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<!DOCTYPE html><html>
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<title>2 Lexical Structure‣ Modelica® - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for Systems Modeling Language Specification Version 3.4</title>
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<span class="ltx_ref ltx_ref_self"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">2 </span>Lexical Structure</span></span>
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<a href="#S3" title="2.3 Identifiers, Names, and Keywords ‣ Chapter 2 Lexical Structure ‣ Modelica® - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for Systems Modeling Language Specification Version 3.4" class="ltx_ref"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">2.3 </span>Identifiers, Names, and Keywords</span></a>
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<a href="#S4" title="2.4 Literal Constants ‣ Chapter 2 Lexical Structure ‣ Modelica® - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for Systems Modeling Language Specification Version 3.4" class="ltx_ref"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">2.4 </span>Literal Constants</span></a>
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<a href="MSL.html" title="Modelica® - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for Systems Modeling Language Specification Version 3.4" class="ltx_ref" rel="up"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title">Modelica® - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for Systems Modeling<span class="ltx_text"> </span>Language Specification<span class="ltx_text"> </span>Version 3.4</span></a><a href="Ch1.html" title="Chapter 1 Introduction ‣ Modelica® - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for Systems Modeling Language Specification Version 3.4" class="ltx_ref" rel="prev"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">1 </span>Introduction</span></a><a href="Ch3.html" title="Chapter 3 Operators and Expressions ‣ Modelica® - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for Systems Modeling Language Specification Version 3.4" class="ltx_ref" rel="next"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">3 </span>Operators and Expressions</span></a>
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<div class="ltx_page_content">
<section class="ltx_chapter ltx_authors_1line">
<h1 class="ltx_title ltx_title_chapter">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_chapter">Chapter 2 </span>Lexical Structure</h1>
<div class="ltx_date ltx_role_creation"></div>
<div id="p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">This chapter describes several of the basic building blocks of Modelica
such as characters and lexical units including identifiers and literals.
Without question, the smallest building blocks in Modelica are single
characters belonging to a character set. Characters are combined to form
lexical units, also called tokens. These tokens are detected by the
lexical analysis part of the Modelica translator. Examples of tokens are
literal constants, identifiers, and operators. Comments are not really
lexical units since they are eventually discarded. On the other hand,
comments are detected by the lexical analyzer before being thrown away.</p>
</div>
<div id="p2" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">The information presented here is derived from the more formal
specification in Appendix B.</p>
</div>
<section id="S1" class="ltx_section">
<h2 class="ltx_title ltx_title_section">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_section">2.1 </span>Character Set</h2>
<div id="S1.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">The character set of the Modelica language is Unicode, but restricted to
the Unicode characters corresponding to 7-bit ASCII characters in
several places; for details see Appendix B.1.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="S2" class="ltx_section">
<h2 class="ltx_title ltx_title_section">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_section">2.2 </span>Comments</h2>
<div id="S2.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">There are two kinds of comments in Modelica which are not lexical units
in the language and therefore are treated as whitespace by a Modelica
translator. The whitespace characters are space, tabulator, and line
separators (carriage return and line feed); and whitespace cannot occur
inside tokens, e.g., <= must be written as two characters
without space or comments between them. [<em class="ltx_emph">The comment syntax is
identical to that of C++</em>]. The following comment variants are
available:</p>
</div>
<div id="S2.p2" class="ltx_para">
<div class="ltx_listing ltx_lst_language_modelica ltx_lstlisting ltx_listing" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;">
<div class="ltx_listing_data"><a href="data:text/plain;base64,Ly8gY29tbWVudCBDaGFyYWN0ZXJzIGZyb20gLy8gdG8gdGhlIGVuZCBvZiB0aGUgbGluZSBhcmUg%0AaWdub3JlZC4KLyogY29tbWVudCAqLyBDaGFyYWN0ZXJzIGJldHdlZW4gLyogYW5kICovIGFyZSBp%0AZ25vcmVkLCBpbmNsdWRpbmcgbGluZSB0ZXJtaW5hdG9ycy4=%0A">⬇</a></div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_comment" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">//<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>comment<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>Characters<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>from<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>//<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>to<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>the<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>end<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>of<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>the<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>line<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>are<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>ignored.</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_comment" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">/*<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>comment<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>*/</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">Characters</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">between</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_comment" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">/*<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>and<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>*/</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">are</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">ignored</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">,</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">including</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">line</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">terminators.</span>
