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<html>
<head>
<title> York Computer History </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" link="#555555" vlink="#000000" alink="#000000">
<h1><a href="index.html"><img src="folklore-icon.gif" alt="Folklore" align="bottom" width="31" height="33"></a>
York Computer History </h1>
<p>(As you can see there are a lot of gaps in the early history here. If
anyone has more details we would be glad to hear them.)</p>
<h2>1966</h2>
<dl>
<dt> Summer
<dd> <a href="computation.html">York's first computer</a>
delivered: an Elliott Automations machine. Programs can be written in
Algol, Fortran or Neat (the assembly language for 4100 computers).
</dl>
<h2>1969</h2>
<dl>
<dd> New computer delivered - ICL 1900 - with
punch cards, paper-tape & genuine (magnetic) core memory.
Charles Stanley-Smith ran his final year project to model
Fluro Cyanide (FCN) on it. It took 7
hours to run and came up with the answer of 42 (Angstroms).
<dd> Programming in Algol & Fortran, was achieved by writing programs on
special sheets (Pink for Algol and Blue for Fortran) and submitting them,
results (usually compile errors) were returned 24 hours later. Backups
were another shoe box full of punch cards.
<dd> There was also a connection to Leeds, where they had a ICL 2900.
</dl>
<h2>1972</h2>
<dl>
<dd> PDP-11 bought as front-end to the increasingly creaky ICL 4130
and give online access to
strategic points around campus. They ran something called the Kent
Online System or KOS.
</dl>
<h2>1976</h2>
<dl>
<dd> ICL 1900 pensioned off.
<dd> DEC KL10A arrived, was dropped during unloading, and
promptly reloaded and shipped back to DEC. A second one arrived
and took, as expected, far longer to install than had been allowed.
A new wing of the Comp. Center was built to accomodate the new
system. It generated so much heat that the air conditioning spewed
clouds of steam out of the vents on the University Road side of the
building.
</dl>
<h2>1986</h2>
<dl>
<dt> October
<dd> DEC KL1090 replaced by <a href="#vax">VAX</a> cluster.
<dd> Terminal room equipped with vt220s and a projector. DECwriters
replaced with Epson printers.
<dd> Punch card system scrapped.
<dd> V/058 turned into a Computer Science classroom, V/044 closed.
</dl>
<h2>1987</h2>
<dl>
<dt> Autumn
<dd> In conjunction with the installation of the new telephone system,
fibre optic ethernet cabling is installed around much of
campus.
</dl>
<h2>1988</h2>
<dl>
<dt> 25 September
<dd> Terminal room D/D202 closed, six terminals moved to the
Library to supplement the existing two.
<dt> 31 October
<dd> New terminal room opened: G/169, with 48 terminals, a video
projector with terminal, and a printer.
<dt> 12 December
<dd> Library transfer all issues to new computer system, allowing an
on-line catalogue to come into use.
</dl>
<h2>1989</h2>
<dl>
<dt> Spring
<dd> Printers introduced to Terminal Room (X/B064) and Goodricke G/169.
<dd> Two Viglen PCs installed in Z/013.
<dt> 24 June
<dd> VAXcluster operating system upgraded from VMS version 4.7 to 5.1-1.
<dt> 2 October
<dd> LN01 central laser printer replaced with an Agfa P400PS.
<dt> Autumn
<dd> The Information Server is introduced, running on the VAX system.
</dl>
<h2>1990</h2>
<dl>
<dt> January
<dd> VAXcluster operating system upgraded to VMS version 5.2.
<dt> 8 January
<dd> Credit system of pre-payment for chargeable output is introduced.
<dt> 17 March - 4 April
<dd> Floating point calculations on VAXA start to act up.
Message from CompServ <tt>"Any numerical results obtained may be unreliable..."</tt>
In the end, a new 8650 chip was installed, which cured the problem.
<dt> 21 July
<dd> VAXcluster operating system upgraded to VMS version 5.3-1.
<dt> Summer
<dd> The <a href="#word">WORD</a> computer system is introduced, running
WordPerfect under VAX/VMS.
<dd> D/114 redecorated and upgraded, with 11 more terminals put in,
bringing the total to 30; carpet and new furniture installed.
<dd> Three new RA81 disk drives installed on the VAXcluster, increasing
storage from 6.5 to 7.8 Gbytes.
<dt> October
<dd> University is offered copies of the newly-introduced
Microsoft Windows 3.0 for £50 per copy.
</dl>
<h2>1991</h2>
<dl>
<dt> January
<dd> In preparation for the introduction of an IP service through
JANET, the University applies for an IP network number.
