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WARNING WARNING WARNING WARNING WARNING

PLEASE NOTE: This document applies to the HEAD of the source tree

If you are using a released version of Kubernetes, you should refer to the docs that go with that version.

The latest release of this document can be found [here](http://releases.k8s.io/release-1.4/docs/design/namespaces.md).

Documentation for other releases can be found at releases.k8s.io.

Namespaces

Abstract

A Namespace is a mechanism to partition resources created by users into a logically named group.

Motivation

A single cluster should be able to satisfy the needs of multiple user communities.

Each user community wants to be able to work in isolation from other communities.

Each user community has its own:

  1. resources (pods, services, replication controllers, etc.)
  2. policies (who can or cannot perform actions in their community)
  3. constraints (this community is allowed this much quota, etc.)

A cluster operator may create a Namespace for each unique user community.

The Namespace provides a unique scope for:

  1. named resources (to avoid basic naming collisions)
  2. delegated management authority to trusted users
  3. ability to limit community resource consumption

Use cases

  1. As a cluster operator, I want to support multiple user communities on a single cluster.
  2. As a cluster operator, I want to delegate authority to partitions of the cluster to trusted users in those communities.
  3. As a cluster operator, I want to limit the amount of resources each community can consume in order to limit the impact to other communities using the cluster.
  4. As a cluster user, I want to interact with resources that are pertinent to my user community in isolation of what other user communities are doing on the cluster.

Design

Data Model

A Namespace defines a logically named group for multiple Kinds of resources.

type Namespace struct {
  TypeMeta   `json:",inline"`
  ObjectMeta `json:"metadata,omitempty"`

  Spec NamespaceSpec `json:"spec,omitempty"`
  Status NamespaceStatus `json:"status,omitempty"`
}

A Namespace name is a DNS compatible label.

A Namespace must exist prior to associating content with it.

A Namespace must not be deleted if there is content associated with it.

To associate a resource with a Namespace the following conditions must be satisfied:

  1. The resource's Kind must be registered as having RESTScopeNamespace with the server
  2. The resource's TypeMeta.Namespace field must have a value that references an existing Namespace

The Name of a resource associated with a Namespace is unique to that Kind in that Namespace.

It is intended to be used in resource URLs; provided by clients at creation time, and encouraged to be human friendly; intended to facilitate idempotent creation, space-uniqueness of singleton objects, distinguish distinct entities, and reference particular entities across operations.

Authorization

A Namespace provides an authorization scope for accessing content associated with the Namespace.

See Authorization plugins

Limit Resource Consumption

A Namespace provides a scope to limit resource consumption.

A LimitRange defines min/max constraints on the amount of resources a single entity can consume in a Namespace.

See Admission control: Limit Range

A ResourceQuota tracks aggregate usage of resources in the Namespace and allows cluster operators to define Hard resource usage limits that a Namespace may consume.

See Admission control: Resource Quota

Finalizers

Upon creation of a Namespace, the creator may provide a list of Finalizer objects.

type FinalizerName string

// These are internal finalizers to Kubernetes, must be qualified name unless defined here
const (
  FinalizerKubernetes FinalizerName = "kubernetes"
)

// NamespaceSpec describes the attributes on a Namespace
type NamespaceSpec struct {
  // Finalizers is an opaque list of values that must be empty to permanently remove object from storage
  Finalizers []FinalizerName
}

A FinalizerName is a qualified name.

The API Server enforces that a Namespace can only be deleted from storage if and only if it's Namespace.Spec.Finalizers is empty.

A finalize operation is the only mechanism to modify the Namespace.Spec.Finalizers field post creation.

Each Namespace created has kubernetes as an item in its list of initial Namespace.Spec.Finalizers set by default.

Phases

A Namespace may exist in the following phases.

type NamespacePhase string
const(
  NamespaceActive NamespacePhase = "Active"
  NamespaceTerminating NamespaceTerminating = "Terminating"
)

type NamespaceStatus struct { 
  ...
  Phase NamespacePhase 
}

A Namespace is in the Active phase if it does not have a ObjectMeta.DeletionTimestamp.

A Namespace is in the Terminating phase if it has a ObjectMeta.DeletionTimestamp.

Active

Upon creation, a Namespace goes in the Active phase. This means that content may be associated with a namespace, and all normal interactions with the namespace are allowed to occur in the cluster.

If a DELETE request occurs for a Namespace, the Namespace.ObjectMeta.DeletionTimestamp is set to the current server time. A namespace controller observes the change, and sets the Namespace.Status.Phase to Terminating.

Terminating

A namespace controller watches for Namespace objects that have a Namespace.ObjectMeta.DeletionTimestamp value set in order to know when to initiate graceful termination of the Namespace associated content that are known to the cluster.

The namespace controller enumerates each known resource type in that namespace and deletes it one by one.

Admission control blocks creation of new resources in that namespace in order to prevent a race-condition where the controller could believe all of a given resource type had been deleted from the namespace, when in fact some other rogue client agent had created new objects. Using admission control in this scenario allows each of registry implementations for the individual objects to not need to take into account Namespace life-cycle.

Once all objects known to the namespace controller have been deleted, the namespace controller executes a finalize operation on the namespace that removes the kubernetes value from the Namespace.Spec.Finalizers list.

