diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 078676580..000000000
--- a/tests/vaults/VaultOps.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,672 +0,0 @@
-import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
-import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
-import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
-import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
-import type { FileTree } from '@/vaults/types';
-import type { ContentNode, TreeNode } from '@/vaults/types';
-import type { ErrorMessage } from '@/client/types';
-import fs from 'fs';
-import path from 'path';
-import os from 'os';
-import { EncryptedFS, Stat } from 'encryptedfs';
-import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
-import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
-import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
-import * as fileTree from '@/vaults/fileTree';
-import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
-import * as vaultsErrors from '@/vaults/errors';
-import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
-import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
-import * as testNodesUtils from '../nodes/utils';
-
-describe('VaultOps', () => {
-  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
-
-  const secretName = 'secret';
-  const secretNameNew = 'secret-new';
-  const secretContent = 'secret-content';
-  const secretContentNew = 'secret-content-new';
-  const dirName = 'dir';
-
-  let dataDir: string;
-  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
-  let vaultId: VaultId;
-  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
-  let vault: Vault;
-  let db: DB;
-  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
-  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
-  const dummyKeyRing = {
-    getNodeId: () => {
-      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
-    },
-  } as KeyRing;
-
-  beforeEach(async () => {
-    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
-      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
-    );
-    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
-    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
-    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
-      dbKey,
-      dbPath,
-      logger,
-    });
-    await baseEfs.start();
-
-    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
-    await baseEfs.mkdir(
-      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
-      {
-        recursive: true,
-      },
-    );
-    db = await DB.createDB({
-      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
-      logger,
-    });
-    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
-    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
-      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
-      vaultId,
-      efs: baseEfs,
-      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
-      fresh: true,
-      db,
-      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
-      vaultName: 'VaultName',
-    });
-    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
-  });
-  afterEach(async () => {
-    await vaultInternal.stop();
-    await vaultInternal.destroy();
-    await db.stop();
-    await db.destroy();
-    await baseEfs.stop();
-    await baseEfs.destroy();
-    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
-      force: true,
-      recursive: true,
-    });
-  });
-
-  async function writeSecret(secretPath: string, contents: string) {
-    return await vault.writeF(async (efs) => {
-      await vaultsUtils.mkdirExists(efs, path.dirname(secretPath));
-      await efs.writeFile(secretPath, contents);
-    });
-  }
-
-  async function readSecret(path: string) {
-    return await vault.readF(async (efs) => {
-      return await efs.readFile(path);
-    });
-  }
-
-  async function expectSecret(path: string, contentsExpected: string) {
-    const contentsSecretP = readSecret(path);
-    await expect(contentsSecretP).resolves.toBeDefined();
-    const contentsSecretValue = (await contentsSecretP).toString();
-    expect(contentsSecretValue).toBe(contentsExpected);
-  }
-
-  async function expectSecretNot(path: string) {
-    const contentsSecretP = readSecret(path);
-    await expect(contentsSecretP).rejects.toThrow(
-      'ENOENT: no such file or directory',
-    );
-  }
-
-  async function mkdir(path: string) {
-    return await vault.writeF(async (efs) => {
-      await vaultsUtils.mkdirExists(efs, path);
-    });
-  }
-
-  async function expectDirExists(path: string) {
-    return await vault.readF(async (efs) => {
-      const dirP = efs.readdir(path);
-      await expect(dirP).resolves.toBeDefined();
-    });
-  }
-
-  async function expectDirExistsNot(path: string) {
-    return await vault.readF(async (efs) => {
-      const dirP = efs.readdir(path);
-      await expect(dirP).rejects.toThrow('ENOENT');
-    });
-  }
-
-  // Adding secrets
-  describe('addSecret', () => {
-    test('adding a secret', async () => {
-      await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
-      await expectSecret(secretName, secretContent);
-    });
-    test('add a secret under an existing directory', async () => {
-      await mkdir(dirName);
-      const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
-      await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
-      await expectSecret(secretPath, secretContent);
-    });
-    test('add a secret creating directory', async () => {
-      const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
-      await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
-      await expectSecret(secretPath, secretContent);
-    });
-    test(
-      'adding a secret multiple times',
-      async () => {
-        for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
-          const name = `${secretName}+${i}`;
-          await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, name, secretContent);
-          await expectSecret(name, secretContent);
-        }
-      },
-      globalThis.defaultTimeout * 4,
-    );
-    test('adding a secret that already exists should fail', async () => {
-      await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
-      const addSecretP = vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
-      await expect(addSecretP).rejects.toThrow(
-        vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretDefined,
-      );
-    });
-  });
-  describe('updateSecret', () => {
-    test('updating secret content', async () => {
-      await writeSecret(secretName, secretContent);
-      await vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, secretName, secretContentNew);
-      await expectSecret(secretName, secretContentNew);
-    });
-    test('updating secret content within a directory', async () => {
-      const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
-      await writeSecret(secretPath, secretContent);
-      await vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContentNew);
-      await expectSecret(secretPath, secretContentNew);
-    });
-    test(
-      'updating a secret multiple times',
-      async () => {
-        await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, 'secret-1', 'secret-content');
-        await writeSecret(secretName, secretContent);
-        for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
-          const contentNew = `${secretContentNew}${i}`;
-          await vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, secretName, contentNew);
-          await expectSecret(secretName, contentNew);
-        }
-      },
-      globalThis.defaultTimeout * 2,
-    );
-    test('updating a secret that does not exist should fail', async () => {
-      await expect(
-        vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, secretName, secretContentNew),
-      ).rejects.toThrow(vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretUndefined);
-    });
-  });
-  describe('renameSecret', () => {
-    test('renaming a secret', async () => {
-      await writeSecret(secretName, secretContent);
-      await vaultOps.renameSecret(vault, secretName, secretNameNew);
-      await expectSecretNot(secretName);
-      await expectSecret(secretNameNew, secretContent);
-    });
-    test('renaming a secret within a directory', async () => {
-      const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
-      const secretPathNew = path.join(dirName, secretNameNew);
-      await writeSecret(secretPath, secretContent);
-      await vaultOps.renameSecret(vault, secretPath, secretPathNew);
-      await expectSecretNot(secretPath);
-      await expectSecret(secretPathNew, secretContent);
-    });
-    test('renaming a secret that does not exist should fail', async () => {
-      await expect(
-        vaultOps.renameSecret(vault, secretName, secretNameNew),
-      ).rejects.toThrow(vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretUndefined);
-    });
-  });
-  describe('getSecret', () => {
-    test('can get a secret', async () => {
-      await writeSecret(secretName, secretContent);
-      const secret = await vaultOps.getSecret(vault, secretName);
-      expect(secret.toString()).toBe(secretContent);
-    });
-    test('getting a secret that does not exist should fail', async () => {
-      await expect(vaultOps.getSecret(vault, secretName)).rejects.toThrow(
-        vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretUndefined,
-      );
-    });
-    test('getting a directory should fail', async () => {
-      await mkdir(dirName);
-      await expect(vaultOps.getSecret(vault, dirName)).rejects.toThrow(
-        vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsIsDirectory,
-      );
-    });
-  });
-  describe('statSecret', () => {
-    test('can get stat of a secret', async () => {
-      await writeSecret(secretName, secretContent);
-      const stat = await vaultOps.statSecret(vault, secretName);
-      expect(stat).toBeInstanceOf(Stat);
-      expect(stat.nlink).toBe(1);
-    });
-    test('can get stat of a directory', async () => {
-      await mkdir(dirName);
-      const stat = await vaultOps.statSecret(vault, dirName);
-      expect(stat).toBeInstanceOf(Stat);
-    });