<dt> Spring
<dd> 24-pin printer introduced in D/114, chargable output. (?)
<dd> VAXcluster operating system upgraded to VMS version 5.4.
<dd> TeX v3.x obtained for the VAXcluster.
<dt> Summer
<dd> L/117 computing classroom introduced, equipped with
386sx PCs.
<dd> Unix Workstation computing classroom introduced in X/B064.
</dl>
<h2>1992</h2>
<dl>
<dt> 13 January
<dd> York is joined to the rest of the world with an IP service, through
the Joint Academic Network (Janet).
<dt> 16 April
<dd> <a href="#word">WORD</a> software upgraded to WordPerfect V5.1-1.
<dt> Summer
<dd> Self-service laser printer put into G/022.
<dd> IRIX 4.0.5 put on all the central unix machines,
allowing the introduction of user disk quotas. The initial
soft limits are 2 Mb (u/grad) and 4 Mb (p/grad and staff).
<dd> Campus ethernet extended into Derwent D block, and an 8-port
terminal server put in for staff offices.
<dd> Central AGFA laser printers replaced by Hewlett Packard machines,
price per sheet drops from 6p to 5p.
<dd> PCs in L/117 have software upgraded to Windows 3.1.
<dd> Last remaining DEC Rainbow microcomputer withdrawn.
<dd> University IS Strategy announced, including:
<ul>
<li>Computer/terminal/workstation on every member of staff's desk.
<li>Development of better management information system.
<li>One PC/workstation per 5 students.
<li>Wiring of all college bedroom.
<li>Upgrade of terminals to PC or equivalent by end of 1995.
</ul>
<dt> August
<dd> Portakabin terminal room (X/T001) closed, terminals relocated to
G/022 and the library.
<dt> Autumn
<dd> Study bedrooms in Alcuin E block and James College fitted with
serial line connections to campus network.
<dt> November
<dd> Two new 1.2 Gb disks for <a href="#goodram">goodram</a>, and more
memory for <a href="#tower">tower</a> - now 96 Mb.
</dl>
<h2>1993</h2>
<dl>
<dt> January
<dd> Air conditioning installed in L/117.
<dt> Easter
<dd> Self-service laser printer installed in Derwent D/114.
<dd> 4-PC network in Language Centre Z/013b replaced with Macintosh network.
<dt> July
<dd> Removal of WPS+ from the VAX cluster.
<dd> Change of L/117 networking from Digital Pathworks to PC-NFS, and upgrade to 8 Mb of memory each.
<dt> 27 August
<dd> Planned removal of the <a href="#vax">VAX</a> 8650/8550 cluster.
<dt> Summer
<dd> SGI workstations relocated to D/104.
<dd> <a href="#vax">VAX cluster</a> replaced by a single VAX 3100 model 90.
<dd> <a href="#word">WORD cluster</a> replaced by a single machine.
<dd> VAX and WORD filesystems upgraded to a single integrated one.
<dd> Camtec PADs in Derwent and Goodricke terminal rooms upgraded to
Emulex terminal servers.
<dd> elm no longer a supported mail reader - pine introduced.
<dd> New DEC LG06 installed on the VAX as central line printer.
<dt> October
<dd> Support of undergraduate and taught postgraduates moves from
Computing Services to individual departments.
<dt> December
<dd> Usenet news service introduced.
</dl>
<h2>1994</h2>
<dl>
<dt> 4 January
<dd> Computing Services introduce the Information Desk.
<dt> Spring
<dd> More processors for <a href="#tower">tower</a>.
<dd> Fileserver for central unix systems introduced
(<a href="#goodram">goodram</a>)
<dd> PC classroom created in Kings Manor K/120. 16 486dx33 machines,
with 8 Mb ram and 15" monitors.
<dd> 1.2Gb DAT drive installed on Figaro.
<dd> Another 5 Silicon Graphics Indigo machines installed in D/104,
and all machines fitted with 1 Gb drives.
<dd> New Macintosh classroom in Language Z/013b, with 6 LC III's. Each
machine had 8 Mb memory and 80 Mb hard drive.
<dt> April
<dd> 2 PCs installed in Alcuin library.
<dt> July
<dd> HP LaserJet 3Si printers installed in Langwith Library L/051 and in
King's Manor K/120. These were central printers, moved to classrooms
and replaced with LaserJet 4Si's.
<dt> 29 July
<dd> Central Agfa printer and draft printers in G/022, D/114 and
L/117 withdrawn from service.
<dt> August
<dd> <a href="#ebor">ebor</a> made available for use
by staff and research users.
