospatial activities of professionals and entities using GIS&amp;T. Governments are often considered as the major users and producers of spatial data and spatial information. Within the public sector, spatial data are collected and used in different thematic areas and at different administrative levels (from local to global). However, the needs, interests, and capacities of organizations at each of these levels will be different, as well as their role in the development of spatial data infrastructures, and the execution of geospatial activities in general. Also the geospatial industry will exist of both data providers and data users, but also of organizations delivering products and services to support the collection and use of spatial data. Other key organization in the GI domain are professional organizations and associations, bringing together and representing the needs of organizations of a particular sector and/or geographic area."
             Notation="OI5"
             PrefLabel="Organizations in the GIS and T domain"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T22:19:19-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:53:49-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI6-1_Federal_agencies_and_national_and_international_organizations_and_programs_rev1"
             Label="OI6-1.Federal agencies and national and international organizations and programs"
@@ -3460,19 +3459,47 @@
             Revision="1"
             TimeStamp="2006-07-30T13:00:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI_Organizational_and_Institutional_Aspects_rev9"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI_Organizational_and_Institutional_Aspects_rev10"
             Definition="This knowledge area considers the organizational and institutional aspects related to GIS&amp;T. The focus of this knowledge area is on the organizations active in the GIS&amp;T domain, and what happens within and between these organizations. The knowledge area is structured around five units. One unit considers the key organizations in the GIS&amp;T domain, covering relevant public sector organizations at different administrative levels as well as organizations in other sectors of society. &#xA;&#xA;Among the organizational aspects covered in this knowledge area are all organizational issues related to the implementation, use and management of GI and GIS within organizations. While all topics related to the organizational structures, procedures and management of GI(S) are grouped into one unit, another unit focuses on issues related to the human factor of using GI and GIS, i.e. people, their skills and competencies, and the development and evaluation of these skills and competencies in the context of GIS&amp;T training and education. &#xA;&#xA;The knowledge area includes also several inter-organizational and institutional aspects of GIS&amp;T. Particular attention is paid to the concept of geospatial data sharing, which is about the creation of `spatial data` connections and relationships between different organizations in the GIS&amp;T domain. Spatial data infrastructures are developed to promote, facilitate and coordinate the sharing of spatial data among data providers and data users, and consists of several technological and non-technological components. &#xA;&#xA;Many related topics are considered in the knowledge area GI and Society (WS), which also addresses several non-technological aspects related to GIS&amp;T. In addition to this, also the knowledge areas `Design and Setup of Geographic Information Systems`, `Geospatial Data&#34; and Web-based GI` include several topics that are closely linked to the topics that are considered in this knowledge area. It can be argued that in order to fully master the knowledge and competencies that are presented in these knowledge areas, also basic knowledge and understanding of the organizational and institutional aspects is required."
             Notation="OI"
             PrefLabel="Organizational and Institutional Aspects"
-            Revision="9"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-25T22:37:52-05:00"/>
+            Revision="10"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T15:33:29-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#SD_Spatial_dependency_rev2"
+            Definition="Based on Waldo Tobler`s first law of geography( Tobler, 1970), this property is set on the principle that &#34;everything is related, but that which is closer is more closely related&#34;."
+            Notation="SD"
+            PrefLabel="Spatial dependency"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:00:29-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB1-1_Fundamentals_of_web_services_rev1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#SH_Spatial_heterogeneity_rev2"
+            Definition="This principle, as set forth by Anselin, determines that &#34;expectations vary along the earth`s surface&#34; which means that any spatial analysis is dependent explicitly on the borders of study fields, i.e. the tracing of (spatial) analysis units."
+            Notation="SH"
+            PrefLabel="Spatial heterogeneity"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T20:00:06-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#SVD_Singular_value_decomposition_rev2"
+            Definition="In linear algebra, the singular value decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a real or complex matrix. It is the generalization of the eigendecomposition of a positive semidefinite normal matrix (for example, a symmetric matrix with positive eigenvalues) to any m *n matrix via an extension of polar decomposition. It has many useful applications in signal processing and statistics."
+            Notation="SVD"
+            PrefLabel="Singular value decomposition"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T13:59:52-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#Sammon_Sammon_Mapping_rev2"
+            Definition="A type of MDS, some say."
+            Notation="Sammon"
+            PrefLabel="Sammon Mapping"
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-19T14:00:17-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB1-1_Fundamentals_of_web_services_rev2"
             Definition="Define Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and identify main elements of it. &#xA;Discuss concensus based interoperability and its relation to geospatial data interchange.&#xA;Define what a Web Service (WS) is and present characteristic scenarios.&#xA;Data serving and Data Processing WSs. Define their characteristics and present some examples.&#xA;Define Web services transport over the Web. Describe generally the hypertext transfer protocol and its main operations like POST and GET."
             Notation="WB1-1"
             PrefLabel="Fundamentals of web services"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T23:54:14-05:00"/>
+            Revision="2"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:21:10-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB1-1_rev2"
             Notation="WB1-1"
@@ -3486,26 +3513,26 @@
             Revision="4"
             TimeStamp="2016-06-13T09:56:41-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB1-3_REST_web_services_rev1"
-            Definition="WB1-3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB1-3_REST_web_services_rev3"
+            Definition="- Define characteristics of REST Web services and Resource oriented Architecture (ROA).&#xA;- Differentiate between SOAP and REST Web services.&#xA;- Identify design issues of REST Web services.&#xA;- Discuss the issue whether a service is really &#34;RESTful&#34; or not"
             Notation="WB1-3"
             PrefLabel="REST web services"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T21:49:39-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:21:43-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB1-4_OGC_web_services_rev3"
-            Definition="- Define and practice the usage, in a given use case, of StyledLayerDescriptor %28SLD%29 and Symbology Encoding %28SE%29. Practice their usage in a given use case."