-    test('getting stat of secret that does not exist should fail', async () => {
-      await expect(vaultOps.statSecret(vault, secretName)).rejects.toThrow(
-        vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretUndefined,
-      );
-    });
-  });
-  describe('deleteSecret', () => {
-    test('deleting a secret', async () => {
-      await writeSecret(secretName, secretContent);
-      await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [secretName]);
-      await expectSecretNot(secretName);
-    });
-    test('deleting a secret in a directory', async () => {
-      const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
-      await writeSecret(secretPath, secretContent);
-      await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [secretPath]);
-      await expectSecretNot(secretPath);
-      await expectDirExists(dirName);
-    });
-    test('deleting a directory', async () => {
-      await mkdir(dirName);
-      await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [dirName]);
-      await expectDirExistsNot(dirName);
-    });
-    test('deleting a directory with a file should fail', async () => {
-      const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
-      await writeSecret(secretPath, secretContent);
-      await expect(vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [dirName])).rejects.toThrow(
-        vaultsErrors.ErrorVaultsRecursive,
-      );
-    });
-    test('deleting a directory with force', async () => {
-      const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
-      await writeSecret(secretPath, secretContent);
-      await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [dirName], { recursive: true });
-      await expectDirExistsNot(dirName);
-    });
-    test('deleting a secret that does not exist should fail', async () => {
-      await expect(vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [secretName])).rejects.toThrow(
-        vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretUndefined,
-      );
-    });
-    test('deleting multiple secrets', async () => {
-      const secretNames = ['secret1', 'secret2', 'secret3'];
-      for (const secretName of secretNames) {
-        await writeSecret(secretName, secretName);
-      }
-      await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, secretNames);
-      for (const secretName of secretNames) {
-        await expectSecretNot(secretName);
-      }
-    });
-    test('deleting multiple secrets should add only one new log message', async () => {
-      const secretNames = ['secret1', 'secret2', 'secret3'];
-      for (const secretName of secretNames) {
-        await writeSecret(secretName, secretName);
-      }
-      const logLength = (await vault.log()).length;
-      await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, secretNames);
-      for (const secretName of secretNames) {
-        await expectSecretNot(secretName);
-      }
-      expect((await vault.log()).length).toBe(logLength + 1);
-    });
-  });
-  describe('mkdir', () => {
-    test('can create directory', async () => {
-      const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, dirName);
-      expect(response.type).toEqual('success');
-      await expectDirExists(dirName);
-    });
-    test('can create recursive directory', async () => {
-      const dirPath = path.join(dirName, dirName);
-      const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, dirPath, {
-        recursive: true,
-      });
-      expect(response.type).toEqual('success');
-      await expectDirExists(dirPath);
-    });
-    test('creating directories fails without recursive', async () => {
-      const dirPath = path.join(dirName, dirName);
-      const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, dirPath);
-      expect(response.type).toEqual('error');
-      const error = response as ErrorMessage;
-      expect(error.code).toEqual('ENOENT');
-      await expectDirExistsNot(dirPath);
-    });
-    test('creating existing directory should fail', async () => {
-      await mkdir(dirName);
-      const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, dirName);
-      expect(response.type).toEqual('error');
-      const error = response as ErrorMessage;
-      expect(error.code).toEqual('EEXIST');
-    });
-    test('creating existing secret should fail', async () => {
-      await writeSecret(secretName, secretContent);
-      const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, secretName);
-      expect(response.type).toEqual('error');
-      const error = response as ErrorMessage;
-      expect(error.code).toEqual('EEXIST');
-      await expectSecret(secretName, secretContent);
-    });
-  });
-  describe('addSecretDirectory', () => {
-    test('adding a directory of 1 secret', async () => {
-      const secretDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
-        path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'secret-directory-'),
-      );
-      const secretDirName = path.basename(secretDir);
-      const name = 'secret';
-      const content = keysUtils.getRandomBytes(5);
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(path.join(secretDir, name), content);
-
-      await vaultOps.addSecretDirectory(vault, secretDir, fs);
-      await expect(
-        vault.readF((efs) => efs.readdir(secretDirName)),
-      ).resolves.toContain('secret');
-
-      await fs.promises.rm(secretDir, {
-        force: true,
-        recursive: true,
-      });
-    });
-    test('adding a directory with subdirectories and files', async () => {
-      const secretDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
-        path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'secret-directory-'),
-      );
-      const secretDirName = path.basename(secretDir);
-      await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir1'));
-      await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'dir2'));
-      await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir3'));
-
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(path.join(secretDir, 'secret1'), 'secret1');
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(
-        path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'secret2'),
-        'secret2',
-      );
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(
-        path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'secret3'),
-        'secret3',
-      );
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(
-        path.join(secretDir, 'dir3', 'secret4'),
-        'secret4',
-      );
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(
-        path.join(secretDir, 'dir3', 'secret5'),
-        'secret5',
-      );
-
-      await vaultOps.addSecretDirectory(vault, path.join(secretDir), fs);
-      const list = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
-      expect(list.sort()).toStrictEqual(
-        [
-          path.join(secretDirName, 'secret1'),
-          path.join(secretDirName, 'dir1', 'secret2'),
-          path.join(secretDirName, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'secret3'),
-          path.join(secretDirName, 'dir3', 'secret4'),
-          path.join(secretDirName, 'dir3', 'secret5'),
-        ].sort(),
-      );
-
-      await fs.promises.rm(secretDir, {
-        force: true,
-        recursive: true,
-      });
-    });
-    test('testing the errors handling of adding secret directories', async () => {
-      const secretDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
-        path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'secret-directory-'),
-      );
-      const secretDirName = path.basename(secretDir);
-      await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir1'));
-      await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'dir2'));
-      await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir3'));
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(path.join(secretDir, 'secret1'), 'secret1');
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(
-        path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'secret2'),
-        'secret2',
-      );
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(
-        path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'secret3'),
-        'secret3',
-      );
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(
-        path.join(secretDir, 'dir3', 'secret4'),
-        'secret4',
-      );
-      await fs.promises.writeFile(
-        path.join(secretDir, 'dir3', 'secret5'),
-        'secret5',
-      );
-
-      await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, secretDirName, { recursive: true });
-      await vaultOps.addSecret(
-        vault,
-        path.join(secretDirName, 'secret1'),
-        'blocking-secret',
-      );
-      await vaultOps.addSecretDirectory(vault, secretDir, fs);
-      const list = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
-      expect(list.sort()).toStrictEqual(
-        [
-          path.join(secretDirName, 'secret1'),
-          path.join(secretDirName, 'dir1', 'secret2'),
-          path.join(secretDirName, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'secret3'),
-          path.join(secretDirName, 'dir3', 'secret4'),
-          path.join(secretDirName, 'dir3', 'secret5'),
-        ].sort(),
-      );
-
-      await fs.promises.rm(secretDir, {
-        force: true,
-        recursive: true,
-      });
-    });
-  });
-  describe('listSecrets', () => {
-    test('can list secrets', async () => {
-      const secretName1 = `${secretName}1`;
-      const secretName2 = `${secretName}2`;
-      await writeSecret(secretName1, secretContent);
-      await writeSecret(secretName2, secretContent);
-
-      const secretList = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
-      expect(secretList).toInclude(secretName1);
-      expect(secretList).toInclude(secretName2);
-    });
-    test('empty directories are not listed', async () => {
-      const dirName1 = `${dirName}1`;
-      const dirName2 = `${dirName}2`;
-      await mkdir(dirName1);
-      await mkdir(dirName2);
-
-      const secretList = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
-      expect(secretList).toHaveLength(0);