<dd> 386sx machines in L/117 replaced with 486 machines.
<dd> All PADs removed from colleges, Terminal Servers installed
where needed.
<dt> 19 September
<dd> Launch date for World Wide Web server. Mosaic becomes
supported PC software.
<dt> October
<dd> Default mail delivery (to <tt>york.ac.uk</tt>) moves from
vax to central unix systems.
<dt> Autumn
<dd> Colour scanner introduced on Figaro.
<dt> 31 December
<dd> 0.5" magnetic tape reader removed, all unclaimed data
destroyed.
</dl>
<h2>1995</h2>
<dl>
<dt> January
<dd> <a href="#tower">tower</a> upgraded to run an early release of
Irix 5.3, in an attempt to sort out the performance problems.
<dd> New PC classroom in Wentworth W/218, with 21 486 PCs, laser printer
and OHP projector screen.
<dd> Conversion of Langwith Library L/051 to PC classroom, using 16
386 machines from L/117, as well as the two vt420's from the college
library.
<dt> 17 April
<dd> Netscape introduced onto supported PCs, replacing Mosaic.
<dt> Easter
<dd> Dedicated mail and news server introduced: <tt>mailer.york.ac.uk</tt>.
(Silicon Graphics Indy SC(?))
<dt> 1 May
<dd> Computing Service and MIS (Management Information Systems) merge.
<dt> June
<dd> SuperJanet connection installed, offering 25 Mbit/s for incoming
traffic, and 4 Mbit/s for outgoing.
<dt> 30 June
<dd> <a href="#vax">VAX</a> service discontinued for users.
<dt> Summer
<dd> Withdrawal of experimental Gopher Server.
<dd> All Silicon Graphics systems upgraded to Irix 5.3.
<dd> Limits to resource use imposed on users of tower and ebor.
<dd> Transfer of printing from VAX to unix.
<dd> Transfer of news to a dedicated server: netty.york.ac.uk.
<dt> 30 September
<dd> Withdrawal of <a href="#word">WORD</a> system. A copy of
Wordperfect put onto the Sun database server <tt>skelder</tt>.
<dd> Departmental PADs cease to be supported.
<dt> October
<dd> Teaching classrooms D/114 and G/169 upgraded from terminals to 486 PCs.
G/169 gets 48, whilst D/114 gets 24.
<dt> Autumn
<dd> ADVAX5 introduced, a VAX processor redundant from elsewhere.
<dt> 18 December
<dd> Upgrade of dialup server to Xylogics Annex 4000.
</dl>
<h2>1996</h2>
<dl>
<dt> Spring
<dd> ADVAX6 introduced, a secondhand VAX processor. Another 8.6 Gb of
disk is added to the ADVAX cluster.
<dt> 30 June
<dd> Filestores of VAX and WORD systems withdrawn.
<dt> 14 October
<dd> Trial Windows 95 network introduced, unsupported W95 installation
onto machines with local hard drives. Development work continues
to try to create servers on existing Sun servers.
</dl>
<h2>1997</h2>
<dl>
<dt> January
<dd> Windows 95 classroom introduction postponed.
<dt> 7 January
<dd> WPS finally removed from ADVAX machines.
<dt> 28 May
<dd> Person(s) unknown break into <a href="#tower">tower</a>, give themselves
root access, and start up an IRC on it. York undergrad logs himself in
as root and shuts tower down. External access to central systems
is removed later in the week. (<a href="hacker.html">More info here.</a>)
<dt> Spring
<dd> PC's in L117 fitted with hard drives to allow use with W95.
<dd> G/169 projector removed.
<dt> Summer
<dd> Work continues on FDDI & ATM network installation.
<dt> October
<dd> Hard drives in all classroom PCs. Windows 95 installed on machines - PCs dual boot Win 3.1 or W95.
<dd> Central lineprinter withdrawn.
<dd> New central filers: <a href="#crypt">crypt1, crypt2</a> installed.
<dd> New mail and news servers: <a href="#pump">pump1, pump2</a> installed.
</dl>
<h2>1998</h2>
<dl>
<dt>Spring
<dd> Projectors installed in G/169, L/117 and D/114 classrooms.
<dd> New central colour laser printer - Lexmark Optra SC. Cost per
page (A4 only) is halved to 30p.
<dd> New YKMAN network linking the Univerities of Yorkshire and Humberside
is bought into use. York's link to SuperJANET is via the YKMAN network
to Leeds.
<dd> Library recall and overdue notices by email trail starts.