</div>
</div>
<p class="ltx_p">Modelica comments do not nest, i.e., /* */ cannot be embedded within /* */. The following is <em class="ltx_emph">invalid</em>:</p>
<div class="ltx_listing ltx_lst_language_modelica ltx_lstlisting ltx_listing" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;">
<div class="ltx_listing_data"><a href="data:text/plain;base64,LyogQ29tbWVudGVkIG91dCAtIGVycm9uZW91cyBjb21tZW50LCBpbnZhbGlkIG5lc3Rpbmcgb2Yg%0AY29tbWVudHMhCiAvKiBUaGlzIGlzIGEgaW50ZXJlc3RpbmcgbW9kZWwgKi8KICBtb2RlbCBpbnRl%0AcmVzdGluZwogICAuLi4KICBlbmQgaW50ZXJlc3Rpbmc7Ciov%0A">⬇</a></div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_comment" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">/*<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>Commented<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>out<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>-<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>erroneous<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>comment,<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>invalid<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>nesting<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>of<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>comments!</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">/*</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">This</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">is</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">a</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">interesting</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">model</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#006600;">*/</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_keywords2 ltx_font_bold" style="font-size:80%;color:#000066;">model</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">interesting</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">…</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_keywords2 ltx_font_bold" style="font-size:80%;color:#000066;">end</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">interesting</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">;</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">*/</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="S2.p3" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">There is also a kind of ‘‘documentation comment,’’ really a
<em class="ltx_emph">documentation string</em> that is part of the Modelica language and
therefore not ignored by the Modelica translator. Such ‘‘comments’’ may
occur at the ends of declarations, equations, or statements or at the
beginning of class definitions. For example:</p>
</div>
<div id="S2.p4" class="ltx_para">
<div class="ltx_listing ltx_lst_language_modelica ltx_lstlisting ltx_listing" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;">
<div class="ltx_listing_data"><a href="data:text/plain;base64,bW9kZWwgVGVtcFJlc2lzdG9yICJUZW1wZXJhdHVyZSBkZXBlbmRlbnQgcmVzaXN0b3IiCiAgLi4u%0ACiAgcGFyYW1ldGVyIFJlYWwgUiAiUmVzaXN0YW5jZSBmb3IgcmVmZXJlbmNlIHRlbXAuIjsKICAu%0ALi4KZW5kIFRlbXBSZXNpc3Rvcjs=%0A">⬇</a></div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_keywords2 ltx_font_bold" style="font-size:80%;color:#000066;">model</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">TempResistor</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_string" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"Temperature<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>dependent<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>resistor"</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">…</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_keywords2 ltx_font_bold" style="font-size:80%;color:#000066;">parameter</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_keywords3" style="font-size:80%;color:#E60000;">Real</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">R</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_string" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"Resistance<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>for<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>reference<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>temp."</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">;</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">…</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_keywords2 ltx_font_bold" style="font-size:80%;color:#000066;">end</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">TempResistor</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">;</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="S3" class="ltx_section">
<h2 class="ltx_title ltx_title_section">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_section">2.3 </span>Identifiers, Names, and Keywords</h2>
<div id="S3.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p"><em class="ltx_emph">Identifiers</em> are sequences of letters, digits, and other
characters such as underscore, which are used for <em class="ltx_emph">naming</em> various
items in the language. Certain combinations of letters are
<em class="ltx_emph">keywords</em> represented as <em class="ltx_emph">reserved</em> words in the Modelica
grammar and are therefore not available as identifiers.</p>
</div>
<section id="S3.SS1" class="ltx_subsection">
<h3 class="ltx_title ltx_title_subsection">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_subsection">2.3.1 </span>Identifiers</h3>
<div id="S3.SS1.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">Modelica <em class="ltx_emph">identifiers</em>, used for naming classes, variables,
constants, and other items, are of two forms. The first form always
start with a letter or underscore (_), followed by any number of
letters, digits, or underscores. Case is significant, i.e., the names
Inductor and inductor are different. The second form (Q-IDENT) starts
with a single quote, followed by a sequence of any printable ASCII
character, where single-quote must be preceded by backslash, and
terminated by a single quote, e.g. ’12H’, ’13\’H’,
’+foo’. Control characters in quoted identifiers have to use string
escapes. The single quotes are part of the identifier, i.e., ’x’ and x
are distinct identifiers, but the redundant escapes (’\?’