-    });
-    test('secrets in directories are listed', async () => {
-      const secretPath1 = path.join(dirName, `${secretName}1`);
-      const secretPath2 = path.join(dirName, `${secretName}2`);
-      await writeSecret(secretPath1, secretContent);
-      await writeSecret(secretPath2, secretContent);
-
-      const secretList = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
-      expect(secretList).toInclude(secretPath1);
-      expect(secretList).toInclude(secretPath2);
-    });
-    test('empty vault list no secrets', async () => {
-      const secretList = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
-      expect(secretList).toHaveLength(0);
-    });
-  });
-  describe('writeSecret', () => {
-    const secretName = 'secret';
-    const secretContent = 'secret-content';
-    const newSecretContent = 'updated-secret-content';
-
-    test('updates existing secret', async () => {
-      await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
-      await vaultOps.writeSecret(vault, secretName, newSecretContent);
-      const result = await vaultOps.getSecret(vault, secretName);
-      expect(result.toString()).toStrictEqual(newSecretContent);
-    });
-
-    test('creates new secret if it does not exist', async () => {
-      await vaultOps.writeSecret(vault, secretName, newSecretContent);
-      const result = await vaultOps.getSecret(vault, secretName);
-      expect(result.toString()).toStrictEqual(newSecretContent);
-    });
-  });
-  test('adding hidden files and directories', async () => {
-    await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, '.hiddenSecret', 'hidden_contents');
-    await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, '.hiddenDir', { recursive: true });
-    await vaultOps.addSecret(
-      vault,
-      '.hiddenDir/.hiddenInSecret',
-      'hidden_inside',
-    );
-    const list = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
-    expect(list.sort()).toStrictEqual(
-      ['.hiddenSecret', '.hiddenDir/.hiddenInSecret'].sort(),
-    );
-  });
-  test(
-    'updating and deleting hidden files and directories',
-    async () => {
-      await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, '.hiddenSecret', 'hidden_contents');
-      await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, '.hiddenDir', { recursive: true });
-      await vaultOps.addSecret(
-        vault,
-        '.hiddenDir/.hiddenInSecret',
-        'hidden_inside',
-      );
-      await vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, '.hiddenSecret', 'change_contents');
-      await vaultOps.updateSecret(
-        vault,
-        '.hiddenDir/.hiddenInSecret',
-        'change_inside',
-      );
-      await vaultOps.renameSecret(vault, '.hiddenSecret', '.hidingSecret');
-      await vaultOps.renameSecret(vault, '.hiddenDir', '.hidingDir');
-      let list = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
-      expect(list.sort()).toStrictEqual(
-        ['.hidingSecret', '.hidingDir/.hiddenInSecret'].sort(),
-      );
-      expect(
-        (await vaultOps.getSecret(vault, '.hidingSecret')).toString(),
-      ).toStrictEqual('change_contents');
-      expect(
-        (
-          await vaultOps.getSecret(vault, '.hidingDir/.hiddenInSecret')
-        ).toString(),
-      ).toStrictEqual('change_inside');
-      await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, ['.hidingSecret'], {
-        recursive: true,
-      });
-      await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, ['.hidingDir'], { recursive: true });
-      list = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
-      expect(list.sort()).toStrictEqual([].sort());
-    },
-    globalThis.defaultTimeout * 4,
-  );
-
-  describe('fileTree', () => {
-    const relativeBase = '.';
-    const dir1: string = 'dir1';
-    const dir11: string = path.join(dir1, 'dir11');
-    const file0b: string = 'file0.b';
-    const file1a: string = path.join(dir1, 'file1.a');
-    const file2b: string = path.join(dir1, 'file2.b');
-    const file3a: string = path.join(dir11, 'file3.a');
-    const file4b: string = path.join(dir11, 'file4.b');
-
-    beforeEach(async () => {
-      await vault.writeF(async (fs) => {
-        await fs.promises.mkdir(dir1);
-        await fs.promises.mkdir(dir11);
-        await fs.promises.writeFile(file0b, 'content-file0');
-        await fs.promises.writeFile(file1a, 'content-file1');
-        await fs.promises.writeFile(file2b, 'content-file2');
-        await fs.promises.writeFile(file3a, 'content-file3');
-        await fs.promises.writeFile(file4b, 'content-file4');
-      });
-    });
-
-    test('globWalk works with efs', async () => {
-      const files = await vault.readF(async (fs) => {
-        const tree: FileTree = [];
-        for await (const treeNode of fileTree.globWalk({
-          fs: fs,
-          basePath: '.',
-          yieldDirectories: true,
-          yieldFiles: true,
-          yieldParents: true,
-          yieldRoot: true,
-        })) {
-          tree.push(treeNode);
-        }
-        return tree.map((v) => v.path ?? '');
-      });
-      expect(files).toContainAllValues([
-        relativeBase,
-        dir1,
-        dir11,
-        file0b,
-        file1a,
-        file2b,
-        file3a,
-        file4b,
-      ]);
-    });
-    test('serializer with content works with efs', async () => {
-      const data = await vault.readF(async (fs) => {
-        const fileTreeGen = fileTree.globWalk({
-          fs,
-          yieldStats: false,
-          yieldRoot: false,
-          yieldFiles: true,
-          yieldParents: true,
-          yieldDirectories: true,
-        });
-        const data: Array<TreeNode | ContentNode | Uint8Array> = [];
-        const parserTransform = fileTree.parserTransformStreamFactory();
-        const serializedStream = fileTree.serializerStreamFactory(
-          fs,
-          fileTreeGen,
-          true,
-        );
-        const outputStream = serializedStream.pipeThrough(parserTransform);
-        for await (const output of outputStream) {
-          data.push(output);
-        }
-        return data;
-      });
-      const contents = data
-        .filter((v) => v instanceof Uint8Array)
-        .map((v) => Buffer.from(v as Uint8Array).toString());
-      const contentHeaders = data.filter(
-        (v) => !(v instanceof Uint8Array) && v.type === 'CONTENT',
-      ) as Array<ContentNode>;
-      expect(contents).toIncludeAllMembers([
-        'content-file0',
-        'content-file1',
-        'content-file2',
-        'content-file3',
-        'content-file4',
-      ]);
-      for (const contentHeader of contentHeaders) {
-        expect(contentHeader.dataSize).toBe(13n);
-      }
-    });
-  });
-});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps/addSecret.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/addSecret.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..462eb6cbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/addSecret.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
+import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
+import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import os from 'os';
+import { EncryptedFS } from 'encryptedfs';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
+import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
+import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
+import * as vaultsErrors from '@/vaults/errors';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../../nodes/utils';
+import * as testVaultsUtils from '../utils';
+
+describe('addSecret', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
+
+  const secretName = 'secret';
+  const secretNameHidden = '.secret';
+  const secretContent = 'secret-content';
+  const dirName = 'dir';
+
+  let dataDir: string;
+  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+  let vaultId: VaultId;
+  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+  let vault: Vault;
+  let db: DB;
+  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+  const dummyKeyRing = {
+    getNodeId: () => {
+      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+    },
+  } as KeyRing;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
+    );
+    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+      dbKey,
+      dbPath,
+      logger,
+    });
+    await baseEfs.start();
+
+    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+    await baseEfs.mkdir(
+      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+      {
+        recursive: true,
+      },
+    );
+    db = await DB.createDB({
+      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+      logger,
+    });
+    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+      vaultId,
+      efs: baseEfs,
+      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+      fresh: true,
+      db,
+      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+      vaultName: 'VaultName',
+    });
+    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+  });
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await vaultInternal.stop();
+    await vaultInternal.destroy();
+    await db.stop();
+    await db.destroy();
+    await baseEfs.stop();
+    await baseEfs.destroy();
+    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('adding a secret', async () => {
+    await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+  });
+  test('add a secret under an existing directory', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.mkdir(vault, dirName);
+    const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
+    await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
+  });
+  test('add a secret creating directory', async () => {
+    const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
+    await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
+  });
+  test(
+    'adding a secret multiple times',
+    async () => {
+      for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+        const name = `${secretName}+${i}`;
+        await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, name, secretContent);
+        await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, name, secretContent);
+      }
+    },