+            Definition="- Define Web Map Service (WMS). Describe GetCapabilities, GetMap, and GetFeatureInfo operations in detail. Practice its usage in a given use case.&#xA;&#xA;- Define Web Feature Service (WFS). Describe GetCapabilities, DescribeFeaturetype, and GetFeature, and GetFeatureInfo operations in detail. Practice its usage in a given use case.&#xA;&#xA;- Define Web Coverage Service (WCS). Describe GetCapabilities, GetCoverageInfo, and GetCoverage operations in detail. Practice its usage in a given use case.&#xA;&#xA;- Define Web Processing Service (WPS). Describe GetCapabilities, DescribeProcess, and Execute operations in detail. Practice its usage in a given use case.&#xA;&#xA;- Define Web Map Tile Service (WMTS). Describe GetCapabilities, GetTile, and GetFeatureInfo operations in detail. Practice its usage in a given use case.&#xA;&#xA;- Define and practice the usage, in a given use case, of StyledLayerDescriptor (SLD) and Symbology Encoding (SE). Practice their usage in a given use case."
             Notation="WB1-4"
             PrefLabel="OGC web services"
             Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T21:49:23-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:22:00-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB1_Web_services_rev6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB1_Web_services_rev7"
             Definition="In the most simplistic way a Web service may be defined as &#34;a Web accessable program code which performs a task of either processing or serving some data. Although there are many other definitions in the related literature, the one in W3C (2004) seems to be quite complete and refering to also lately popular REST style Web services. It states that &#34;…We can identify two major classes of Web services: REST-compliant Web services, in which the primary purpose of the service is to manipulate XML representations of Web resources using a uniform set of &amp;quot;stateless&amp;quot; operations; and arbitrary Web services, in which the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations."
             Notation="WB1"
             PrefLabel="Web services"
-            Revision="6"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T23:23:19-05:00"/>
+            Revision="7"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:22:24-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB2-1_Languages_for_the_definition_of_non-spatial_data_and_services_rev3"
             Definition="- Resource Description Framework (RDF), RDF graphs, RDF Schema (RDF-S). Define a data set in RDF.&#xA;&#xA;- Give an overview of Web Ontology Language (OWL). Describe how to define a data set in OWL DL.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify virtues of defining a given data set in both RDF and OWL, and compare semantic richness of both definitions.&#xA;&#xA;- Define Semantic Web and identify the role of the languages included under this topic for Semantic Web.&#xA;&#xA;- Give an overview of Semantic Web service definition in OWL-S. Identify the relation betweem OWL-S and WSDL.&#xA;&#xA;- Define the components of a Web Services Description Language (WSDL) document.&#xA;&#xA;- Web services description for RESTful web services, Web Application Description Language (WADL) and its use."
@@ -3514,33 +3541,33 @@
             Revision="3"
             TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:35:43-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB2-2_Definition_of_geospatial_data_rev2"
-            Definition="- Compare different Geospatial object and geometry definitions included under this topic."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB2-2_Definition_of_geospatial_data_rev3"
+            Definition="- Describe OGC Simple Features Access Schema. Well-Known Text (WKT) and Well-Known Binary (WKB) representations of Geometry.&#xA;&#xA;- Describe GML data model and GML definition of geometry. GML application schemas and GML documents. - Define spatial extensions that GeoSPARQL brings over SPARQL. Identify the difference between qualitative spatial reasoning and quantitative spatial computations.&#xA;&#xA;- Describe GeoJason definition of Geospatial objects. Describe the structure of a GeoJSON document. Identify advantages and disadvantages of representing the same geospatial data by GML and by GeoJSON.&#xA;&#xA;- Compare different Geospatial object and geometry definitions included under this topic."
             Notation="WB2-2"
             PrefLabel="Definition of geospatial data"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:03:22-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:58:45-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB2-3_Ontologies_development_reuse_and_patterns_rev1"
-            Definition="WB2-3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB2-3_Ontologies_development_reuse_and_patterns_rev3"
+            Definition="- Define what an ontology is. Identify differences among ontologies, Thesauri, and taxonomies.&#xA;&#xA;- Differentiate between upper, domain, and application level ontologies.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify issues in the development of geospatial ontologies. Criticise the role of ontology development methodologies and ontology evaluation in the development of ontologies.&#xA;&#xA;- Define and exemplify the reuse of ontologies&#xA;&#xA;- Define and identify the role of ontology patterns"
             Notation="WB2-3"
             PrefLabel="Ontologies development reuse and patterns"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:03:31-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:59:20-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB2_Resource_Definition_rev1"
-            Definition="A “resource” could be “anything” including data and services, identifiable over the Web. A resource should be defined in a language to be discoverable on the Web. Over the years, two major bodies W3C for non-spatial and OGC concerning spatial data have developed many specifications for defining data and services. On the W3C side, Resource Description Framework (RDF) has gained a great momentum in recent years in relation to the recent popularity of Linked Data as well. In the OGC front, the acceptance of GML was a major step concerning the long time effort of geospaial communities for having a standart for the definition of both geospatial feautures and geometry."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB2_Resource_Definition_rev3"
+            Definition="A &#34;resource&#34; could be &#34;anything&#34; including data and services, identifiable over the Web. A resource should be defined in a language to be discoverable on the Web. Over the years, two major bodies W3C for non-spatial and OGC concerning spatial data have developed many specifications for defining data and services. On the W3C side, Resource Description Framework (RDF) has gained a great momentum in recent years in relation to the recent popularity of Linked Data as well. In the OGC front, the acceptance of GML was a major step concerning the long time effort of geospaial communities for having a standart for the definition of both geospatial feautures and geometry."
             Notation="WB2"
             PrefLabel="Resource Definition"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:02:55-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:57:13-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-1_Metadata_and_standards_rev1"
-            Definition="WB3-1"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-1_Metadata_and_standards_rev3"
+            Definition="- Define metadata and identfify metadata standards like ISO 19115 and 19119 describe their metadata schemas generally.&#xA;&#xA;- Differentiate between a metadata standard and a medadata profile.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify the aspects of selecting keywords which would characterize the data properly.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify the issues in mapping between different metadata standards. Also identify the roles of thesauri and crosswalks.&#xA;&#xA;- Describe briefly INSPIRE Metadata handling Scheme."