and ’\"’) are the same as the corresponding non-escaped
variants (’?’ and ’"’). The following BNF-like rules define Modelica
identifiers, where curly brackets {} indicate repetition zero or more
times, and vertical bar | indicates alternatives. A full BNF
definition of the Modelica syntax and lexical units is available in
Appendix B.</p>
</div>
<div id="S3.SS1.p2" class="ltx_para">
<div class="ltx_listing ltx_lst_language_grammar ltx_lstlisting ltx_listing" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;">
<div class="ltx_listing_data"><a href="data:text/plain;base64,SURFTlQgICA9IE5PTkRJR0lUIHsgRElHSVQgfCBOT05ESUdJVCB9IHwgUS1JREVOVApRLUlERU5U%0AID0gIiciIHsgUS1DSEFSIHwgUy1FU0NBUEUgfCAiIiIgfSAiJyIKTk9ORElHSVQgPSAiXyIgfCBs%0AZXR0ZXJzICJhIiAuLi4gInoiIHwgbGV0dGVycyAiQSIgLi4uICJaIgpESUdJVCAgICA9IDAgfCAx%0AIHwgMiB8IDMgfCA0IHwgNSB8IDYgfCA3IHwgOCB8IDkKUS1DSEFSID0gTk9ORElHSVQgfCBESUdJ%0AVCB8ICIhIiB8ICIjIiB8ICIkIiB8ICIlIiB8ICImIiB8ICIoIiB8ICIpIiB8ICIqIiB8ICIrIiB8%0AICIsIiB8ICItIiB8ICIuIiB8ICIvIiB8ICI6IiB8ICI7IiB8ICI8IiB8ICI+IiB8ICI9IiB8ICI/%0AIiB8ICJAIiB8ICJbIiB8ICJdIiB8ICJeIiB8ICJ7IiB8ICJ9IiAgfCAifCIgfCAifiIgfCAiICJf%0AClMtRVNDQVBFID0gIlwnIiB8ICJcIiIgfCAiXD8iIHwgIlxcIiB8ICJcYSIgfCAiXGIiIHwgIlxm%0AIiB8ICJcbiIgfCAiXHIiIHwgIlx0IiB8ICJcdiI=%0A">⬇</a></div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">IDENT</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">=</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">NONDIGIT</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">{</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">DIGIT</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">NONDIGIT</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">}</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">Q</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">-</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">IDENT</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">Q</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">-</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">IDENT</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">=</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_string" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"’"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">{</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">Q</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">-</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">CHAR</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">S</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">-</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">ESCAPE</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_string" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">""</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_string" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>}<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space"> </span>"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_string" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">’"</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">NONDIGIT</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">=</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"_"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">letters</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"a"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">…</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"z"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">letters</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"A"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">…</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"Z"</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">DIGIT</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">=</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">0</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">1</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">2</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">3</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">4</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">5</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">6</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">7</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">8</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">9</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">Q-CHAR</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">=</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">NONDIGIT</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">DIGIT</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"!"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"#"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"$"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"%"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"&"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"("</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">")"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"*"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"+"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">","</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"-"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"."</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"/"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">":"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">";"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"<"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">">"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"="</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"?"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"@"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"["</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"]"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"^"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"{"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"}"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"|"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"~"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"_</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">S-ESCAPE</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">=</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\’"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\""</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\?"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\\"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\a"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\b"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\f"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\n"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\r"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\t"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">|</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"\v"’</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="S3.SS2" class="ltx_subsection">
<h3 class="ltx_title ltx_title_subsection">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_subsection">2.3.2 </span>Names</h3>
<div id="S3.SS2.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">A <em class="ltx_emph">name</em> is an identifier with a certain interpretation or meaning.
For example, a name may denote an Integer variable, a Real variable, a
function, a type, etc. A name may have different meanings in different
parts of the code, i.e., different scopes. The interpretation of
identifiers as names is described in more detail in Chapter 5. The
meaning of package names is described in more detail in Chapter 13.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="S3.SS3" class="ltx_subsection">
<h3 class="ltx_title ltx_title_subsection">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_subsection">2.3.3 </span>Modelica Keywords</h3>
<div id="S3.SS3.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">The following Modelica <em class="ltx_emph">keywords</em> are reserved words and may not be
used as identifiers, except as listed in Appendix B.1:</p>
</div>
<figure id="T1" class="ltx_table">
<table class="ltx_tabular">
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">algorithm</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">discrete</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">false</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">loop</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">pure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">and</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">each</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">final</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">model</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">record</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">annotation</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">else</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">flow</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">not</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">redeclare</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td"></td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">elseif</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">for</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">operator</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">replaceable</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">block</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">elsewhen</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">function</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">or</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">return</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">break</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">encapsulated</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">if</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">outer</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">stream</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">class</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">end</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">import</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">output</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">then</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">connect</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">enumeration</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">impure</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">package</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">true</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">connector</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">equation</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">in</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">parameter</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">type</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">constant</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">expandable</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">initial</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">partial</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">when</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">constrainedby</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">extends</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">inner</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">protected</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">while</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">der</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">external</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">input</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">public</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">within</td>
</tr>
</table>
</figure>
</section>
</section>
<section id="S4" class="ltx_section">
<h2 class="ltx_title ltx_title_section">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_section">2.4 </span>Literal Constants</h2>
<div id="S4.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">Literal constants are unnamed constants that have different forms
depending on their type. Each of the predefined types in Modelica has a
way of expressing unnamed constants of the corresponding type, which is
presented in the ensuing subsections. Additionally, array literals and
record literals can be expressed.</p>
</div>
<section id="S4.SS1" class="ltx_subsection">
<h3 class="ltx_title ltx_title_subsection">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_subsection">2.4.1 </span>Floating Point Numbers</h3>
<div id="S4.SS1.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">A floating point number is expressed as a decimal number in the form of
a sequence of decimal digits optionally followed by a decimal point,
optionally followed by an exponent. At least one digit must be present.