+    globalThis.defaultTimeout * 4,
+  );
+  test('adding a secret that already exists should fail', async () => {
+    await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+    const addSecretP = vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+    await expect(addSecretP).rejects.toThrow(
+      vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretDefined,
+    );
+  });
+  test('adding a hidden secret', async () => {
+    await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretNameHidden, secretContent);
+    const list = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
+    expect(list).toContain(secretNameHidden);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps/addSecretDirectory.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/addSecretDirectory.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7a8ff757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/addSecretDirectory.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
+import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
+import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import os from 'os';
+import { EncryptedFS } from 'encryptedfs';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
+import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
+import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../../nodes/utils';
+
+describe('addSecretDirectory', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
+
+  let dataDir: string;
+  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+  let vaultId: VaultId;
+  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+  let vault: Vault;
+  let db: DB;
+  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+  const dummyKeyRing = {
+    getNodeId: () => {
+      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+    },
+  } as KeyRing;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
+    );
+    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+      dbKey,
+      dbPath,
+      logger,
+    });
+    await baseEfs.start();
+
+    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+    await baseEfs.mkdir(
+      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+      {
+        recursive: true,
+      },
+    );
+    db = await DB.createDB({
+      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+      logger,
+    });
+    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+      vaultId,
+      efs: baseEfs,
+      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+      fresh: true,
+      db,
+      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+      vaultName: 'VaultName',
+    });
+    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+  });
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await vaultInternal.stop();
+    await vaultInternal.destroy();
+    await db.stop();
+    await db.destroy();
+    await baseEfs.stop();
+    await baseEfs.destroy();
+    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('adding a directory of 1 secret', async () => {
+    const secretDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'secret-directory-'),
+    );
+    const secretDirName = path.basename(secretDir);
+    const name = 'secret';
+    const content = keysUtils.getRandomBytes(5);
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(path.join(secretDir, name), content);
+
+    await vaultOps.addSecretDirectory(vault, secretDir, fs);
+    await expect(
+      vault.readF((efs) => efs.readdir(secretDirName)),
+    ).resolves.toContain('secret');
+
+    await fs.promises.rm(secretDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+  test('adding a directory with subdirectories and files', async () => {
+    const secretDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'secret-directory-'),
+    );
+    const secretDirName = path.basename(secretDir);
+    await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir1'));
+    await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'dir2'));
+    await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir3'));
+
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(path.join(secretDir, 'secret1'), 'secret1');
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(
+      path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'secret2'),
+      'secret2',
+    );
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(
+      path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'secret3'),
+      'secret3',
+    );
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(
+      path.join(secretDir, 'dir3', 'secret4'),
+      'secret4',
+    );
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(
+      path.join(secretDir, 'dir3', 'secret5'),
+      'secret5',
+    );
+
+    await vaultOps.addSecretDirectory(vault, path.join(secretDir), fs);
+    const list = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
+    expect(list.sort()).toStrictEqual(
+      [
+        path.join(secretDirName, 'secret1'),
+        path.join(secretDirName, 'dir1', 'secret2'),
+        path.join(secretDirName, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'secret3'),
+        path.join(secretDirName, 'dir3', 'secret4'),
+        path.join(secretDirName, 'dir3', 'secret5'),
+      ].sort(),
+    );
+
+    await fs.promises.rm(secretDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+  test('testing the errors handling of adding secret directories', async () => {
+    const secretDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'secret-directory-'),
+    );
+    const secretDirName = path.basename(secretDir);
+    await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir1'));
+    await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'dir2'));
+    await fs.promises.mkdir(path.join(secretDir, 'dir3'));
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(path.join(secretDir, 'secret1'), 'secret1');
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(
+      path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'secret2'),
+      'secret2',
+    );
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(
+      path.join(secretDir, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'secret3'),
+      'secret3',
+    );
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(
+      path.join(secretDir, 'dir3', 'secret4'),
+      'secret4',
+    );
+    await fs.promises.writeFile(
+      path.join(secretDir, 'dir3', 'secret5'),
+      'secret5',
+    );
+
+    await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, secretDirName, { recursive: true });
+    await vaultOps.addSecret(
+      vault,
+      path.join(secretDirName, 'secret1'),
+      'blocking-secret',
+    );
+    await vaultOps.addSecretDirectory(vault, secretDir, fs);
+    const list = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
+    expect(list.sort()).toStrictEqual(
+      [
+        path.join(secretDirName, 'secret1'),
+        path.join(secretDirName, 'dir1', 'secret2'),
+        path.join(secretDirName, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'secret3'),
+        path.join(secretDirName, 'dir3', 'secret4'),
+        path.join(secretDirName, 'dir3', 'secret5'),
+      ].sort(),
+    );
+
+    await fs.promises.rm(secretDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps/deleteSecret.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/deleteSecret.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ffbe1cdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/deleteSecret.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
+import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
+import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import os from 'os';
+import { EncryptedFS } from 'encryptedfs';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
+import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
+import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
+import * as vaultsErrors from '@/vaults/errors';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../../nodes/utils';
+import * as testVaultsUtils from '../utils';
+
+describe('deleteSecret', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
+
+  const secretName = 'secret';
+  const secretNameHidden = '.secret';
+  const secretContent = 'secret-content';
+  const dirName = 'dir';
+  const dirNameHidden = '.dir';
+
+  let dataDir: string;
+  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+  let vaultId: VaultId;
+  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+  let vault: Vault;
+  let db: DB;
+  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+  const dummyKeyRing = {
+    getNodeId: () => {
+      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+    },
+  } as KeyRing;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
+    );
+    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+      dbKey,
+      dbPath,
+      logger,
+    });
+    await baseEfs.start();
+
+    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+    await baseEfs.mkdir(
+      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+      {
+        recursive: true,
+      },
+    );
+    db = await DB.createDB({
+      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+      logger,
+    });
+    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+      vaultId,
+      efs: baseEfs,
+      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+      fresh: true,
+      db,
+      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+      vaultName: 'VaultName',
+    });
+    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+  });
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await vaultInternal.stop();
+    await vaultInternal.destroy();
+    await db.stop();
+    await db.destroy();
+    await baseEfs.stop();
+    await baseEfs.destroy();
+    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('deleting a secret', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [secretName]);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecretNot(vault, secretName);
+  });
+  test('deleting a secret in a directory', async () => {
+    const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [secretPath]);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecretNot(vault, secretPath);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectDirExists(vault, dirName);
