To make a new directory use mkdir as
sudo mkdir directoryName
To change a directory use the cd command as
cd ./directoryName
to go to a inner directory and to move to a parent directory use cd /directory
like cd /Home
to go Home or cd /
to move to the previous one. See the below table for more info
Command | What it does |
---|---|
cd dirNm |
Go to directory |
cd or cd ~ |
Go to $HOME directory |
cd .. |
Go up a directory |
cd - |
Go to previous directory |
pwd |
Where am I - show current directory |
ls |
List contents of directory |
ls -alh |
What's here - list all files and folders |
mkdir dir_name |
Make a directory |
sudo rm -r dir_name |
Delete a directory and any files it contains |
To list the contents use ls ./directory
you can also do ls ./directory1/directory2
to list the contents of a child directory
whereas just typing ls
will show the contents of current directory. You can also refer ~
for the home directory
as ls ~/user/documents
nano
is a text editor that can be used to read/write files in the console, you can use sudo nano filename
to open a file where
the file is in current directory. To save a file press Ctrl+O
and to exit nano Ctrl+X
Use the MV command to move a file or directory as sudo mv <currentPath/filename> <newPath/filename>
Make sure the file/directory name is same else the mv command will rename the file/directory.
Command | What it does |
---|---|
rm somefilename.* |
Remove file or files |
mv {old-dir-name} {new-dir-name} |
Move or rename file |
cp existing_file.txt new_file.txt |
Copy file |
wget http://downloads.somedomain.com/... |
Download file |
Directory | Description |
---|---|
/ |
Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy. |
/bin |
Essential command binaries that need to be available in single user mode; for all users, e.g., cat, ls, cp. |
/boot |
Boot loader files, e.g., kernels, initrd. |
/dev |
Essential device files, e.g., /dev/null. |
/etc |
Host-specific system-wide configuration files |
/etc/opt |
Configuration files for add-on packages that are stored in /opt. |
/etc/sgml |
Configuration files, such as catalogs, for software that processes SGML. |
/etc/X11 |
Configuration files for the X Window System, version 11. |
/etc/xml |
Configuration files, such as catalogs, for software that processes XML. |
/home |
Users' home directories, containing saved files, personal settings, etc. |
/lib |
Libraries essential for the binaries in /bin and /sbin. |
/lib<qual> |
Alternate format essential libraries. Such directories are optional, but if they exist, they have some requirements. |
/media |
Mount points for removable media such as CD-ROMs (appeared in FHS-2.3 in 2004). |
/mnt |
Temporarily mounted filesystems. |
/opt |
Optional application software packages. |
/proc |
Virtual filesystem providing process and kernel information as files. In Linux, corresponds to a procfs mount. Generally automatically generated and populated by the system, on the fly. |
/root |
Home directory for the root user. |
/run |
Run-time variable data: Information about the running system since last boot, e.g., currently logged-in users and running daemons. |
/sbin |
Essential system binaries, e.g., fsck, init, route. |
/srv |
Site-specific data served by this system, such as data and scripts for web servers, data offered by FTP servers, and repositories for version control systems (appeared in FHS-2.3 in 2004). |
/sys |
Contains information about devices, drivers, and some kernel features.[7] |
/tmp |
Temporary files (see also /var/tmp). Often not preserved between system reboots, and may be severely size restricted. |
/usr |
Secondary hierarchy for read-only user data; contains the majority of (multi-)user utilities and applications.[8] |
/usr/bin |
Non-essential command binaries (not needed in single user mode); for all users. |
/usr/include |
Standard include files. |
/usr/lib |
Libraries for the binaries in /usr/bin and /usr/sbin. |
/usr/lib<qual> |
Alternate format libraries, e.g. /usr/lib32 for 32-bit libraries on a 64-bit machine (optional). |
/usr/local |
Tertiary hierarchy for local data, specific to this host. Typically has further subdirectories, e.g., bin, lib, share.[9] |
/usr/sbin |
Non-essential system binaries, e.g., daemons for various network-services. |
/usr/share |
Architecture-independent (shared) data. |
/usr/src |
Source code, e.g., the kernel source code with its header files. |
/usr/X11R6 |
X Window System, Version 11, Release 6 (up to FHS-2.3, optional). |
/var |
Variable files—files whose content is expected to continually change during normal operation of the system—such as logs, spool files, and temporary e-mail files. |
/var/cache |
Application cache data. Such data are locally generated as a result of time-consuming I/O or calculation. The application must be able to regenerate or restore the data. The cached files can be deleted without loss of data. |
/var/lib |
State information. Persistent data modified by programs as they run, e.g., databases, packaging system metadata, etc. |
/var/lock |
Lock files. Files keeping track of resources currently in use. |
/var/log |
Log files. Various logs. |
/var/mail |
Mailbox files. In some distributions, these files may be located in the deprecated /var/spool/mail. |
/var/opt |
Variable data from add-on packages that are stored in /opt. |
/var/run |
Run-time variable data. This directory contains system information data describing the system since it was booted.In FHS 3.0, /var/run is replaced by /run; a system should either continue to provide a /var/run directory, or provide a symbolic link from /var/run to /run, for backwards compatibility. |
/var/spool |
Spool for tasks waiting to be processed, e.g., print queues and outgoing mail queue. |
/var/spool/mail |
Deprecated location for users' mailboxes.[12] |
/var/tmp |
Temporary files to be preserved between reboots. |
sudo dd if=/dev/sda of=backup.img bs=1M
sudo dd bs=4M if=backup.img of=/dev/mmcblk0
if pv
is installed you may use
dd bs=4M if=backup.img | pv | dd of=/dev/sda