The exponent is indicated by an E or e, followed by an optional sign (+
or -) and one or more decimal digits. The minimal recommended range is
that of IEEE double precision floating point numbers, for which the
largest representable positive number is 1.7976931348623157E+308 and the
smallest positive number is 2.2250738585072014E-308. For example, the
following are floating point number literal constants:</p>
</div>
<div id="S4.SS1.p2" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">22.5, 3.141592653589793, 1.2E-35</p>
</div>
<div id="S4.SS1.p3" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">The same floating point number can be represented by different literals.
For example, all of the following literals denote the same number:</p>
</div>
<div id="S4.SS1.p4" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">13., 13E0, 1.3e1, 0.13E2</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="S4.SS2" class="ltx_subsection">
<h3 class="ltx_title ltx_title_subsection">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_subsection">2.4.2 </span>Integer Literals</h3>
<div id="S4.SS2.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">Literals of type Integer are sequences of decimal digits, e.g. as in the
integer numbers 33, 0, 100, 30030044. [<em class="ltx_emph">Negative numbers are
formed by unary minus followed by an integer literal</em>]. The minimal
recommended number range is from -2147483648 to +2147483647 for a
two’s-complement 32-bit integer implementation.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="S4.SS3" class="ltx_subsection">
<h3 class="ltx_title ltx_title_subsection">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_subsection">2.4.3 </span>Boolean Literals</h3>
<div id="S4.SS3.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">The two Boolean literal values are true and false.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="S4.SS4" class="ltx_subsection">
<h3 class="ltx_title ltx_title_subsection">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_subsection">2.4.4 </span>Strings</h3>
<div id="S4.SS4.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">String literals appear between double quotes as in "between". Any
character in the Modelica language character set (see appendix B.1 for
allowed characters) apart from double quote (") and backslash
(\), including new-line, can be <em class="ltx_emph">directly</em> included
in a string without using an escape code. Certain characters in string
literals can be represented using escape codes, i.e., the character is
preceded by a backslash (\) within the string. Those
characters are:</p>
</div>
<figure id="T2" class="ltx_table">
<table class="ltx_tabular">
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\’</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">single quote may also appear without backslash in
string constants.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\"</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">double quote</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\?</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">question-mark may also appear without backslash in
string constants.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\\</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">backslash itself</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\a</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">alert (bell, code 7, ctrl-G)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\b</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">backspace (code 8, ctrl-H)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\f</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">form feed (code 12, ctrl-L)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\n</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">new-line (code 10, ctrl-J)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\r</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">return (code 13, ctrl-M)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\t</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">horizontal tab (code 9, ctrl-I)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ltx_tr">
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">\v</td>
<td class="ltx_td ltx_align_left">vertical tab (code 11, ctrl-K)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</figure>
<div id="S4.SS4.p2" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">For example, a string literal containing a tab, the words: This is,
double quote, space, the word: between, double quote, space, the word:
us, and new-line, would appear as follows:</p>
</div>
<div id="S4.SS4.p3" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">"\tThis is\" between\"
us\n"</p>
</div>
<div id="S4.SS4.p4" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">Concatenation of string literals in certain situations (see the Modelica
grammar) is denoted by the + operator in Modelica, e.g. "a" + "b"
becomes "ab". This is useful for expressing long string literals that
need to be written on several lines.</p>
</div>
<div id="S4.SS4.p5" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">[<em class="ltx_emph">Note, if the contents of a file is read into a Modelica string,
it is assumed that the reading function is responsible to handle the
different line ending symbols on file (e.g. on Linux systems to have a
‘‘newline’’ character at the end of a line and on Windows systems to
have a ‘‘newline’’ and a ‘‘carriage return’’ character. As usual in
programming languages, the content of a file in a Modelica string only
contains the ‘‘newline’’ character. </em>]</p>
</div>
<div id="S4.SS4.p6" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">[<em class="ltx_emph">For long string comments, e.g., the ‘‘info’’ annotation to store
the documentation of a model, it would be very inconvenient, if the
string concatenation operator would have to be used for every line of
documentation. It is assumed that a Modelica tool supports the
non-printable ‘‘newline’’ character when browsing or editing a string
literal. For example, the following statement defines one string that
contains (non-printable) newline characters:</em></p>
</div>
<div id="S4.SS4.p7" class="ltx_para">
<div class="ltx_listing ltx_lst_language_modelica ltx_lstlisting ltx_listing" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;">