+  });
+  test('deleting a directory', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.mkdir(vault, dirName);
+    await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [dirName]);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectDirExistsNot(vault, dirName);
+  });
+  test('deleting a directory with a file should fail', async () => {
+    const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
+    await expect(vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [dirName])).rejects.toThrow(
+      vaultsErrors.ErrorVaultsRecursive,
+    );
+  });
+  test('deleting a directory with force', async () => {
+    const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [dirName], { recursive: true });
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectDirExistsNot(vault, dirName);
+  });
+  test('deleting a secret that does not exist should fail', async () => {
+    await expect(vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [secretName])).rejects.toThrow(
+      vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretUndefined,
+    );
+  });
+  test('deleting multiple secrets', async () => {
+    const secretNames = ['secret1', 'secret2', 'secret3'];
+    for (const secretName of secretNames) {
+      await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName, secretName);
+    }
+    await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, secretNames);
+    for (const secretName of secretNames) {
+      await testVaultsUtils.expectSecretNot(vault, secretName);
+    }
+  });
+  test('deleting multiple secrets should add only one new log message', async () => {
+    const secretNames = ['secret1', 'secret2', 'secret3'];
+    for (const secretName of secretNames) {
+      await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName, secretName);
+    }
+    const logLength = (await vault.log()).length;
+    await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, secretNames);
+    for (const secretName of secretNames) {
+      await testVaultsUtils.expectSecretNot(vault, secretName);
+    }
+    expect((await vault.log()).length).toBe(logLength + 1);
+  });
+  test('deleting a hidden secret', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretNameHidden, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [secretNameHidden]);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecretNot(vault, secretNameHidden);
+  });
+  test('deleting a hidden secret in a hidden directory', async () => {
+    const secretPathHidden = path.join(dirNameHidden, secretNameHidden);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretPathHidden, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [secretPathHidden]);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecretNot(vault, secretPathHidden);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectDirExists(vault, dirNameHidden);
+  });
+  test('deleting a hidden directory', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.mkdir(vault, dirNameHidden);
+    await vaultOps.deleteSecret(vault, [dirNameHidden]);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectDirExistsNot(vault, dirNameHidden);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps/getSecret.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/getSecret.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bca1f1fd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/getSecret.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
+import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
+import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import os from 'os';
+import { EncryptedFS } from 'encryptedfs';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
+import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
+import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
+import * as vaultsErrors from '@/vaults/errors';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../../nodes/utils';
+import * as testVaultsUtils from '../utils';
+
+describe('getSecret', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
+
+  const secretName = 'secret';
+  const secretNameHidden = '.secret';
+  const secretContent = 'secret-content';
+  const dirName = 'dir';
+
+  let dataDir: string;
+  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+  let vaultId: VaultId;
+  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+  let vault: Vault;
+  let db: DB;
+  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+  const dummyKeyRing = {
+    getNodeId: () => {
+      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+    },
+  } as KeyRing;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
+    );
+    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+      dbKey,
+      dbPath,
+      logger,
+    });
+    await baseEfs.start();
+
+    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+    await baseEfs.mkdir(
+      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+      {
+        recursive: true,
+      },
+    );
+    db = await DB.createDB({
+      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+      logger,
+    });
+    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+      vaultId,
+      efs: baseEfs,
+      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+      fresh: true,
+      db,
+      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+      vaultName: 'VaultName',
+    });
+    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+  });
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await vaultInternal.stop();
+    await vaultInternal.destroy();
+    await db.stop();
+    await db.destroy();
+    await baseEfs.stop();
+    await baseEfs.destroy();
+    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('can get a secret', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+    const secret = await vaultOps.getSecret(vault, secretName);
+    expect(secret.toString()).toBe(secretContent);
+  });
+  test('getting a secret that does not exist should fail', async () => {
+    await expect(vaultOps.getSecret(vault, secretName)).rejects.toThrow(
+      vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretUndefined,
+    );
+  });
+  test('getting a directory should fail', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.mkdir(vault, dirName);
+    await expect(vaultOps.getSecret(vault, dirName)).rejects.toThrow(
+      vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsIsDirectory,
+    );
+  });
+  test('can get a hidden secret', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretNameHidden, secretContent);
+    const secret = await vaultOps.getSecret(vault, secretNameHidden);
+    expect(secret.toString()).toBe(secretContent);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps/listSecrets.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/listSecrets.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56f3aff0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/listSecrets.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
+import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
+import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import os from 'os';
+import { EncryptedFS } from 'encryptedfs';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
+import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
+import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../../nodes/utils';
+import * as testVaultsUtils from '../utils';
+
+describe('listSecrets', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
+
+  const secretName = 'secret';
+  const secretContent = 'secret-content';
+  const dirName = 'dir';
+
+  let dataDir: string;
+  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+  let vaultId: VaultId;
+  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+  let vault: Vault;
+  let db: DB;
+  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+  const dummyKeyRing = {
+    getNodeId: () => {
+      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+    },
+  } as KeyRing;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
+    );
+    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+      dbKey,
+      dbPath,
+      logger,
+    });
+    await baseEfs.start();
+
+    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+    await baseEfs.mkdir(
+      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+      {
+        recursive: true,
+      },
+    );
+    db = await DB.createDB({
+      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+      logger,
+    });
+    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+      vaultId,
+      efs: baseEfs,
+      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+      fresh: true,
+      db,
+      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+      vaultName: 'VaultName',
+    });
+    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+  });
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await vaultInternal.stop();
+    await vaultInternal.destroy();
+    await db.stop();
+    await db.destroy();
+    await baseEfs.stop();
+    await baseEfs.destroy();
+    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('can list secrets', async () => {
+    const secretName1 = `${secretName}1`;
+    const secretName2 = `${secretName}2`;
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName1, secretContent);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName2, secretContent);
+
+    const secretList = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
+    expect(secretList).toInclude(secretName1);
+    expect(secretList).toInclude(secretName2);
+  });
+  test('empty directories are not listed', async () => {
+    const dirName1 = `${dirName}1`;
+    const dirName2 = `${dirName}2`;
+    await testVaultsUtils.mkdir(vault, dirName1);
+    await testVaultsUtils.mkdir(vault, dirName2);
+
+    const secretList = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
+    expect(secretList).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+  test('secrets in directories are listed', async () => {
+    const secretPath1 = path.join(dirName, `${secretName}1`);
+    const secretPath2 = path.join(dirName, `${secretName}2`);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretPath1, secretContent);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretPath2, secretContent);