If the namespace controller sees a Namespace whose ObjectMeta.DeletionTimestamp is set, and whose Namespace.Spec.Finalizers list is empty, it will signal the server to permanently remove the Namespace from storage by sending a final DELETE action to the API server.

REST API

To interact with the Namespace API:

Action HTTP Verb Path Description
CREATE POST /api/{version}/namespaces Create a namespace
LIST GET /api/{version}/namespaces List all namespaces
UPDATE PUT /api/{version}/namespaces/{namespace} Update namespace {namespace}
DELETE DELETE /api/{version}/namespaces/{namespace} Delete namespace {namespace}
FINALIZE POST /api/{version}/namespaces/{namespace}/finalize Finalize namespace {namespace}
WATCH GET /api/{version}/watch/namespaces Watch all namespaces

This specification reserves the name finalize as a sub-resource to namespace.

As a consequence, it is invalid to have a resourceType managed by a namespace whose kind is finalize.

To interact with content associated with a Namespace:

Action HTTP Verb Path Description
CREATE POST /api/{version}/namespaces/{namespace}/{resourceType}/ Create instance of {resourceType} in namespace {namespace}
GET GET /api/{version}/namespaces/{namespace}/{resourceType}/{name} Get instance of {resourceType} in namespace {namespace} with {name}
UPDATE PUT /api/{version}/namespaces/{namespace}/{resourceType}/{name} Update instance of {resourceType} in namespace {namespace} with {name}
DELETE DELETE /api/{version}/namespaces/{namespace}/{resourceType}/{name} Delete instance of {resourceType} in namespace {namespace} with {name}
LIST GET /api/{version}/namespaces/{namespace}/{resourceType} List instances of {resourceType} in namespace {namespace}
WATCH GET /api/{version}/watch/namespaces/{namespace}/{resourceType} Watch for changes to a {resourceType} in namespace {namespace}
WATCH GET /api/{version}/watch/{resourceType} Watch for changes to a {resourceType} across all namespaces
LIST GET /api/{version}/list/{resourceType} List instances of {resourceType} across all namespaces

The API server verifies the Namespace on resource creation matches the {namespace} on the path.

The API server will associate a resource with a Namespace if not populated by the end-user based on the Namespace context of the incoming request. If the Namespace of the resource being created, or updated does not match the Namespace on the request, then the API server will reject the request.

Storage

A namespace provides a unique identifier space and therefore must be in the storage path of a resource.

In etcd, we want to continue to still support efficient WATCH across namespaces.

Resources that persist content in etcd will have storage paths as follows:

/{k8s_storage_prefix}/{resourceType}/{resource.Namespace}/{resource.Name}

This enables consumers to WATCH /registry/{resourceType} for changes across namespace of a particular {resourceType}.

Kubelet

The kubelet will register pod's it sources from a file or http source with a namespace associated with the cluster-id

Example: OpenShift Origin managing a Kubernetes Namespace

In this example, we demonstrate how the design allows for agents built on-top of Kubernetes that manage their own set of resource types associated with a Namespace to take part in Namespace termination.

OpenShift creates a Namespace in Kubernetes

{
  "apiVersion":"v1",
  "kind": "Namespace",
  "metadata": {
    "name": "development",
    "labels": {
      "name": "development"
    }
  },
  "spec": {
    "finalizers": ["openshift.com/origin", "kubernetes"]
  },
  "status": {
    "phase": "Active"
  }
}

OpenShift then goes and creates a set of resources (pods, services, etc) associated with the "development" namespace. It also creates its own set of resources in its own storage associated with the "development" namespace unknown to Kubernetes.

User deletes the Namespace in Kubernetes, and Namespace now has following state:

{
  "apiVersion":"v1",
  "kind": "Namespace",
  "metadata": {
    "name": "development",
    "deletionTimestamp": "...",
    "labels": {
      "name": "development"
    }
  },
  "spec": {
    "finalizers": ["openshift.com/origin", "kubernetes"]
  },
  "status": {
    "phase": "Terminating"
  }
}

The Kubernetes namespace controller observes the namespace has a deletionTimestamp and begins to terminate all of the content in the namespace that it knows about. Upon success, it executes a finalize action that modifies the Namespace by removing kubernetes from the list of finalizers:

{
  "apiVersion":"v1",
  "kind": "Namespace",
  "metadata": {
    "name": "development",
    "deletionTimestamp": "...",
    "labels": {
      "name": "development"
    }
  },
  "spec": {
    "finalizers": ["openshift.com/origin"]
  },
  "status": {
    "phase": "Terminating"
  }
}

OpenShift Origin has its own namespace controller that is observing cluster state, and it observes the same namespace had a deletionTimestamp assigned to it. It too will go and purge resources from its own storage that it manages associated with that namespace. Upon completion, it executes a finalize action and removes the reference to "openshift.com/origin" from the list of finalizers.

This results in the following state:

{
  "apiVersion":"v1",
  "kind": "Namespace",
  "metadata": {
    "name": "development",
    "deletionTimestamp": "...",
    "labels": {
      "name": "development"
    }
  },
  "spec": {
    "finalizers": []
  },
  "status": {
    "phase": "Terminating"
  }
}

At this point, the Kubernetes namespace controller in its sync loop will see that the namespace has a deletion timestamp and that its list of finalizers is empty. As a result, it knows all content associated from that namespace has been purged. It performs a final DELETE action to remove that Namespace from the storage.

At this point, all content associated with that Namespace, and the Namespace itself are gone.

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