<div class="ltx_listing_data"><a href="data:text/plain;base64,ICBhc3NlcnQobm9FdmVudChsZW5ndGggPiBzX3NtYWxsKSwgIgpUaGUgZGlzdGFuY2UgYmV0d2Vl%0AbiB0aGUgb3JpZ2luIG9mIGZyYW1lX2EgYW5kIHRoZSBvcmlnaW4Kb2YgZnJhbWVfYiBvZiBhIExp%0AbmVGb3JjZVdpdGhNYXNzIGNvbXBvbmVudCBiZWNhbWUgc21hbGxlcgp0aGFuIHBhcmFtZXRlciBz%0AX3NtYWxsICAoPSBhIHNtYWxsIG51bWJlciwgZGVmaW5lZCBpbiB0aGUKXCJBZHZhbmNlZFwiIG1l%0AbnUpLiBUaGUgZGlzdGFuY2UgaXMgc2V0IHRvIHNfc21hbGwsIGFsdGhvdWdoCml0IGlzIHNtYWxs%0AZXIsIHRvIGF2b2lkIGEgZGl2aXNpb24gYnkgemVybyB3aGVuIGNvbXB1dGluZyB0aGUKZGlyZWN0%0AaW9uIG9mIHRoZSBsaW5lIGZvcmNlLiIsCmxldmVsID0gQXNzZXJ0aW9uTGV2ZWwud2FybmluZyk7%0A">⬇</a></div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_keywords2 ltx_font_bold" style="font-size:80%;color:#000066;">assert</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">(</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_keywords3" style="font-size:80%;color:#E60000;">noEvent</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">(</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">length</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">></span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">s_small</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">),</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_string" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">"</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">The</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">distance</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">between</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">the</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">origin</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">of</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">frame_a</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">and</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">the</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">origin</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">of</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">frame_b</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">of</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">a</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">LineForceWithMass</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">component</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">became</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">smaller</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">than</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">parameter</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">s_small</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">(=</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">a</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">small</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">number,</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">defined</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">in</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">the</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">\"Advanced\"</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">menu).</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">The</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">distance</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">is</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">set</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">to</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">s_small,</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">although</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">it</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">is</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">smaller,</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">to</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">avoid</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">a</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">division</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">by</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">zero</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">when</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">computing</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">the</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">direction</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">of</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">the</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">line</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;color:#000000;">force."</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">,</span>
</div>
<div class="ltx_listingline">
<span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">level</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">=</span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_space" style="font-size:80%;"> </span><span class="ltx_text ltx_lst_identifier" style="font-size:80%;">AssertionLevel.warning</span><span class="ltx_text" style="font-size:80%;">);</span>
</div>
</div>
<p class="ltx_p"><em class="ltx_emph"></em>]</p>
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</section>
</section>
<section id="S5" class="ltx_section">
<h2 class="ltx_title ltx_title_section">
<span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_section">2.5 </span>Operator Symbols</h2>
<div id="S5.p1" class="ltx_para">
<p class="ltx_p">The predefined operator symbols are formally defined on page 255 and
summarized in the table of operators in Section <a href="Ch3.html#S2" title="3.2 Operator Precedence and Associativity ‣ Chapter 3 Operators and Expressions ‣ Modelica® - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for Systems Modeling Language Specification Version 3.4" class="ltx_ref"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_tag">3.2</span></a>.</p>
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<a href="Ch1.html" title="Chapter 1 Introduction ‣ Modelica® - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for Systems Modeling Language Specification Version 3.4" class="ltx_ref" rel="prev"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">1 </span>Introduction</span></a><a href="Ch3.html" title="Chapter 3 Operators and Expressions ‣ Modelica® - A Unified Object-Oriented Language for Systems Modeling Language Specification Version 3.4" class="ltx_ref" rel="next"><span class="ltx_text ltx_ref_title"><span class="ltx_tag ltx_tag_ref">3 </span>Operators and Expressions</span></a>
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