             Notation="WB3-1"
             PrefLabel="Metadata and standards"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:04:44-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T12:59:56-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-2_Manual_and_automated_forms_of_publishing_rev3"
             Definition="- Identify main components of manual metadata creation software tools&#xA;&#xA;- Describe harvesting and crawling mechanisms for automated metadata collection.&#xA;&#xA;- Practically apply harvesting using GeoNetwork Open Source tool.&#xA;&#xA;- Practice publishing in some popular SDI (NSDI) portals like INSPIRE and GOS geoportals"
@@ -3549,82 +3576,82 @@
             Revision="3"
             TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:35:14-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-3_Catalogue_services_rev2"
-            Definition="- Describe the components of CS-W 19115 and 19119 profiles"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-3_Catalogue_services_rev5"
+            Definition=""
             Notation="WB3-3"
             PrefLabel="Catalogue services"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:07:17-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:01:04-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-4_Publishing_open_data_rev2"
-            Definition="- Identify the technical aspects that open data paradigm would affect concerning Spatial Data Infrastructures including NSDIs."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-4_Publishing_open_data_rev3"
+            Definition="- Describe Metadata schemas and vocabularies used for open data publish.&#xA;&#xA;- Open data APIs that enable the usage of Open data; identify design aspects and usage scenarious.&#xA;&#xA;- Practice open data publishing using CKAN Open source tool&#xA;&#xA;- Describe what is meant by &#34;Odata&#34; (Open data Protocol), an OASIS standard.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify the technical aspects that open data paradigm would affect concerning Spatial Data Infrastructures including NSDIs."
             Notation="WB3-4"
             PrefLabel="Publishing open data"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:08:33-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:01:59-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-5_Publishing_via_a_semantic_definition_of_data_rev2"
-            Definition="- Describe an architecture and tools for organizing semantically annotated data"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-5_Publishing_via_a_semantic_definition_of_data_rev3"
+            Definition="- Describe semantic annotation of data and services.&#xA;&#xA;- Issues in determining what ontologies to use for semantic annotation.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify issues in developing new ontologies for geospatial data.&#xA;&#xA;- Define Mapping between legacy definition and the semantic definition of publish&#xA;&#xA;- Describe an architecture and tools for organizing semantically annotated data"
             Notation="WB3-5"
             PrefLabel="Publishing via a semantic definition of data"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:09:27-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:02:21-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-6_Publishing_linked_open_data_rev1"
-            Definition="WB3-6"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3-6_Publishing_linked_open_data_rev3"
+            Definition="- Describe stages of publishing a relational database as Linked Data&#xA;&#xA;- Identify issues in finding proper ontologies to annotate the data&#xA;&#xA;- Identify issues in determining the relationships to be represented when publishing Linked Data&#xA;&#xA;- Linking the data; manual and automated methods&#xA;&#xA;- Practicaly apply publishing a relational database as Linked Data"
             Notation="WB3-6"
             PrefLabel="Publishing linked open data"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:09:44-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:03:11-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3_Resource_Publishing_rev1"
-            Definition="“Publishing” means making a resource available for the use of others. A “resource” could be “anything” including data and services, identifiable over the Web. Publishing may be done on the basis of either the “characteristics” of the data or the data itself. When only some “characteristics” of a resource is published then some of the contents would naturally be left out. The “characteristics” include metadata and some keywords. This kind of publishing may be named as “limited contents” publishing or “publishing by metadata”. One of the issues become then what characteristics to use to define the data. Or what what metadata definition to use. Another aspect of publish is “manual entry” and “automated collection”. In the former publisher enters metadata while in the latter some harvesting mechanism collects metadata in an automated fashion. On the contrary, there is “unlimited contents publishing” where there is no limitation on the published contents. Open data publishing is in this class. In additon, some “additional semantics” may be subject of this type publishing through new relationships in the ontologies of publishing, which have not been explicit in the exisiting data model but are inherent in the data. And this last type is covered under the topic, “Publishing via a semantic definition of data.”"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB3_Resource_Publishing_rev3"
+            Definition="&#34;Publishing&#34; means making a resource available for the use of others. A &#34;resource&#34; could be &#34;anything&#34; including data and services, identifiable over the Web. Publishing may be done on the basis of either the &#34;characteristics&#34; of the data or the data itself. When only some &#34;characteristics&#34; of a resource is published then some of the contents would naturally be left out. The &#34;characteristics&#34; include metadata and some keywords. This kind of publishing may be named as &#34;limited contents&#34; publishing or &#34;publishing by metadata&#34;. One of the issues become then what characteristics to use to define the data. Or what what metadata definition to use. Another aspect of publish is &#34;manual entry&#34; and &#34;automated collection&#34;. In the former publisher enters metadata while in the latter some harvesting mechanism collects metadata in an automated fashion. On the contrary, there is &#34;unlimited contents publishing&#34; where there is no limitation on the published contents. Open data publishing is in this class. In additon, some &#34;additional semantics&#34; may be subject of this type publishing through new relationships in the ontologies of publishing, which have not been explicit in the exisiting data model but are inherent in the data. And this last type is covered under the topic, &#34;Publishing via a semantic definition of data.&#34;"
             Notation="WB3"
             PrefLabel="Resource Publishing"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:04:36-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:03:21-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB4-1_Syntactic_discovery_rev3"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB4-1_Syntactic_discovery_rev5"
             Definition="- Identify main issues in &#34;keyword-based&#34; discovery of data and services.&#xA;&#xA;- Discovery over a catalogue service; Discovery procedure in OGC CS-W&#xA;&#xA;- Practice discovery over some popular SDI (NSDI) portals like INSPIRE and GOS geoportals.&#xA;&#xA;- Describe &#34;Full-text-based&#34; discovery; open source and commercial search engines, its use in GI related applications."
             Notation="WB4-1"
             PrefLabel="Syntactic discovery"
-            Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-27T12:13:17-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:03:48-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB4-2_Semantic_discovery_rev3"
-            Definition="- Present some examples of semantic discovery; Semantic search engines, highlighting projects and practice concerning GI related applications in the area. ."
