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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-CN" data-theme="light"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>SpringBoot（十）：配置文件详解 | 征蓬</title><meta name="keywords" content="SpringBoot"><meta name="author" content="huy"><meta name="copyright" content="huy"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><meta name="description" content="application 配置文件详解">
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<ol>
<li>
<p>提供了两种类型：properties 和 yml/yaml</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>默认配置文件名称：application</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>同一级目录下优先级位：properteis > yml > yaml</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>如果低优先级文件有高优先级文件没有的配置信息，也会生效</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="YML-YAML-语法和格式">YML/YAML 语法和格式</h2>
<h3 id="语法要求">语法要求</h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>大小写敏感</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>数据值前必须有空格作为分隔符</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>使用空格表示层级关系，相同缩进为一级</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>不允许使用 tab 缩进，必须使用空格（idea使用tab时默认产生4个空格）</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>缩进空格数不重要，只要相同层级的元素左侧对齐</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>使用 <code>#</code> 作为行注释</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>使用 ${key} 获取数据</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="数据格式">数据格式</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Map</p>
<figure class="highlight yml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 缩进写法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">person:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">name:</span> <span class="string">zhangsan</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 行内写法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">person:</span> {<span class="attr">name:</span> <span class="string">zhangsan</span>}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>数组（使用 <code>-</code> 表示每个元素）</p>
<figure class="highlight yml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 缩进写法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">address:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">beijing</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">shanghai</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 行内写法</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">address:</span> [<span class="string">beijing</span>,<span class="string">shanghai</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li>
<p>常量</p>
<figure class="highlight yml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 单引号不识别转义字符</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">msg1:</span> <span class="string">'hello \n world'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 双引号识别转义字符</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">msg2:</span> <span class="string">"hello \n world"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="获取配置文件内容">获取配置文件内容</h2>
<h3 id="application-yml-配置的数据">application.yml 配置的数据</h3>
<figure class="highlight yml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 测试用数据</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">name:</span> <span class="string">abc</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">person:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">name:</span> <span class="string">zhangsan</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">age:</span> <span class="number">20</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">address:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">beijing</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">shanghai</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">address:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">beijing</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="bullet">-</span> <span class="string">shanghai</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">msg1:</span> <span class="string">'hello \n world'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">msg2:</span> <span class="string">"hello \n world"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Value">@Value</h3>
<p>需要手动单独配置每个属性注入，属性太多时比较繁琐。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Value("${name}")</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span> String stringName;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Value("${person.name}")</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span> String personName;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Value("${person.age}")</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span> String personAge;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@RequestMapping("/getConfigAttribute")</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> Result <span class="title">getString</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> JSONObject jsonObject = <span class="keyword">new</span> JSONObject(<span class="keyword">new</span> LinkedHashMap<>());</span><br><span class="line"> jsonObject.put(<span class="string">"普通字符串"</span>, stringName);</span><br><span class="line"> jsonObject.put(<span class="string">"map - key"</span>, personName);</span><br><span class="line"> jsonObject.put(<span class="string">"map - value"</span>, personAge);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> ResultGenerator.genSuccessResult(jsonObject, <span class="string">"获取 yml 文件配置的数据"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>
<p>只注入一次即可，使用时需要指定属性名。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Resource</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span> Environment environment;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@RequestMapping("/getConfigAttribute")</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> Result <span class="title">getString</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> System.out.println(environment.getProperty(<span class="string">"msg1"</span>));</span><br><span class="line"> System.out.println(environment.getProperty(<span class="string">"msg2"</span>));</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> ResultGenerator.genSuccessResult(<span class="string">"hello"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="ConfigurationProperties">@ConfigurationProperties</h3>
<p>配置内容和对象绑定。</p>
<div class="tabs" id="test"><ul class="nav-tabs"><li class="tab active"><button type="button" data-href="#test-1">新建实体类</button></li><li class="tab"><button type="button" data-href="#test-2">Controller 测试</button></li></ul><div class="tab-contents"><div class="tab-item-content active" id="test-1"><p>注解 <code>@ConfigurationProperties</code> 必须要指定前缀，否则会识别到其他同名的属性。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Component</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "person")</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Person</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> String name;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> age;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> String[] address;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 省去 getter/setter 和 toString() </span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><button type="button" class="tab-to-top" aria-label="scroll to top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></button></div><div class="tab-item-content" id="test-2"><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Resource</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span> Person person;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@RequestMapping("/getConfigAttribute")</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> Result <span class="title">getString</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> JSONObject jsonObject = <span class="keyword">new</span> JSONObject(<span class="keyword">new</span> LinkedHashMap<>());</span><br><span class="line"> jsonObject.put(<span class="string">"person"</span>, person);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> ResultGenerator.genSuccessResult(jsonObject, <span class="string">"获取 yml 文件配置的数据"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><button type="button" class="tab-to-top" aria-label="scroll to top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></button></div></div></div>
<h2 id="profile">profile</h2>
<p>动态切换开发、测试、生产环境的配置文件。</p>
<p>yml 一个文件下配置多个环境时，必须使用 <code>---</code> 分隔。</p>
