diff --git a/luisa_compute/src/lang.rs b/luisa_compute/src/lang.rs
index 5eb6764..23ca818 100644
--- a/luisa_compute/src/lang.rs
+++ b/luisa_compute/src/lang.rs
@@ -291,6 +291,7 @@ impl_aggregate_for_tuple!(T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15)
 pub(crate) struct FnRecorder {
     pub(crate) parent: Option<FnRecorderPtr>,
     pub(crate) scopes: Vec<IrBuilder>,
+    pub(crate) kernel_id: usize,
     pub(crate) captured_resources: IndexMap<Binding, (usize, NodeRef, Binding, Arc<dyn Any>)>,
     pub(crate) cpu_custom_ops: IndexMap<u64, (usize, CArc<CpuCustomOp>)>,
     pub(crate) callables: IndexMap<u64, CallableModuleRef>,
@@ -335,7 +336,7 @@ impl FnRecorder {
             node
         }
     }
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(kernel_id: usize) -> Self {
         FnRecorder {
             scopes: vec![],
             captured_resources: IndexMap::new(),
@@ -349,6 +350,7 @@ impl FnRecorder {
             arena: Bump::new(),
             building_kernel: false,
             callable_ret_type: None,
+            kernel_id,
             parent: None,
         }
     }
@@ -398,7 +400,7 @@ fn make_safe_node(node: NodeRef) -> SafeNodeRef {
     with_recorder(|r| SafeNodeRef {
         recorder: r as *mut _,
         node,
-        kernel_id: KERNEL_ID.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed),
+        kernel_id: r.kernel_id,
     })
 }
 /// check if the node belongs to the current kernel/callable
@@ -407,12 +409,13 @@ fn process_potential_capture(node: SafeNodeRef) -> SafeNodeRef {
     if node.node.is_user_data() {
         return node;
     }
-    let cur_kernel_id = KERNEL_ID.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
-    assert_eq!(
-        cur_kernel_id, node.kernel_id,
-        "Referencing node from another kernel!"
-    );
+
     with_recorder(|r| {
+        let cur_kernel_id = r.kernel_id;
+        assert_eq!(
+            cur_kernel_id, node.kernel_id,
+            "Referencing node from another kernel!"
+        );
         let ptr = r as *mut _;
         // defined in same callable, no need to capture
         if ptr == node.recorder {
@@ -421,10 +424,10 @@ fn process_potential_capture(node: SafeNodeRef) -> SafeNodeRef {
         r.map_captured_vars(node)
     })
 }
-pub(crate) fn push_recorder() {
-    let mut new = Rc::new(RefCell::new(FnRecorder::new()));
+pub(crate) fn push_recorder(kernel_id: usize) {
     RECORDER.with(|r| {
         let mut r = r.borrow_mut();
+        let new = Rc::new(RefCell::new(FnRecorder::new(kernel_id)));
         let old = std::mem::replace(&mut *r, Some(new.clone()));
         new.borrow_mut().parent = old;
     })
diff --git a/luisa_compute/src/runtime.rs b/luisa_compute/src/runtime.rs
index eb25e08..92fb78c 100644
--- a/luisa_compute/src/runtime.rs
+++ b/luisa_compute/src/runtime.rs
@@ -1305,8 +1305,12 @@ impl<S: CallableSignature> DynCallable<S> {
                 let r = r_ptr.as_mut().unwrap();
                 r.borrow().device.clone().unwrap()
             };
+            let kernel_id = r_ptr.as_ref().unwrap().borrow().kernel_id;
             (
-                std::mem::replace(&mut *r_ptr, Some(Rc::new(RefCell::new(FnRecorder::new())))),
+                std::mem::replace(
+                    &mut *r_ptr,
+                    Some(Rc::new(RefCell::new(FnRecorder::new(kernel_id)))),
+                ),
                 device.upgrade().unwrap(),
             )
         });
diff --git a/luisa_compute/src/runtime/kernel.rs b/luisa_compute/src/runtime/kernel.rs
index 3748879..41ca6b7 100644
--- a/luisa_compute/src/runtime/kernel.rs
+++ b/luisa_compute/src/runtime/kernel.rs
@@ -187,14 +187,21 @@ macro_rules! impl_kernel_param_for_tuple {
 impl_kernel_param_for_tuple!(T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15);
 impl KernelBuilder {
     pub fn new(device: Option<crate::runtime::Device>, is_kernel: bool) -> Self {
-        RECORDER.with(|r| {
+        let kernel_id = RECORDER.with(|r| {
             let r = r.borrow();
             if is_kernel {
                 assert!(r.is_none(), "Cannot record a kernel inside another kernel");
-                KERNEL_ID.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+                KERNEL_ID.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+            } else {
+                let r = r.as_ref();
+                if let Some(r) = r {
+                    r.borrow().kernel_id
+                } else {
+                    KERNEL_ID.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+                }
             }
         });
-        push_recorder();
+        push_recorder(kernel_id);
         with_recorder(|r| {
             r.device = device.as_ref().map(|d| WeakDevice::new(d));
             r.pools = CArc::new(ModulePools::new());
@@ -554,7 +561,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_callable {
             pub fn new_static(f:fn($($Ts,)*)->R)->Self  where fn($($Ts,)*)->R :CallableBuildFn<fn($($Ts,)*)->R> {
                 let r_backup = RECORDER.with(|r| {
                     let mut r = r.borrow_mut();
-                    std::mem::replace(&mut *r, Some(Rc::new(RefCell::new(FnRecorder::new()))))
+                    let kernel_id = r.as_ref().unwrap().borrow().kernel_id;
+                    std::mem::replace(&mut *r, Some(Rc::new(RefCell::new(FnRecorder::new(kernel_id)))))
                 });
                 let mut builder = KernelBuilder::new(None, false);
                 let raw_callable = CallableBuildFn::build_callable(&f, None, &mut builder);