+            Definition="- Describe Semantic Discovery and its main components. Identify the areas of its use for GI related applications.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify the main concepts of reasoning and architectural components of Reasoners&#xA;&#xA;- Identify main issues in Semantic discovery.&#xA;&#xA;- Present some examples of semantic discovery; Semantic search engines, highlighting projects and practice concerning GI related applications in the area. ."
             Notation="WB4-2"
             PrefLabel="Semantic discovery"
             Revision="3"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:02:03-05:00"/>
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:04:06-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB4-3_Discovery_over_linked_open_data_rev2"
-            Definition="- Compare Linked geospatial data to SDI approaches."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB4-3_Discovery_over_linked_open_data_rev3"
+            Definition="- Describe Querying Linked Data; SPARQL and GeoSPARQL&#xA;&#xA;- Describe Linked Data Browsers; Define Faceted browsers and identify what problems of linked data discovery they aim to solve.&#xA;&#xA;- Comment on Natural language based discovery over linked data.&#xA;&#xA;- Compare Linked geospatial data to SDI approaches."
             Notation="WB4-3"
             PrefLabel="Discovery over linked open data"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:02:26-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:04:33-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB4_Resource_Discovery_rev1"
-            Definition="Resource discovery means the discovery of resources including data and services needed for an application. Syntactic discovery refers to the discovery on the basis of syntactic comparison operations. It is classified as “keyword-based” and “full-text-based” discovery. Semantic discovery on the other hand, refers to the discovery of resources on he basis of some semantic definition. Therefore, semantic discovery requires that a resource be published by a semantic definition as defined in the topic WB3-5."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB4_Resource_Discovery_rev3"
+            Definition="Resource discovery means the discovery of resources including data and services needed for an application. Syntactic discovery refers to the discovery on the basis of syntactic comparison operations. It is classified as &#34;keyword-based&#34; and &#34;full-text-based&#34; discovery. Semantic discovery on the other hand, refers to the discovery of resources on he basis of some semantic definition. Therefore, semantic discovery requires that a resource be published by a semantic definition as defined in the topic WB3-5."
             Notation="WB4"
             PrefLabel="Resource Discovery"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T22:02:32-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:04:58-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB5-1_Integrating_data_from_OGC_web_services_rev1"
-            Definition="- Practice the usage of popular ETL tools in an NSDI scenario."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB5-1_Integrating_data_from_OGC_web_services_rev3"
+            Definition="- Indentify the need for and main issues in spatial data interchange&#xA;&#xA;- Describe the main components of OGC Filter encoding and compare it to SQL.&#xA;&#xA;- Practically apply getting data from a WFS and integrate it into a client application&#xA;&#xA;- Practically apply getting data from a WCS and integrate it into a client application&#xA;&#xA;- Practice the usage of popular ETL tools in an NSDI scenario."
             Notation="WB5-1"
             PrefLabel="Integrating data from OGC web services"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T21:57:47-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:15:29-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB5-2_Schema_matching_and_ontology_alignment_rev4"
-            Definition="- Describe full automated schema matching and identify the problems"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB5-2_Schema_matching_and_ontology_alignment_rev5"
+            Definition=""
             Notation="WB5-2"
             PrefLabel="Schema matching and ontology alignment"
-            Revision="4"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T21:58:16-05:00"/>
+            Revision="5"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:16:06-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB5-3_Data_mash_ups_rev4"
             Definition="- Create a web map mashup application with OpenLayers, Google Maps API and OpenStreetMap. In this example, OpenLayers will be used for javascript mapping functionality. Google Maps and OpenStreetMap will be baselayers for this example. Add your GeoJSON data as a layer to this application. Add your WMS service as a layer to this application."
@@ -3633,12 +3660,19 @@
             Revision="4"
             TimeStamp="2016-05-26T21:59:46-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB6-1_Manual_Web_Services_Composition_rev2"
-            Definition="- Practice a WSC for a certain use case in Taverna workbench using OGC WPS services"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB5_Application_development_via_Data_Integration_rev4"
+            Definition="The term &#34;application development&#34; refers to the collection of activities or the &#34;workflow&#34; through which the user reaches her final goal. Being one of these activities, &#34;data integration&#34; means the transformation of data from one representation to another which might be of either the client`s one or some other representation. An example for data integration might be the case where the data is transfered from an OGC WFS and integrated into a client GIS."
+            Notation="WB5"
+            PrefLabel="Application development via Data Integration"
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:17:01-05:00"/>
+   <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB6-1_Manual_Web_Services_Composition_rev4"
+            Definition="- Define web services composition (WSC) concept and identify main issues.&#xA;&#xA;- Define Web API composition (WAPIC) concept for RESTful WSs and identify main issues.&#xA;&#xA;- Practice a WSC for a certain use case in Taverna workbench using OGC WPS services"
             Notation="WB6-1"
             PrefLabel="Manual Web Services Composition"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T21:55:19-05:00"/>
+            Revision="4"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:18:26-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB6-2_Semi_automated_and_Full-automated_WSC_rev5"
             Definition="- Identify whether Full-automated WSC has still a value in it concerning both where we stand today on the road to “Semantic Web” and unresolved problems in the area, which are the problems of Artificial Intelligence indeed."
@@ -3654,19 +3688,19 @@
             Revision="4"
             TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:17:56-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB7-1_Hypertext_markup_scripting_and_styling_rev1"
-            Definition="- Describe Document Object Model (DOM). Identify its role for the processing of a “loaded” HTML document."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB7-1_Hypertext_markup_scripting_and_styling_rev3"
+            Definition="- Describe main elements of HTML5. Identify the extensions HTML5 brings over older HTML versions. Create a sample HTML5 Web page.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify building blocks of Javascript programming language. Write a Javascript function which, for instance, filters out points with height values greater than 100 m. from a GeoJSON file. Add this function to an HTML5 web page.&#xA;&#xA;- Describe Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), identify the virtue of its role for separating the presentation style of HTML documents from the content of documents.&#xA;&#xA;- Describe Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and identify its role for client side processing.&#xA;&#xA;- Describe Document Object Model (DOM). Identify its role for the processing of a &#34;loaded&#34; HTML document."