<h3 id="配置和激活方式">配置和激活方式</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>配置文件</p>
<div class="tabs" id="test4"><ul class="nav-tabs"><li class="tab active"><button type="button" data-href="#test4-1">初始配置文件</button></li><li class="tab"><button type="button" data-href="#test4-2">创建新的配置文件</button></li></ul><div class="tab-contents"><div class="tab-item-content active" id="test4-1"><p>此处指定生效的配置文件为 dev 后缀。</p>
<figure class="highlight yml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">server:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">port:</span> <span class="number">8081</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">spring:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">profiles:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">active:</span> <span class="string">dev</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><button type="button" class="tab-to-top" aria-label="scroll to top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></button></div><div class="tab-item-content" id="test4-2"><p>文件名为：<strong>application-dev.yml</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight yml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">server:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">port:</span> <span class="number">8082</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><button type="button" class="tab-to-top" aria-label="scroll to top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>虚拟机参数</p>
<div class="tabs" id="test4"><ul class="nav-tabs"><li class="tab active"><button type="button" data-href="#test4-1">配置文件</button></li><li class="tab"><button type="button" data-href="#test4-2">IDEA配置虚拟机参数</button></li></ul><div class="tab-contents"><div class="tab-item-content active" id="test4-1"><p>文件名为：<strong>application.yml</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight yml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">---</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">server:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">port:</span> <span class="number">8083</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">spring:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">config:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">activate:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">on-profile:</span> <span class="string">test1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">---</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">server:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">port:</span> <span class="number">8084</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">spring:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">config:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">activate:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">on-profile:</span> <span class="string">test2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><button type="button" class="tab-to-top" aria-label="scroll to top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></button></div><div class="tab-item-content" id="test4-2"><p>虚拟机参数：<code>-Dspring.profiles.active=test1</code></p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/LazyLutra/imgBed/main/profileExample.png" alt="虚拟机参数配置示例"></p><button type="button" class="tab-to-top" aria-label="scroll to top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></button></div></div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>命令行参数</p>
<div class="tabs" id="test4"><ul class="nav-tabs"><li class="tab active"><button type="button" data-href="#test4-1">配置文件</button></li><li class="tab"><button type="button" data-href="#test4-2">命令行参数</button></li></ul><div class="tab-contents"><div class="tab-item-content active" id="test4-1"><p>文件名为：<strong>application.yml</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight yml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">---</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">server:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">port:</span> <span class="number">8083</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">spring:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">config:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">activate:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">on-profile:</span> <span class="string">test1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">---</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">server:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">port:</span> <span class="number">8084</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">spring:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">config:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">activate:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">on-profile:</span> <span class="string">test2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><button type="button" class="tab-to-top" aria-label="scroll to top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></button></div><div class="tab-item-content" id="test4-2"><p>命令行参数或者在命令行启动项目 jar 包时使用该命令：<code>--spring.profiles.active=test2</code>。</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/LazyLutra/imgBed/main/profileExample2.png" alt="命令行参数配置示例"></p><button type="button" class="tab-to-top" aria-label="scroll to top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></button></div></div></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="内部配置加载顺序">内部配置加载顺序</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：<br>
1. 同级目录下存在两个同名配置文件时，优先读取 properties。<br>
2. 存在多个配置文件时为互补的关系，高优先级文件中没有的部分会由优先级文件的配置补充。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>按照优先级由高到低排列：</p>
<ol>
<li><em>file:./config/</em> 当前项目下的 config 目录</li>
<li><em>file:./</em> 当前项目的根目录</li>
<li><em>classpath:./config/</em> classpath 下的 config 目录</li>
<li><em>classpath: classpath</em> 的根目录</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="外部配置加载顺序">外部配置加载顺序</h2>
<p>官方文档位置：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/2.6.7/reference/htmlsingle/#features.external-config">Spring Boot Reference Documentation</a></p>
</article><div class="post-copyright"><div class="post-copyright__author"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章作者: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="mailto:undefined">huy</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__type"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章链接: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="http://example.com/45852.html">http://example.com/45852.html</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__notice"><span class="post-copyright-meta">版权声明: </span><span class="post-copyright-info">本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明来自 <a href="http://example.com" target="_blank">征蓬</a>！</span></div></div><div class="tag_share"><div class="post-meta__tag-list"><a class="post-meta__tags" href="/tags/SpringBoot/">SpringBoot</a></div><div class="post_share"><div class="social-share" data-image="/pics/scenery/02.jpg" data-sites="facebook,twitter,wechat,weibo,qq"></div><link 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class="toc-text">语法要求</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">数据格式</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">获取配置文件内容</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#application-yml-%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">application.yml 配置的数据</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Value"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">@Value</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Environment"><span class="toc-number">3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">Environment</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#ConfigurationProperties"><span class="toc-number">3.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">@ConfigurationProperties</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#profile"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">profile</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%92%8C%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BB%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">配置和激活方式</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%8A%A0%E8%BD%BD%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">内部配置加载顺序</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%8A%A0%E8%BD%BD%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span 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