+
+    const secretList = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
+    expect(secretList).toInclude(secretPath1);
+    expect(secretList).toInclude(secretPath2);
+  });
+  test('empty vault list no secrets', async () => {
+    const secretList = await vaultOps.listSecrets(vault);
+    expect(secretList).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps/mkdir.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/mkdir.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e0e0c0a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/mkdir.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
+import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
+import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import type { ErrorMessage } from '@/client/types';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import os from 'os';
+import { EncryptedFS } from 'encryptedfs';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
+import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
+import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../../nodes/utils';
+import * as testVaultsUtils from '../utils';
+
+describe('mkdir', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
+
+  const secretName = 'secret';
+  const secretContent = 'secret-content';
+  const dirName = 'dir';
+  const dirNameHidden = '.dir';
+
+  let dataDir: string;
+  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+  let vaultId: VaultId;
+  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+  let vault: Vault;
+  let db: DB;
+  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+  const dummyKeyRing = {
+    getNodeId: () => {
+      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+    },
+  } as KeyRing;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
+    );
+    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+      dbKey,
+      dbPath,
+      logger,
+    });
+    await baseEfs.start();
+
+    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+    await baseEfs.mkdir(
+      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+      {
+        recursive: true,
+      },
+    );
+    db = await DB.createDB({
+      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+      logger,
+    });
+    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+      vaultId,
+      efs: baseEfs,
+      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+      fresh: true,
+      db,
+      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+      vaultName: 'VaultName',
+    });
+    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+  });
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await vaultInternal.stop();
+    await vaultInternal.destroy();
+    await db.stop();
+    await db.destroy();
+    await baseEfs.stop();
+    await baseEfs.destroy();
+    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('can create directory', async () => {
+    const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, dirName);
+    expect(response.type).toEqual('success');
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectDirExists(vault, dirName);
+  });
+  test('can create recursive directory', async () => {
+    const dirPath = path.join(dirName, dirName);
+    const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, dirPath, {
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+    expect(response.type).toEqual('success');
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectDirExists(vault, dirPath);
+  });
+  test('creating directories fails without recursive', async () => {
+    const dirPath = path.join(dirName, dirName);
+    const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, dirPath);
+    expect(response.type).toEqual('error');
+    const error = response as ErrorMessage;
+    expect(error.code).toEqual('ENOENT');
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectDirExistsNot(vault, dirPath);
+  });
+  test('creating existing directory should fail', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.mkdir(vault, dirName);
+    const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, dirName);
+    expect(response.type).toEqual('error');
+    const error = response as ErrorMessage;
+    expect(error.code).toEqual('EEXIST');
+  });
+  test('creating existing secret should fail', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+    const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, secretName);
+    expect(response.type).toEqual('error');
+    const error = response as ErrorMessage;
+    expect(error.code).toEqual('EEXIST');
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+  });
+  test('can create a hidden directory', async () => {
+    const response = await vaultOps.mkdir(vault, dirNameHidden);
+    expect(response.type).toEqual('success');
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectDirExists(vault, dirNameHidden);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps/renameSecret.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/renameSecret.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adb8c43bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/renameSecret.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
+import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
+import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import os from 'os';
+import { EncryptedFS } from 'encryptedfs';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
+import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
+import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
+import * as vaultsErrors from '@/vaults/errors';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../../nodes/utils';
+import * as testVaultsUtils from '../utils';
+
+describe('renameSecret', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
+
+  const secretName = 'secret';
+  const secretNameHidden = '.secret';
+  const secretNameNew = 'secret-new';
+  const secretContent = 'secret-content';
+  const dirName = 'dir';
+  const dirNameHidden = '.dir';
+
+  let dataDir: string;
+  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+  let vaultId: VaultId;
+  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+  let vault: Vault;
+  let db: DB;
+  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+  const dummyKeyRing = {
+    getNodeId: () => {
+      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+    },
+  } as KeyRing;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
+    );
+    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+      dbKey,
+      dbPath,
+      logger,
+    });
+    await baseEfs.start();
+
+    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+    await baseEfs.mkdir(
+      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+      {
+        recursive: true,
+      },
+    );
+    db = await DB.createDB({
+      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+      logger,
+    });
+    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+      vaultId,
+      efs: baseEfs,
+      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+      fresh: true,
+      db,
+      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+      vaultName: 'VaultName',
+    });
+    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+  });
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await vaultInternal.stop();
+    await vaultInternal.destroy();
+    await db.stop();
+    await db.destroy();
+    await baseEfs.stop();
+    await baseEfs.destroy();
+    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('renaming a secret', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.renameSecret(vault, secretName, secretNameNew);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecretNot(vault, secretName);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretNameNew, secretContent);
+  });
+  test('renaming a secret within a directory', async () => {
+    const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
+    const secretPathNew = path.join(dirName, secretNameNew);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.renameSecret(vault, secretPath, secretPathNew);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecretNot(vault, secretPath);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretPathNew, secretContent);
+  });
+  test('renaming a secret that does not exist should fail', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      vaultOps.renameSecret(vault, secretName, secretNameNew),
+    ).rejects.toThrow(vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretUndefined);
+  });
+  test('renaming a hidden secret', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretNameHidden, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.renameSecret(vault, secretNameHidden, secretNameNew);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecretNot(vault, secretNameHidden);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretNameNew, secretContent);
+  });
+  test('renaming a hidden secret within a hidden directory', async () => {
+    const secretPathHidden = path.join(dirNameHidden, secretNameHidden);
+    const secretPathNew = path.join(dirNameHidden, secretNameNew);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretPathHidden, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.renameSecret(vault, secretPathHidden, secretPathNew);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecretNot(vault, secretPathHidden);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretPathNew, secretContent);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps/statSecret.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/statSecret.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89c2165a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/statSecret.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
+import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
+import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import os from 'os';
+import { EncryptedFS, Stat } from 'encryptedfs';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
+import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
+import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