             Notation="WB7-1"
             PrefLabel="Hypertext markup scripting and styling"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T21:53:09-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:19:47-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB7-2_Web_Map_APIs_and_Libraries_rev2"
-            Definition="- Present an overview of OpenStreetMap and define its general functionality, comment its usage by Web APIs."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB7-2_Web_Map_APIs_and_Libraries_rev3"
+            Definition="- Identify main elements and functionality Google maps, describe some of its most popular API operations and how they are employed.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify main components and functionality of Openlayers library, describe its main functions and how they are employed.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify main components and functionality of Leaflet library, describe its main functions and how they are employed.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify main elements and functionality Mapbox, describe some of its most popular API operations and how they are employed.&#xA;&#xA;- Present an overview of OpenStreetMap and define its general functionality, comment its usage by Web APIs."
             Notation="WB7-2"
             PrefLabel="Web Map APIs and Libraries"
-            Revision="2"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T21:53:38-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:20:05-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB7-3_Web_application_Frameworks_and_Geoportal_frameworks_rev3"
             Definition="- Describe generally the main components and functionality of &#34;Web Application Frameworks&#34; such as AngularJS, Ext.js, Django, Java Server Faces (JSF), and the like.&#xA;&#xA;- Describe generally the functionality offered by &#34;portal frameworks&#34; land Geoportals ike Geonetwork, Opengeoportal, Esri geoportal server, Deegree portal, Liferay, Jboss portal.&#xA;&#xA;- Identify differences, advantages and disadvantages of web application framework based and portal framework based web applications from the geospatial data perspective.&#xA;&#xA;- Describe generaly how &#34;NSDI-requiring-scenarious&#34; would be handled by web application framework based applications.&#xA;&#xA;- Describe generally how JSON (GeoJSON)`s &#34;schema-less&#34; structure may be transformed into an application schema."
@@ -3675,19 +3709,19 @@
             Revision="3"
             TimeStamp="2016-09-25T23:34:25-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB7_Web_Application_development_elements_rev1"
-            Definition="Characteristic examples are included under this topic. The APIs, for instance other than the ones included under this unit, and libraries could have been included as well. However, since the important thing is to highlight the functionality then there is no need to include them all. By the inclusion of topic “WB7-3” under this unit, the aim was to cover one of the very “hot” topics of Web2.0 for both the main concepts about Web application frameworks and also how they are related to portal frameworks and geoportals. By the topic “WB7-1 Building blocks” the core components of Web application development are covered. On top of this core, there comes a great variety of “Web application frameworks for both enabling rapid web application development and ensuring scalable, high-performance applications. Finally, there are “Web APIs and Libraries” certainly deserving being a separate topic for their current popularity. They also mean rapid application development for developers by code reuse and versatality for “end users” in creating their “end products”."
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB7_Web_Application_development_elements_rev3"
+            Definition="Characteristic examples are included under this topic. The APIs, for instance other than the ones included under this unit, and libraries could have been included as well. However, since the important thing is to highlight the functionality then there is no need to include them all. By the inclusion of topic &#34;WB7-3&#34; under this unit, the aim was to cover one of the very &#34;hot&#34; topics of Web2.0 for both the main concepts about Web application frameworks and also how they are related to portal frameworks and geoportals. By the topic &#34;WB7-1 Building blocks&#34; the core components of Web application development are covered. On top of this core, there comes a great variety of &#34;Web application frameworks for both enabling rapid web application development and ensuring scalable, high-performance applications. Finally, there are &#34;Web APIs and Libraries&#34; certainly deserving being a separate topic for their current popularity. They also mean rapid application development for developers by code reuse and versatality for &#34;end users&#34; in creating their &#34;end products&#34;."
             Notation="WB7"
             PrefLabel="Web Application development elements"
-            Revision="1"
-            TimeStamp="2016-05-26T21:52:03-05:00"/>
+            Revision="3"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:20:39-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
-            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB_Web-based_GI_rev7"
+            URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB_Web-based_GI_rev8"
             Definition="This knowledge area is about Web Based Geographic Information management aspects and therefore it was given the name &#34;Web Based GI&#34; or &#34;WBG&#34; in short. It is implied by this name that the differentiating factor for this KA is the &#34;Web&#34;. One must then be able to answer the questions like &#34;What functions do we delegate to the Web?&#34; or &#34;how WBGI is different from the traditional GI?&#34;&#xA;&#xA;Sticking to the functions of a GIS, which are inserting (adding), storing, manipulating, analysing and presenting the data, there is not a single system for effecting all these tasks anymore but the Web itself. For instance, there is no single database and its known-to-its users-definition, anymore but many different stores and many different definitions. Similarly, many different manipulation, analysis and presentation options compared with the options offered by a single or limited number of systems of traditional GI.&#xA;&#xA;In general, Web provides the means of leveraging distributed &#34;resources&#34; like data, information, or software. It is a &#34;collaboration medium&#34; . A collaboration that enables rapid production or decision making. A collaboration that certainly introduces new dimensions to traditional GI handling. This is the justification of proposing this KA in addition to the KAs of the original BoK.&#xA;&#xA;For the mentioned collaboration to happen, data or any other type of a resource have to accessible on the Web. This means that it should have a Web &#34;address&#34; and a &#34;definition&#34; that is understandable either by &#34;human&#34; or &#34;machine&#34;. &#34;Machine understandable definitions&#34; refers to the dimension of &#34;semantics&#34; and &#34;ontologies&#34; which are also included under this KA. When one talks about publishing resources then &#34;catalogue services&#34; and more importantly &#34;discovery&#34; dimension comes into the scene.&#xA;&#xA;On the other hand, &#34;Linked Data (LOD)&#34; and &#34;Open Data&#34;, highly popular recent trends and two of the above mentioned dimensions of Web GI have also been covered under this KA. Like the other dimensions of Web GI, both LD and OD aspects must be known to GI communities with differing degrees of expertise.&#xA;&#xA;The concepts of &#34;interoperability&#34; and &#34;Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)&#34;, hot topics of GI communities for many years, have been thought to be dealt with under this KA as well with the justification that &#34;Web GI&#34; is a much broader concept than SDI, This is by the fact that SDI refers to a much narrower content and context of &#34;collaboration&#34; then Web GI. Therefore, Geospatial data interoperability and some of the related concepts which were classified under KA, &#34;Geospatial data in the original BoK were moved under KA11 with the updated context.&#xA;&#xA;Another issue is the coverage of Spatial Analysis (SA), data manipulation aspects of GI by KA11. The SA aspects are covered by other KAs like &#34;Geocomputation&#34; and &#34;Analytical methods&#34;. If the analysis operations, in an undertaking, would be handled by web services this is already covered by &#34;data processing&#34; web services, application development unit and Web services composition under that unit. The important thing is to have the knowledge about a specific analysis operation; Employing it as a web service would require no more knowledge than using any other web service. SA is covered by KA11 in as much as it should have been."