<dt>Easter
<dd> A/140 upgraded with PII machines, existing terminals cascaded to
G/169 and L/050.
<dd> ADVAX supplemented by ALPHA1 and ALPHA2, AlphaServer 4100 5/466 machines.
<dt>Summer
<dd> <a href="#ebor">ebor</a> and <a href="#tower">tower</a> replaced by
new Sun machines. Old machines still available as oldebor and oldtower.
<dd> New computer <a href="#mailer">mailer</a> dedicated
to mail and news reading by telnet.
<dd> Derwent Indigos replaced by new SGI O2s.
<dd> L/117 and D/114 PCs upgraded to PIIs, with soundcards, cd drives.
486 machines cascaded to Langwith library and G/169.
<dd> V/058 converted back to Computing Service PC classroom, also with PII machines.
<dd> HP8000DN printers for V/058, and to replace the King's Manor and Alcuin printers.
<dd> FDDI networking around campus upgraded to ATM technology and Vivid switches.
<dd> Firewall installed on the University internet connection.
<dd> Direct charging for Transatlantic network traffic imposed on University.
<dt>25 September
<dd> Windows 3.1 withdrawn from classroom PCs.
<dt>November
<dd> oldtower removed from service.
<dd> New server for King's Manor.
<dt>December
<dd> oldebor removed from service.
</dl>
<h2>1999</h2>
<dl>
<dt>Easter
<dd> Test network set up for year 2000 testing.
<dt>Spring
<dd> Controversial trail of advertising on classroom PCs.
<dd> Replacement printers in Derwent, L/050 and W/218, each an HP8000DN.
<dt>Summer
<dd> G/169, W/218, K/128 classrooms have new machines installed.
<dd> Extra networking installed to separate classroom and office services.
<dd> New filestore <a href="#crypt">crypt3</a> introduced, crypts 1 and 2
upgraded. Staff home directories moved to different server from
tought students'.
<dd> New mail server pump3.
<dd> Upgrade of network link to King's Manor from 2x2Mbit/s to 34Mbit/s.
<dt>24 September
<dd> Supported Windows 3.1 service withdrawn.
</dl>
<h1><a name="details">Computer Details</a></h1>
<h2><a name="dec">DECsystems</a></h2>
<p>Introduced in about 1972, later on there were two - a KS10 and a KL10.
The KS10 was apparently largely used by computer science, the KL by
the rest of the university.</p>
<h2><a name="vax">VAX</a></h2>
The first incarnation of the VAX at York was a two-processor
cluster, as reported in the University News Sheet Issue 190 (October 1986):
<blockquote>
<p><strong>VAX cluster for York</strong></p>
<p> The University has just replaced its DEC KL1090 computer system with a
VAX cluster. Initially the cluster consists of two processors:
an 8650 with 32 Mbytes of memory, and an 8200 with 8 Mbytes. They
run the VAX/VMS operating system and support 120 users. The processors
share disk and tape storage. There are two tape drives and twelve
Winchester disks with a total capacity of 6 Gbytes. Printing
facilities consist of a line printer and a laser printer. There
are no card or paper tape facilities on the system.</p>
<p> Fortran, Pascal, Basic, Simula, Cobol, C, and Ada are the languages
supported, and about 20 packages and libraries are available.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The tape drives were 6250/1600
bpi units. The line printer could churn out 600 lines per minute, the laser
printer a respectable 12 pages per minute.
Operating system was originally VMS 4.4(?), upgraded to 5.1-1 in 1989,
then to 5.2 and 5.3 in 1990, and 5.4 in 1991. </p>
<p>The two computers were called <tt>VAXA</tt> (the 8650) and
<tt>VAXB</tt> (the 8200). This original VAXB couldn't cope with the
load and was replaced by an 8550 within a year. From autumn 1988,
users could just type `<tt>CALL VAX</tt>' and were automatically connected
to the one with the lowest load.</p>
<p>TCP/IP (in the form of UCX) arrived on the Vax systems only after the
installation of Unix systems in the computing service and the threat or
promise of JIPS.</p>
<p>The two VAXen were removed in Summer 1993, but were replaced by a
single machine, <tt>vax</tt>. It is a Microvax 3100 model 90, about
four times more powerful than each of the old two. The old magnetic tape
drive was not attatched to the new VAX, as use of such tapes was
being phased out.</p>
<p>Readers of late-1980 era <i>Keynotes</i> may remember the cartoon
strip featuring the two VAXen talking to each other. Below are a few
excerpts:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt>``This isn't why I became a VAX... I wanted to work for NASA''
</dl>
<dl compact>
<dt> VAXA
<dd> What's 2 + 2?''