+import * as vaultsErrors from '@/vaults/errors';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../../nodes/utils';
+import * as testVaultsUtils from '../utils';
+
+describe('statSecret', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
+
+  const secretName = 'secret';
+  const secretNameHidden = '.secret';
+  const secretContent = 'secret-content';
+  const dirName = 'dir';
+
+  let dataDir: string;
+  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+  let vaultId: VaultId;
+  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+  let vault: Vault;
+  let db: DB;
+  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+  const dummyKeyRing = {
+    getNodeId: () => {
+      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+    },
+  } as KeyRing;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
+    );
+    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+      dbKey,
+      dbPath,
+      logger,
+    });
+    await baseEfs.start();
+
+    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+    await baseEfs.mkdir(
+      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+      {
+        recursive: true,
+      },
+    );
+    db = await DB.createDB({
+      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+      logger,
+    });
+    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+      vaultId,
+      efs: baseEfs,
+      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+      fresh: true,
+      db,
+      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+      vaultName: 'VaultName',
+    });
+    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+  });
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await vaultInternal.stop();
+    await vaultInternal.destroy();
+    await db.stop();
+    await db.destroy();
+    await baseEfs.stop();
+    await baseEfs.destroy();
+    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('can get stat of a secret', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+    const stat = await vaultOps.statSecret(vault, secretName);
+    expect(stat).toBeInstanceOf(Stat);
+    expect(stat.nlink).toBe(1);
+  });
+  test('can get stat of a directory', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.mkdir(vault, dirName);
+    const stat = await vaultOps.statSecret(vault, dirName);
+    expect(stat).toBeInstanceOf(Stat);
+  });
+  test('getting stat of secret that does not exist should fail', async () => {
+    await expect(vaultOps.statSecret(vault, secretName)).rejects.toThrow(
+      vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretUndefined,
+    );
+  });
+  test('can get stat of a hidden secret', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretNameHidden, secretContent);
+    const stat = await vaultOps.statSecret(vault, secretNameHidden);
+    expect(stat).toBeInstanceOf(Stat);
+    expect(stat.nlink).toBe(1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps/updatesecret.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/updatesecret.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89befde9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/updatesecret.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
+import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
+import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import os from 'os';
+import { EncryptedFS } from 'encryptedfs';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
+import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
+import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
+import * as vaultsErrors from '@/vaults/errors';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../../nodes/utils';
+import * as testVaultsUtils from '../utils';
+
+describe('updateSecret', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
+
+  const secretName = 'secret';
+  const secretNameHidden = '.secret';
+  const secretContent = 'secret-content';
+  const secretContentNew = 'secret-content-new';
+  const dirName = 'dir';
+  const dirNameHidden = '.dir';
+
+  let dataDir: string;
+  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+  let vaultId: VaultId;
+  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+  let vault: Vault;
+  let db: DB;
+  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+  const dummyKeyRing = {
+    getNodeId: () => {
+      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+    },
+  } as KeyRing;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
+    );
+    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+      dbKey,
+      dbPath,
+      logger,
+    });
+    await baseEfs.start();
+
+    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+    await baseEfs.mkdir(
+      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+      {
+        recursive: true,
+      },
+    );
+    db = await DB.createDB({
+      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+      logger,
+    });
+    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+      vaultId,
+      efs: baseEfs,
+      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+      fresh: true,
+      db,
+      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+      vaultName: 'VaultName',
+    });
+    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+  });
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await vaultInternal.stop();
+    await vaultInternal.destroy();
+    await db.stop();
+    await db.destroy();
+    await baseEfs.stop();
+    await baseEfs.destroy();
+    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('updating secret content', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, secretName, secretContentNew);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretName, secretContentNew);
+  });
+  test('updating secret content within a directory', async () => {
+    const secretPath = path.join(dirName, secretName);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContentNew);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretPath, secretContentNew);
+  });
+  test(
+    'updating a secret multiple times',
+    async () => {
+      await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, 'secret-1', 'secret-content');
+      await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+      for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+        const contentNew = `${secretContentNew}${i}`;
+        await vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, secretName, contentNew);
+        await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(vault, secretName, contentNew);
+      }
+    },
+    globalThis.defaultTimeout * 2,
+  );
+  test('updating a secret that does not exist should fail', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, secretName, secretContentNew),
+    ).rejects.toThrow(vaultsErrors.ErrorSecretsSecretUndefined);
+  });
+  test('updating hidden secret content', async () => {
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretNameHidden, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, secretNameHidden, secretContentNew);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(
+      vault,
+      secretNameHidden,
+      secretContentNew,
+    );
+  });
+  test('updating hidden secret content within a hidden directory', async () => {
+    const secretPathHidden = path.join(dirNameHidden, secretNameHidden);
+    await testVaultsUtils.writeSecret(vault, secretPathHidden, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.updateSecret(vault, secretPathHidden, secretContentNew);
+    await testVaultsUtils.expectSecret(
+      vault,
+      secretPathHidden,
+      secretContentNew,
+    );
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/VaultOps/writeSecret.test.ts b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/writeSecret.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c18f52253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vaults/VaultOps/writeSecret.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import type { VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults/Vault';
+import type KeyRing from '@/keys/KeyRing';
+import type { LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import fs from 'fs';
+import path from 'path';
+import os from 'os';
+import { EncryptedFS } from 'encryptedfs';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
+import { DB } from '@matrixai/db';
+import VaultInternal from '@/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as vaultOps from '@/vaults/VaultOps';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../../nodes/utils';
+
+describe('writeSecret', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
+
+  let dataDir: string;
+  let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+  let vaultId: VaultId;
+  let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+  let vault: Vault;
+  let db: DB;
+  let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+  const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+  const dummyKeyRing = {
+    getNodeId: () => {
+      return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+    },
+  } as KeyRing;
+  const secretName = 'secret';
+  const secretNameHidden = '.secret';
+  const secretContent = 'secret-content';
+  const newSecretContent = 'updated-secret-content';
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    dataDir = await fs.promises.mkdtemp(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'polykey-test-'),
+    );
+    const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+    const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+    baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+      dbKey,
+      dbPath,
+      logger,
+    });
+    await baseEfs.start();
+
+    vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+    await baseEfs.mkdir(
+      path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+      {
+        recursive: true,
+      },
+    );
+    db = await DB.createDB({
+      dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+      logger,
+    });
+    vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+    vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+      keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+      vaultId,