             Notation="WB"
             PrefLabel="Web-based GI"
-            Revision="7"
-            TimeStamp="2016-09-26T23:22:23-05:00"/>
+            Revision="8"
+            TimeStamp="2019-04-17T13:24:22-05:00"/>
    <Concept Type="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#BoKConcept"
             URI="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#no10_Dissemination_of_geospatial_information_rev3"
             Label="GS5.Dissemination of geospatial information"
@@ -17010,7 +17044,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1-2-9_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1-2_Analytical_approaches_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1-2_Analytical_approaches_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1-2_Analytical_approaches_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM1_Foundations_of_analytical_methods_rev3"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-1-1_rev1"
@@ -17028,7 +17062,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-1-5_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-1_Problems_of_large_spatial_databases_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-1_Problems_of_large_spatial_databases_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-1_Problems_of_large_spatial_databases_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10_Data_mining_rev2"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-2-1_rev1"
@@ -17052,7 +17086,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-2-7_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-2_Data_mining_approaches_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-2_Data_mining_approaches_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-2_Data_mining_approaches_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10_Data_mining_rev2"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-3-1_rev1"
@@ -17064,7 +17098,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-3-3_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-3_Knowledge_discovery_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-3_Knowledge_discovery_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-3_Knowledge_discovery_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10_Data_mining_rev2"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-4-1_rev1"
@@ -17085,10 +17119,10 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-4-6_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-4_Pattern_recognition_and_matching_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-4_Pattern_recognition_and_matching_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10-4_Pattern_recognition_and_matching_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10_Data_mining_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10_Data_mining_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM10_Data_mining_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM_Analytical_Methods_rev6"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-1-1_rev1"
@@ -17103,7 +17137,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-1-4_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-1_Networks_defined_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-1_Networks_defined_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-1_Networks_defined_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev1"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-2-1_rev1"
@@ -17121,7 +17155,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-2-5_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-2_Graph_theoretic_descriptive_measures_of_networks_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-2_Graph_theoretic_descriptive_measures_of_networks_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-2_Graph_theoretic_descriptive_measures_of_networks_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev1"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-3-1_rev1"
@@ -17139,7 +17173,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-3-5_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-3_Least-cost_shortest_path_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-3_Least-cost_shortest_path_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-3_Least-cost_shortest_path_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev1"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-4-1_rev1"
@@ -17154,7 +17188,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-4-4_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-4_Flow_modeling_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-4_Flow_modeling_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-4_Flow_modeling_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev1"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-5-1_rev1"
@@ -17169,7 +17203,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-5-4_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-5_The_Classic_Transportation_Problem_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-5_The_Classic_Transportation_Problem_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-5_The_Classic_Transportation_Problem_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev1"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-6-1_rev1"
@@ -17178,7 +17212,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-6-2_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-6_Other_classic_network_problems_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-6_Other_classic_network_problems_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-6_Other_classic_network_problems_rev7"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev1"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-7-1_rev1"
@@ -17193,10 +17227,10 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-7-4_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-7_Accessibility_modeling_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-7_Accessibility_modeling_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11-7_Accessibility_modeling_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev1"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM11_Network_analysis_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM_Analytical_Methods_rev6"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-1-1_rev1"
@@ -17214,7 +17248,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-1-5_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-2_Linear_programming_rev2"
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-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM12-3_Integer_programming_rev1"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM14-1_Scale_and_generalization_rev3"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM3_Geometric_measures_rev2"/>
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+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-2_Buffers_rev5"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-4_Neighborhood_analysis_rev2"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4_Basic_analytical_operations_rev2"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-4_Neighborhood_analysis_rev9"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4_Basic_analytical_operations_rev2"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM4-5_Map_algebra_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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@@ -17622,7 +17686,7 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-2_Kernels_and_density_estimation_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-2_Kernels_and_density_estimation_rev3"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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@@ -17658,7 +17722,7 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-3_Spatial_cluster_analysis_rev3"/>
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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@@ -17679,7 +17743,7 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-4_Spatial_interaction_rev2"/>
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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@@ -17697,7 +17761,7 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
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-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-6_Cartographic_modeling_rev2"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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@@ -17733,7 +17797,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#AM5-7-7_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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@@ -17745,7 +17809,7 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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@@ -17799,7 +17863,7 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD_Geospatial_Data_rev5"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-1_Earth_geometry_rev5"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev3"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-4_Map_projections_rev5"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD5_Map_projections_rev4"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev3"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-3_Datums_rev4"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD3_Georeferencing_systems_rev6"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev3"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-2_Georeferencing_systems_rev5"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-3_Datums_rev8"/>
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1-1_Earth_geometry_rev7"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-1-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#delete15_Unsystematic_method_rev3"/>
@@ -22083,6 +22132,9 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-1-3_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#delete15_Unsystematic_method_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-1_Land_surveying_and_field_data_collection_rev2"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev2"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-2-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#delete23_Systematic_methods_rev2"/>
@@ -22116,25 +22168,25 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-2_Remote_sensing_rev9"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD11_Satellite_and_shipboard_remote_sensing_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-3_Crowdsourced_data_collection_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-3_Crowdsourced_data_collection_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-4_Digitizing_rev5"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-4_Digitizing_rev9"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD_Geospatial_Data_rev5"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-2b_Remote_sensing_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-1b_Land_surveying_and_field_data_collection_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-3b_Crowdsourced_data_collection_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2_Data_Collection_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD2-4_Digitizing_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD3-1-1_rev1"
@@ -22242,6 +22294,9 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD3_Georeferencing_systems_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD1_Geolocating_Data_to_Earth_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD3_Transaction_management_of_geospatial_data_rev5"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD_Geospatial_Data_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-1-10_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#delete11_Horizontal_datums_rev2"/>
