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<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<title>Map of Public Buildings in Great Britain 1900s - National Library of Scotland</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ol3/3.16.0/ol.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ol3/3.16.0/ol.css" type="text/css">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="secondaryPage.css" media="screen"/>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<div id="headertitle">
<h1>Map of Public Buildings in Great Britain 1900s</h1>
</div>
<div id="nav">
<a href="index.html">Home</a>
<a class="active" href="about.html">About the Project</a>
<a href="usage.html">How to Use the Map</a>
<a href="sidebyside.html">Side-by-Side Viewer</a>
<a href="spy.html">Spy Viewer</a>
</div>
<div id="logo">
<a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/digital-humanities/"><img src="https://www.sygnaturediscovery.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/University_College_London_logo.svg.png" width=105></a>
<a href="https://www.nls.uk"><img src="https://maps.nls.uk/assets/graphics/nls_logo_notext.png" width=110></a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="article">
<h2>ABOUT THE PROJECT</h2>
<p><i>Map of Public Buildings in Great Britain 1900s</i> is a digital humanities project
supported by the National Library of Scotland. The interactive map displays the locations of different
public buildings in Great Britain in the 1900s.</p>
<p>The website was designed and built by Cynthia So at UCL DH during
a three-week postgraduate placement with the Library.</p><br>
<h3>Project Overview</h3>
<p>The project was created to be an open-access digital resource to support the learning and exploration of the social
and cultural history in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Britain.</p>
<p>The definition of "public" spaces or buildings has long been a subject of debate in the field of urban studies,
cultural studies, social studies and political studies. By providing multiple filters and viewing options, the goal of this project is to identify and classify the country’s public buildings
with digital mapping technologies and promote greater understanding of the availability and variety of public spaces during this period.
More than 29,000 public buildings have been mapped and categorised into 14 types, offering rich scope for subsequent analysis.</p>
<p>All source code is available on <a href="https://github.com/NationalLibraryOfScotland ">GitHub</a>.</p><br>
<h3>Background</h3>
<p>Ordnance Survey is the national mapping agency for Great Britain. The project was built upon a series of georeferenced scans of the Ordanance Survery (OS) maps
published around the 1900s, seamed together as zoomable historic map layers.</p>
<p>Within this map series, the Ordnance Survey six-inch to the mile (1:10,560) County Series is the most detailed topographic mapping that covers all areas of Scotland,
England, and Wales from the 1840s to the 1950s, so it provides a good record of streets and public buildings during the period.
There are two editions of the six-inch maps. This project utilised the second edition OS maps as the basis for digital mapping,
published between 1888 and 1913. Thhese can also be
<a href="https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=8&lat=53.76150&lon=-1.70739&layers=6&b=1">veiwed online</a>.</p><br>
<h3>Data</h3>
<p>The project combined the <a href="https://data.nls.uk/data/map-spatial-data/gb1900/">GB1900 gazetteer</a>
dataset on the Library's Data Foundry website and historical boundaries and census data downloaded
from <a href="https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data/dds_entity_page.jsp?ent=T_POP">A Vision of Britain through Time<a>.</p>
<p>The GB1900 gazetteer includes 2.5 million place names transcribed from the second edition Ordanance Survey six inch
maps and is the largest ever historical gazetteer. It should be noted that the GB1900 dataset does not provide a comprehensive listing of every public building in Britain.
In particular, the more detailed OS <a href="https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=7&lat=53.28710&lon=-1.56970&layers=168&b=1">25 inch to the mile maps</a>
and town plans provide larger-scale coverage of towns,
and name more public buildings; however, the text has not been transcribed from these maps.
It would also be possible to parse Post Office Directory texts and geolocate public buildings,
but this has not been systematically attempted and it was beyond the scope of a brief project such as this.
In the absence of detailed records of all public buildings in the 1900s,
the dataset offers valuable insights into the various public buildings that were present at the time,
and it could be that future work with extracted text from more detailed maps and directories could build on this.</p>
<p>The project also incorporated boundaries and census data, which allows for the visualisation of population density
across registration districts (a type of administrative region used for registration and census purposes),
and helps draw attention to the correlation between population and the spatial distribution of public structures and facilities.
The population data of England and Wales and that of Scotland come from two different censuses
as the boundary data for Scotland was published separately from England and Wales.</p><br>
<h3>Mapping Methodology</h3>
<p>Public buildings were extracted from the GB1900 gazetteer based on what
Ordnance Survey considered to be “public buildings” from 1888: almshouse, assembly room,
asylum, athenaeum, auction mart, aquarium, bank, barrack, bath, bridewell, cathedral,
church, chapel, club, college, coastguard station, court of law, custom house, dispensary,
dock building, drill hall, exchange, fire station, gymnasium, hall, hospital, infirmary,
library, literary and scientific institute, local government board office, market house, monument,
municipal building / office, museum, palace, police station, post office, prison,
public office, railway station, reading room, school, skating rink, theatre, wash house,
water work, workhouse.</p>
<p>They are identified by common names such as "school" and "church".
The dataset was queried with QGIS software using an expression:</p>
<p>"final_text" ILIKE '%Museum%' OR "final_text" ILIKE '%Gallery%'</p>
<p>This query string would enable a case-insensitive search.