<dt> VAXB
<dd> ``I don't know, you're the clever one.''
</dl>
<p>What do all the letters mean? Here's a guide from the March 1990
<i>Keynotes</i>:</p>
<dl compact>
<dt> VAX
<dd> Virtual Architecture Extension. The type of computer used by the
Computing Service. So called because it was developed as as
`extension' to an older and simpler design of computer.
<dt> VMS
<dd> Virtual Memory System. The Operating System that runs on the VAX computer
and gives it its particular personality. VAXes can also run other
operaing systems, such as UNIX.
<dt> DEC
<dd> Digital Equipment Corporation. Also known as `Digital'. Manufacturers
of the VAX computer and the VMS operating system.
<dt> DCL
<dd> Digital Command Language. The normal user interface to the VMS operating
system. Also known as a `command interpreter'. This is the language
you use to give commands to the VAX to list directories, run
programs etc. The familiar $ prompt is a sign that the system is
waiting for a DCL command to execute. Some other command interpreters
exist - for example SHELL, which allows Unix-like commands to be
given instead of DCL.
</dl>
<p>Notable locally-developed VAX software included the BBS system
<strong>Jorvick</strong>, a
Bullet-III lookalike, though unlike BBS systems elsewhere this was never
really intended for outside access. Sadly, Jorvick was never
rewritten to run on tower, and some of the functionality has been taken over
by the newsgroups. There have also been a couple of attempts in the late 90s
to start a <a href="http://kipper.york.ac.uk/moo/">Campus Moo</a>, a multi-user
realtime world based
on the University (like a mud without the fighting). This never took off,
although we still have the database...</p>
<h2><a name="word">WORD</a></h2>
<p>VMS Wordperfect System, introduced in 1990 to take the load off of the
VAXcluster which was running WPS+. At first the system was WordPerfect 5.0 running
on 3 MicroVAX 3100 computers,
called <tt>WORDA</tt>, <tt>WORDB</tt> and <tt>WORDC</tt>. As with the
VAXcluster, users could type
`<tt>CALL WORD</tt>' and were connected to the one with the lowest load.
The software was upgraded to WordPerfect V5.1-1 in April 1992.</p>
<p>Along with the replacement of the VAX cluster in 1993, the WORD cluster
was also updated to a single, more powerful unit.</p>
<h2><a name="tower">tower</a></h2>
<p>Silicon Graphics Challenge system. 64 Mb memory, increased to 96 Mb 1992.
</p>
<p>When delivered, had four 33 MHz processors. Upgraded to eight in 1994
by adding four 44 MHz processors. At the same time, the memory was
doubled to 192 Mb.</p>
Replaced in 1994(?) by a newer machine, called for a while <tt>newtower</tt>
4x 200-MHz processors.</p>
<p>Replaced again in 1998, by a Sun Ultra10. 500 Mb memory, but only one
processor. (Fortunately, the similarly-specced mailer took most of the load
from tower).</p>
<h2><a name="ebor">ebor</a></h2>
<p>Delivered and installed circa July 1994.
Silicon Graphics 8x 150-MHz processor Challenge Deskside system.</p>
<p>Replaced in 1998 by a Sun Enterprise 3500, 6 processors at 366 MHz and
1 Gb memory.</p>
<h2><a name="goodram">goodram</a></h2>
<p>Auspex NS6000 file server, purchased late 1993. Central SUN-4 host
processor, with NFS traffic handled by microprocessor modules
interconnected by an Enhanced VMEbus backplane operating at 55MByte/s.
These are a File processor, an Ethernet Processor, an FDDI processor,
and the Storage processor. There is also an io cache. The Storage
processor can handle 20 SCSI devices. When delivered goodram had one
FDDI processor and one Ethernet processor, and 12Gb of disk space in 3Gb
disks. This was upgraded to 15Gb at the start of 1994.</p>
<h2><a name="pump">pump1, pump2</a></h2>
<p>Sun Ultrasparc 2200 servers, introduced in October 1997 to handle
news and mail respectively.</p>
<h2><a name="crypt">crypt1, crypt2, crypt3</a></h2>
<p>Network Appliance filers, the first 2 installed October 1997. Disk capacities were
36 Gb and 72 Gb respectively.</p>
<p>Upgraded and joined by a third in summer 1999, now F740 models. Total
space 160Gb.</p>
<p><strong>Related pages:</strong></p>
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<a href="computation.html">The first York computer</a><br>
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<a href="compsci.html">Computer Science Folklore</a><br>
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