@@ -22281,6 +22336,9 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-1-9_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#delete11_Horizontal_datums_rev2"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-1_Data_quality_rev3"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev3"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-2-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#delete12_Vertical_datums_rev2"/>
@@ -22296,15 +22354,18 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-2-5_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#delete12_Vertical_datums_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-2_Metadata_standards_and_infrastructures_rev5"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev4"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD_Geospatial_Data_rev5"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev4"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-2b_Metadata,_standards,_and_infrastructures_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev3"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-2_Metadata_standards_and_infrastructures_rev5"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4_Data_Quality_Metadata_and_Data_Infrastructure_rev4"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6_Data_quality_rev6"/>
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD4-1_Data_quality_rev3"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD5-1-10_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD5-1_Map_projection_properties_rev1"/>
@@ -22455,7 +22516,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-2-5_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-2_Thematic_accuracy_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-2_Thematic_accuracy_rev1"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-2_Thematic_accuracy_rev2"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6_Data_quality_rev6"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-3-1_rev1"
@@ -22476,7 +22537,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-3-6_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-3_Resolution_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-3_Resolution_rev1"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-3_Resolution_rev2"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6_Data_quality_rev6"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-4-1_rev1"
@@ -22488,7 +22549,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-4-3_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-4_Precision_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-4_Precision_rev1"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-4_Precision_rev2"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6_Data_quality_rev6"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-5-1_rev1"
@@ -22497,7 +22558,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-5-2_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-5_Primary_and_secondary_sources_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-5_Primary_and_secondary_sources_rev1"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6-5_Primary_and_secondary_sources_rev2"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6_Data_quality_rev6"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD6_Data_quality_rev6"
@@ -22575,9 +22636,6 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD7-3_Global_Positioning_System_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD7_Land_surveying_and_GPS_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD7_Land_surveying_and_GPS_rev1"
-                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD_Geospatial_Data_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD8-1-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD8-1_Tablet_digitizing_rev1"/>
@@ -22656,13 +22714,10 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD9_Field_data_collection_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD9_Field_data_collection_rev1"
-                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD_Geospatial_Data_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GD_Geospatial_Data_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GIST_Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_rev6"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GIST_Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_rev6"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GIST_Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_rev8"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB_Web-based_GI_rev7"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-1-1_rev1"
@@ -22686,9 +22741,9 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-2_Contract_law__rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-2_Contract_law_liability_and_licensing_rev1"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-2_Contract_law_liability_and_licensing_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev3"/>
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-3-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-3_Liability_rev1"/>
@@ -22704,6 +22759,9 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-3_Privacy_and_Security_rev10"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-3_Privacy_and_Security_rev5"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-4-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-3_Privacy_and_Security_rev8"/>
@@ -22719,27 +22777,33 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-3_Privacy_and_Security_rev8"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-4_Ownership_and_property_rights_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-4_Ownership_and_property_rights_rev3"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-5_Competition_and_public-private_sector_relationships_rev3"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-6_Open_data_rev3"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CV6-4b_Map_ethics_Evaluation_and_testing_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-4_Ownership_and_property_rights_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CV6-5b_Map_ethics_Legal_and_privacy_issues_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-6_Open_data_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-4_Ownership_and_property_rights_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-5_Competition_and_public-private_sector_relationships_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-6_Open_data_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev5"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CV6-4b_Map_ethics_Evaluation_and_testing_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1_Legal_aspects_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS1-5_Competition_and_public-private_sector_relationships_rev2"/>
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CV6-5b_Map_ethics_Legal_and_privacy_issues_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-1-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-1_Economics_and_the_role_of_information_rev1"/>
@@ -22749,7 +22813,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-1-3_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-1_Economics_and_the_role_of_information_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-1_Business_models_and_funding_models_rev4"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-1_Business_models_and_funding_models_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-2-1_rev1"
@@ -22767,7 +22831,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-2-5_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-2_Valuing_and_measuring_benefits_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-2_Costs_benefits_and_risks_rev5"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-2_Costs_benefits_and_risks_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-3-1_rev1"
@@ -22782,7 +22846,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-3-4_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-3_Models_of_benefits_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-3_Valuing_and_measuring_aspects_rev6"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-3_Valuing_and_measuring_aspects_rev7"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-4-1_rev1"
@@ -22809,18 +22873,18 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-5-5_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-5_Measuring_costs_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev5"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev5"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-1_Business_models_and_funding_models_rev4"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev5"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-1_Business_models_and_funding_models_rev6"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-2_Costs_benefits_and_risks_rev5"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev5"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-2_Costs_benefits_and_risks_rev6"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2_Economic_aspects_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-3_Valuing_and_measuring_aspects_rev6"/>
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS2-3_Valuing_and_measuring_aspects_rev7"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-1-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-1_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_public_sector_rev5"/>
@@ -22833,7 +22897,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-1-4_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-1_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_public_sector_rev5"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-1_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_public_sector_rev5"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-1_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_public_sector_rev7"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev7"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-2-1_rev1"
@@ -22863,7 +22927,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-2-9_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-2_Public_participation_in_governing_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-2_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_private_sector_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-2_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_private_sector_rev4"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev7"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-3-1_rev1"
@@ -22884,24 +22948,24 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-3-6_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-3_Public_participation_GIS_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-3_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_research_and_education_rev4"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-3_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_research_and_education_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev7"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-4_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_environmental_issues_rev4"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-4_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_environmental_issues_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev7"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev7"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev8"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev7"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev8"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-2_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_private_sector_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev7"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-2_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_the_private_sector_rev4"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev8"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-3_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_research_and_education_rev4"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev7"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-3_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_research_and_education_rev5"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3_Use_of_geospatial_information_rev8"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-4_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_environmental_issues_rev4"/>