+      efs: baseEfs,
+      logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+      fresh: true,
+      db,
+      vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+      vaultName: 'VaultName',
+    });
+    vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+  });
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await vaultInternal.stop();
+    await vaultInternal.destroy();
+    await db.stop();
+    await db.destroy();
+    await baseEfs.stop();
+    await baseEfs.destroy();
+    await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+      force: true,
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  test('updates existing secret', async () => {
+    await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretName, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.writeSecret(vault, secretName, newSecretContent);
+    const result = await vaultOps.getSecret(vault, secretName);
+    expect(result.toString()).toStrictEqual(newSecretContent);
+  });
+  test('creates new secret if it does not exist', async () => {
+    await vaultOps.writeSecret(vault, secretName, newSecretContent);
+    const result = await vaultOps.getSecret(vault, secretName);
+    expect(result.toString()).toStrictEqual(newSecretContent);
+  });
+  test('updates existing hidden secret', async () => {
+    await vaultOps.addSecret(vault, secretNameHidden, secretContent);
+    await vaultOps.writeSecret(vault, secretNameHidden, newSecretContent);
+    const result = await vaultOps.getSecret(vault, secretNameHidden);
+    expect(result.toString()).toStrictEqual(newSecretContent);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/vaults/fileTree.test.ts b/tests/vaults/fileTree.test.ts
index f47831c72..62cd2a288 100644
--- a/tests/vaults/fileTree.test.ts
+++ b/tests/vaults/fileTree.test.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
-import type { ContentNode, FileTree, TreeNode } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { ContentNode, FileTree, TreeNode, VaultId } from '@/vaults/types';
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults';
+import type KeyRing from '../../src/keys/KeyRing';
 import fs from 'fs';
 import os from 'os';
 import path from 'path';
 import { ReadableStream } from 'stream/web';
 import { test } from '@fast-check/jest';
 import fc from 'fast-check';
+import { EncryptedFS } from 'encryptedfs';
+import { DB, type LevelPath } from '@matrixai/db';
+import Logger, { LogLevel, StreamHandler } from '@matrixai/logger';
 import * as fileTree from '@/vaults/fileTree';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
+import * as keysUtils from '@/keys/utils';
 import * as vaultsTestUtils from './utils';
+import VaultInternal from '../../src/vaults/VaultInternal';
+import * as testNodesUtils from '../nodes/utils';
 
 describe('fileTree', () => {
+  const logger = new Logger('VaultOps', LogLevel.WARN, [new StreamHandler()]);
   let dataDir: string;
 
   beforeEach(async () => {
@@ -719,4 +729,151 @@ describe('fileTree', () => {
     //  - empty files
     //  - files larger than content chunks
   });
+  describe('with EFS', () => {
+    const relativeBase = '.';
+    const dir1: string = 'dir1';
+    const dir11: string = path.join(dir1, 'dir11');
+    const file0b: string = 'file0.b';
+    const file1a: string = path.join(dir1, 'file1.a');
+    const file2b: string = path.join(dir1, 'file2.b');
+    const file3a: string = path.join(dir11, 'file3.a');
+    const file4b: string = path.join(dir11, 'file4.b');
+
+    let baseEfs: EncryptedFS;
+    let vaultId: VaultId;
+    let vaultInternal: VaultInternal;
+    let vault: Vault;
+    let db: DB;
+    let vaultsDbPath: LevelPath;
+    const vaultIdGenerator = vaultsUtils.createVaultIdGenerator();
+    const dummyKeyRing = {
+      getNodeId: () => {
+        return testNodesUtils.generateRandomNodeId();
+      },
+    } as KeyRing;
+
+    beforeEach(async () => {
+      const dbPath = path.join(dataDir, 'efsDb');
+      const dbKey = keysUtils.generateKey();
+      baseEfs = await EncryptedFS.createEncryptedFS({
+        dbKey,
+        dbPath,
+        logger,
+      });
+      await baseEfs.start();
+
+      vaultId = vaultIdGenerator();
+      await baseEfs.mkdir(
+        path.join(vaultsUtils.encodeVaultId(vaultId), 'contents'),
+        {
+          recursive: true,
+        },
+      );
+      db = await DB.createDB({
+        dbPath: path.join(dataDir, 'db'),
+        logger,
+      });
+      vaultsDbPath = ['vaults'];
+      vaultInternal = await VaultInternal.createVaultInternal({
+        keyRing: dummyKeyRing,
+        vaultId,
+        efs: baseEfs,
+        logger: logger.getChild(VaultInternal.name),
+        fresh: true,
+        db,
+        vaultsDbPath: vaultsDbPath,
+        vaultName: 'VaultName',
+      });
+      vault = vaultInternal as Vault;
+
+      await vault.writeF(async (fs) => {
+        await fs.promises.mkdir(dir1);
+        await fs.promises.mkdir(dir11);
+        await fs.promises.writeFile(file0b, 'content-file0');
+        await fs.promises.writeFile(file1a, 'content-file1');
+        await fs.promises.writeFile(file2b, 'content-file2');
+        await fs.promises.writeFile(file3a, 'content-file3');
+        await fs.promises.writeFile(file4b, 'content-file4');
+      });
+    });
+    afterEach(async () => {
+      await vaultInternal.stop();
+      await vaultInternal.destroy();
+      await db.stop();
+      await db.destroy();
+      await baseEfs.stop();
+      await baseEfs.destroy();
+      await fs.promises.rm(dataDir, {
+        force: true,
+        recursive: true,
+      });
+    });
+
+    test('globWalk works with efs', async () => {
+      const files = await vault.readF(async (fs) => {
+        const tree: FileTree = [];
+        for await (const treeNode of fileTree.globWalk({
+          fs: fs,
+          basePath: '.',
+          yieldDirectories: true,
+          yieldFiles: true,
+          yieldParents: true,
+          yieldRoot: true,
+        })) {
+          tree.push(treeNode);
+        }
+        return tree.map((v) => v.path ?? '');
+      });
+      expect(files).toContainAllValues([
+        relativeBase,
+        dir1,
+        dir11,
+        file0b,
+        file1a,
+        file2b,
+        file3a,
+        file4b,
+      ]);
+    });
+    test('serializer with content works with efs', async () => {
+      const data = await vault.readF(async (fs) => {
+        const fileTreeGen = fileTree.globWalk({
+          fs,
+          yieldStats: false,
+          yieldRoot: false,
+          yieldFiles: true,
+          yieldParents: true,
+          yieldDirectories: true,
+        });
+        const data: Array<TreeNode | ContentNode | Uint8Array> = [];
+        const parserTransform = fileTree.parserTransformStreamFactory();
+        const serializedStream = fileTree.serializerStreamFactory(
+          fs,
+          fileTreeGen,
+          true,
+        );
+        const outputStream = serializedStream.pipeThrough(parserTransform);
+        for await (const output of outputStream) {
+          data.push(output);
+        }
+        return data;
+      });
+      const contents = data
+        .filter((v) => v instanceof Uint8Array)
+        .map((v) => Buffer.from(v as Uint8Array).toString());
+      const contentHeaders = data.filter(
+        (v) => !(v instanceof Uint8Array) && v.type === 'CONTENT',
+      ) as Array<ContentNode>;
+      expect(contents).toIncludeAllMembers([
+        'content-file0',
+        'content-file1',
+        'content-file2',
+        'content-file3',
+        'content-file4',
+      ]);
+      for (const contentHeader of contentHeaders) {
+        expect(contentHeader.dataSize).toBe(13n);
+      }
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/tests/vaults/utils.ts b/tests/vaults/utils.ts
index 797374ae3..30b210034 100644
--- a/tests/vaults/utils.ts
+++ b/tests/vaults/utils.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
+import type { Vault } from '@/vaults';
 import type {
   VaultActions,
   HeaderContent,
   HeaderGeneric,
 } from '@/vaults/types';
 import { TransformStream } from 'stream/web';
+import path from 'path';
 import fc from 'fast-check';
 import { vaultActions } from '@/vaults/types';
 import { HeaderType } from '@/vaults/fileTree';
+import * as vaultsUtils from '@/vaults/utils';
 
 const vaultActionArb = fc.constantFrom(...vaultActions);
 
@@ -55,6 +58,57 @@ function binaryStreamToSnippedStream(
   });
 }
 
+async function writeSecret(vault: Vault, secretPath: string, contents: string) {
+  return await vault.writeF(async (efs) => {
+    await vaultsUtils.mkdirExists(efs, path.dirname(secretPath));
+    await efs.writeFile(secretPath, contents);
+  });
+}
+
+async function readSecret(vault: Vault, path: string) {
+  return await vault.readF(async (efs) => {
+    return await efs.readFile(path);
+  });
+}
+
+async function expectSecret(
+  vault: Vault,
+  path: string,
+  contentsExpected: string,
+) {
+  const contentsSecretP = readSecret(vault, path);
+  await expect(contentsSecretP).resolves.toBeDefined();
+  const contentsSecretValue = (await contentsSecretP).toString();
+  expect(contentsSecretValue).toBe(contentsExpected);
+}
+
+async function expectSecretNot(vault: Vault, path: string) {
+  const contentsSecretP = readSecret(vault, path);
+  await expect(contentsSecretP).rejects.toThrow(
+    'ENOENT: no such file or directory',
+  );
+}
+
+async function mkdir(vault: Vault, path: string) {
+  return await vault.writeF(async (efs) => {
+    await vaultsUtils.mkdirExists(efs, path);
+  });
+}
+
+async function expectDirExists(vault: Vault, path: string) {
+  return await vault.readF(async (efs) => {
+    const dirP = efs.readdir(path);
+    await expect(dirP).resolves.toBeDefined();
+  });
+}
+
+async function expectDirExistsNot(vault: Vault, path: string) {
+  return await vault.readF(async (efs) => {
+    const dirP = efs.readdir(path);
+    await expect(dirP).rejects.toThrow('ENOENT');
+  });
+}
+
 export {
   vaultActionArb,
   vaultActionsArb,
@@ -62,4 +116,11 @@ export {
   headerGenericArb,
   headerContentArb,
   binaryStreamToSnippedStream,
+  writeSecret,
+  readSecret,
+  expectSecret,
+  expectSecretNot,
+  mkdir,
+  expectDirExists,
+  expectDirExistsNot,
 };