Although not all of the public buildings could be accurately identified by names, this method provides an
efficient way to filter a large dataset under the tight time constraints of this project.
The long list of specific public buildings was grouped together into more meaningful, broader categories;
for example, hospitals, infirmaries and dispensaries were grouped together under ‘Health services’.
The selected features were saved as GeoJSON files.</p>
<p>The boundary data was downloaded and opened as shapefiles.
The census data were then joined to the boundary data using the common id field in QGIS
and classified into five groups at equal intervals.
Districts were coloured according to the classification to produce choropleth map layers.
The layers were saved as GeoJSON files whilst the colour scheme of the choropleth maps were saved as
separate Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) files.</p>
<p>Due to the large size of some layers, all GeoJSON files were uploaded to <a href="http://geoserver.org">GeoServer</a>,
which allows the data layers to be viewed as image tiles, thereby reducing web page loading time. Meanwhile,
the SLD files from QGIS were added as style layers on GeoServer to style the choropleth maps.</p>
<p>The interactive map was created using <a href="https://openlayers.org">OpenLayers</a>, an open-source JavaScript library for web maps.
Data layers of public buildings and census districts are retrieved from GeoServer based on the user's selection.
The background OS 1900s mapping was brought in as a Web Map Tile Service (WMTS) from the National Library of Scotland’s servers,
whilst other modern map layers were brought in as WMTS layers from ESRI and OpenStreetMap.
It is not surprising to see that the distributions of public buildings are broadly linked to urban development and
population density, but there are several interesting regional variations. Some public buildings were obviously more common than others across the country,
but the specific building distributions are all different. For this reason, it was felt useful to allow the ability
to compare different distributions <a href="https://geo.nls.uk/maps/buildings/sideBySide.html">side by side</a>.</p><br>
<h3>Acknowledgements</h3>
<p>Special thanks are due to Fredric Saunderson and Christopher Fleet (National Library of Scotland) for advice and technical support from the project’s
inception and through to its implementation.</p><br>
<h3>Copyright</h3>
<p>This project is copyright National Library of Scotland and is available under
the <a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Flicenses%2Fby%2F4.0%2F&data=04%7C01%7C%7Ca5ce49725cd448f7d34f08d92a636b0c%7C1faf88fea9984c5b93c9210a11d9a5c2%7C0%7C0%7C637587428784908367%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=dzww%2Fmj7GnyIhM%2BitNu6AhXGK3YZHcoPKNeiFuAk2bM%3D&reserved=0">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY) licence</a>.
This licence does not apply to:
<ul>
<li>Ordnance Survey Maps, 1900s backdrop map layers. For permission information, visit: <a href="http://maps.nls.uk/projects/subscription-api/">http://maps.nls.uk/projects/subscription-api/</a></li>
<li>ESRI World Imagery backdrop map layers. For permission information, visit: <a href="https://services.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer">https://services.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer</a></li>
<li>ESRI World Topographic Map backdrop map layers. For permission information, visit: <a href="https://services.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Topo_Map/MapServer">https://services.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Topo_Map/MapServer</a></li>
<li>OpenStreetMap: backdrop map layers. For permission information, visit: <a href="http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright">http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright</a></li>
<li>Population statistics for England and Wales and Scotland: This work is based on data provided through www.VisionofBritain.org.uk and uses statistical material which is copyright of the Great Britain Historical GIS Project,
Humphrey Southall and the University of Portsmouth. This data may not be re-use for commercial purposes.
For permission information, visit: <a href="www.VisionofBritain.org.uk">www.VisionofBritain.org.uk</a>.
This data includes Government statistical data protected by Crown copyright: Content from the Office for National Statistics:
Crown copyright. Adapted from data from the Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.1.0;
Content from the General Register Office for Scotland: Crown copyright. Data supplied by General Register Office for Scotland.</li>
<li>Digital boundary data: This work is based on data provided through www.VisionofBritain.org.uk and uses historical material which is copyright of the Great Britain Historical GIS Project and the University of Portsmouth.
This data may not be re-use for commercial purposes. For permission information, visit: <a href="www.VisionofBritain.org.uk">www.VisionofBritain.org.uk</a></li>
<li><a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.nls.uk%2Fdata%2Fmap-spatial-data%2Fgb1900%2F&data=04%7C01%7C%7Ca5ce49725cd448f7d34f08d92a636b0c%7C1faf88fea9984c5b93c9210a11d9a5c2%7C0%7C0%7C637587428784938350%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=EKlgtdeBCogv9ZvkMy9j9Sn9ESTVi7xdgy8HsBHGP7w%3D&reserved=0">GB1900 gazetteer</a> dataset,
available under the <a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Fshare-your-work%2Fpublic-domain%2Fcc0&data=04%7C01%7C%7Ca5ce49725cd448f7d34f08d92a636b0c%7C1faf88fea9984c5b93c9210a11d9a5c2%7C0%7C0%7C637587428784938350%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=bIHy85%2FbvXNXQDlOqiR5UqR%2FHI%2FBkbun2fa34v6bsac%3D&reserved=0">Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0)
</a></li>
</ul>
</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>