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS3-4_Use_of_geospatial_information_in_environmental_issues_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-1-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-1_Property_regimes_rev1"/>
@@ -22920,7 +22984,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-1-6_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-1_Property_regimes_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-1_Public_participation_and_citizenship_rev6"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-1_Public_participation_and_citizenship_rev7"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev8"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-2-1_rev1"
@@ -22941,7 +23005,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-2-6_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-2_Mechanisms_of_control_of_geospatial_information_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-2b_GI_and_social_media_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-2b_GI_and_social_media_rev4"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev8"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-3-1_rev1"
@@ -22956,24 +23020,27 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-3-4_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-3_Enforcing_control_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-3b_Citizens_and_volunteered_geographic_information_rev4"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-3b_Citizens_and_volunteered_geographic_information_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev8"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev8"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev9"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev8"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev9"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-1b_Public_participation_and_citizenship_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev8"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-1_Public_participation_and_citizenship_rev7"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev9"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-2b_GI_and_social_media_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev8"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-2b_GI_and_social_media_rev4"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4_Geospatial_citizenship_rev9"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-3b_Citizens_and_volunteered_geographic_information_rev4"/>
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS4-3b_Citizens_and_volunteered_geographic_information_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5-1-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3-1_Drivers_and_incentives_for_sharing_geospatial_data_rev6"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5-1b_Ethics_in_the_geospatial_information_society_rev4"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5_Ethical_aspects_rev17"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5-1b_Ethics_in_the_geospatial_information_society_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5_Ethical_aspects_rev17"/>
@@ -23004,7 +23071,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5-4_Balancing_security_and_open_access_to_geospatial_information_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5_Dissemination_of_geospatial_information_rev1"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5_Ethical_aspects_rev17"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5_Ethical_aspects_rev21"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev2"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-1-1_rev1"
@@ -23019,7 +23086,7 @@
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-1-4_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5-1b_Ethics_in_the_geospatial_information_society_rev5"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-1_Epistemological_and_critical_issues_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-1_Epistemological_and_critical_issues_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev2"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-2-1_rev1"
@@ -23034,27 +23101,24 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS5-2b_Codes_of_ethics_for_geospatial_professionals_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-2_Critical_approach_on_the_use_of_geospatial_information_rev3"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-2_Critical_approach_on_the_use_of_geospatial_information_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-3_Critical_aspects_and_invisible_groups_rev4"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-3_Critical_aspects_and_invisible_groups_rev6"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev3"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev2"
-                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev3"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-3_Critical_aspects_and_invisible_groups_rev4"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev2"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-3_Critical_aspects_and_invisible_groups_rev6"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev3"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-1_Epistemological_and_critical_issues_rev3"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev2"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-1_Epistemological_and_critical_issues_rev5"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev3"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-2_Critical_approach_on_the_use_of_geospatial_information_rev3"/>
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6-2_Critical_approach_on_the_use_of_geospatial_information_rev5"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS7-1-1_rev1"
                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS7-1_Epistemological_critiques_rev1"/>
@@ -23118,12 +23182,48 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS6_Critical_approach_rev2"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev3"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GIST_Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_rev6"/>
-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev2"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#GS_GI_and_Society_rev3"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#similarTo"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#similarTo_MDS_Multidimensional_scaling_rev2_3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#MDS_Multidimensional_scaling_rev2"
+                 Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#similarTo"
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                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#delete72b_Private_sector_origins_rev2"/>
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI1-5_Coordinating_GIS_Participants_and_Users_rev7"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-4_GIS_and_T_curriculum_and_course_design_rev3"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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@@ -23463,7 +23587,7 @@
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                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI2-2_GIS_and_T_staff_development_and_evaluation_rev5"/>
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+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-1_Adoption_and_implementation_of_standards_rev10"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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@@ -23484,7 +23608,7 @@
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                  Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#demonstrates"
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-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-2_Policies_rev1"
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-2_Policies_rev2"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3b_Spatial_data_infrastructures_rev6"/>
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@@ -23520,9 +23644,15 @@
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                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#delete71h_Incorporating_GIS_and_T_into_existing_job_classifications_rev2"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-5_Funding_an_SDI_rev2"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3b_Spatial_data_infrastructures_rev6"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-5_Funding_an_SDI_rev5"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
                  Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3b_Spatial_data_infrastructures_rev6"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-5b_Performance_measurement_and_assessment_rev3"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3b_Spatial_data_infrastructures_rev6"/>
    <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4-5b_Performance_measurement_and_assessment_rev6"
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+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-1_GI_organization_at_the_European_Commission_rev4"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-3_Sub-national_and_local_governments_rev8"
                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-5_The_geospatial_industry_rev6"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
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-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5_Organizations_in_the_GIS_and_T_domain_rev6"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-1_GI_organization_at_the_European_Commission_rev4"/>
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
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-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5_Organizations_in_the_GIS_and_T_domain_rev6"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-2_Federal_and_national_government_organizations_rev6"/>
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                  Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#narrower"
-                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-3_Sub-national_and_local_governments_rev7"/>
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI5-3_Sub-national_and_local_governments_rev8"/>
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-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI_Organizational_and_Institutional_Aspects_rev9"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI3_Geospatial_data_sharing_rev6"/>
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-   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#WB1-1_Fundamentals_of_web_services_rev1"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#OI4_Spatial_data_infrastructures_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#SD_Spatial_dependency_rev2"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-5_Properties_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#SH_Spatial_heterogeneity_rev2"
+                 Predicate="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#broader"
+                 Object="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#CF4-5_Properties_rev3"/>
+   <Relationship Subject="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/gin2k#SVD_Singular_value_decomposition_rev2"
+                 Predicate="http://www.bigknowledge.net/ontos/2015/09/bok.owl#similarTo"
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