diff --git a/fol-axioms/cob-rules.pro b/fol-axioms/cob-rules.pro
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+% Atom: A material entity consisting of exactly one atomic nucleus and the electron(s) orbiting it.
+
+atom(A) -> 
+        % the only parts are nuclei or electrons, or space
+        not ((has_part(A,P),
+             not not part_of_some(P,atomic_nucleus),
+             not not part_of_some(P,electron),
+             not immaterial_entity(P))). % is this required?
+
+atom(A) ->
+        not ((has_part(A,E),
+             electron(E),
+              not orbits(E,A))).
+
+atom(A) ->
+        has_part(A,N),
+        part_of_some(N,atomic_nucleus),
+        not ((has_part(A,N2),
+              not(N2=N),
+              part_of_some(N2,atomic_nucleus))).
+
+part_of_some(P,C) ->
+      part_of(P,W),
+      type(W,C).
+
+% Molecular Entity: A material entity that consists of two or more atoms that are all connected via covalent bonds such that any atom can be transitively connected with any other atom.
+
+molecular_entity(E) ->
+  material_entity(E),
+  forall( (has_part(E,A1),
+           atom(A1),
+           has_part(E,A2),
+           atom(A2),
+           ) ->
+          transitively_covalently_connected_to(A1,A2)).
+
+transitively_covalently_connected_to(X,Y) :- covalently_connected_to(X,Y).
+transitively_covalently_connected_to(X,Y) :- covalently_connected_to(X,Z),transitively_covalently_connected_to(Z,Y).
+
+% If(A)-> Then( ...) ==> incohrent(A) :- not ...
+