macos-guest-virtualbox.sh

#!/bin/bash
# Semi-automatic installer of macOS on VirtualBox
# (c) myspaghetti, licensed under GPL2.0 or higher
# url: https://github.com/myspaghetti/macos-guest-virtualbox
# version 0.76.2

# Requirements: 40GB available storage on host
# Dependencies: bash >= 4.0, unzip, wget, dmg2img,
#               VirtualBox with Extension Pack >= 6.0

function set_variables() {
# Customize the installation by setting these variables:
vmname="macOS"                   # name of the VirtualBox virtual machine
storagesize=25000                # VM disk image size in MB. minimum 22000
cpucount=2                       # VM CPU cores, minimum 2
memorysize=4096                  # VM RAM in MB, minimum 2048
gpuvram=128                      # VM video RAM in MB, minimum 34, maximum 128
resolution="1280x800"            # VM display resolution

# The following commented commands, when run on a genuine Mac,
# may provide the values for the parameters required by iCloud, iMessage,
# and other connected Apple applications.
# Parameters taken from a genuine Mac may result in a "Call customer support"
# message if they do not match the genuine Mac exactly.
# Non-genuine yet genuine-like parameters usually work.

# system_profiler SPHardwareDataType
DmiSystemFamily="MacBook Pro"        # Model Name
DmiSystemProduct="MacBookPro11,2"    # Model Identifier
DmiSystemSerial="NO_DEVICE_SN"       # Serial Number (system)
DmiSystemUuid="CAFECAFE-CAFE-CAFE-CAFE-DECAFFDECAFF" # Hardware UUID
DmiOEMVBoxVer="string:1"             # Apple ROM Info
DmiOEMVBoxRev="string:.23456"        # Apple ROM Info
DmiBIOSVersion="string:MBP7.89"      # Boot ROM Version
# ioreg -l | grep -m 1 board-id
DmiBoardProduct="Mac-3CBD00234E554E41"
# nvram 4D1EDE05-38C7-4A6A-9CC6-4BCCA8B38C14:MLB | awk '{ print $NF }'
DmiBoardSerial="NO_LOGIC_BOARD_SN"
MLB="bytes:$(echo -n "${DmiBoardSerial}" | base64)"
# nvram 4D1EDE05-38C7-4A6A-9CC6-4BCCA8B38C14:ROM | awk '{ print $NF }'
ROM='%aa*%bbg%cc%dd'
# ioreg -l -p IODeviceTree | grep \"system-id
SYSTEM_UUID="aabbccddeeff00112233445566778899"
# csrutil status
SYSTEM_INTEGRITY_PROTECTION='0x10'  # '0x10' - enabled, '0x77' - disabled

# The if-statement below converts the Mac output into VBox-readable values.
# This is only necessary if you want to run connected Apple applications
# such as iCloud, iMessage, etc.
# Make sure the package xxd is installed, otherwise the conversion will fail.
if [ -n "$(echo -n "aabbccddee" | xxd -r -p 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
    # Apologies for the one-liner below; it convers the mixed-ASCII-and-base16
    # ROM value above into an ASCII string that represents a base16 number.
    ROM_b16="$(for (( i=0; i<${#ROM}; )); do let j=i+1; if [ "${ROM:${i}:1}" == "%" ]; then echo -n "${ROM:${j}:2}"; let i=i+3; else x="$(echo -n "${ROM:${i}:1}" | od -t x1 -An | tr -d ' ')"; echo -n "${x}"; let i=i+1; fi; done)"
    ROM_b64="$(echo -n "${ROM_b16}" | xxd -r -p | base64)"
    ROM="bytes:${ROM_b64}"
    SYSTEM_UUID_b64="$(echo -n "${SYSTEM_UUID}" | xxd -r -p | base64)"
    SYSTEM_UUID="bytes:${SYSTEM_UUID_b64}"
    SYSTEM_INTEGRITY_PROTECTION_b64="$(echo -n "${SYSTEM_INTEGRITY_PROTECTION}" | xxd -r -p | base64)"
    SYSTEM_INTEGRITY_PROTECTION="bytes:${SYSTEM_INTEGRITY_PROTECTION_b64}"
else
    if [ "${ROM}" = '%aa*%bbg%cc%dd' -a "${SYSTEM_UUID}" = "aabbccddeeff00112233445566778899" -a "${SYSTEM_INTEGRITY_PROTECTION}" = '0x10' ]; then
        # base64 of the example values
        ROM="bytes:qiq7Z8zd"
        SYSTEM_UUID="bytes:qrvM3e7/ABEiM0RVZneImQ=="
        SYSTEM_INTEGRITY_PROTECTION="bytes:EA=="
     else
        echo "ROM, UUID, or SIP variables have been assigned non-default values. Applying"
        echo "these values to the virtual machine requires the package xxd. Please make sure"
        echo "the package xxd is installed."
        echo "Exiting."
        exit
    fi
fi

white_on_red="\e[48;2;255;0;0m\e[38;2;255;255;255m"
white_on_black="\e[48;2;0;0;9m\e[38;2;255;255;255m"
default_color="\033[0m"
}

# welcome message
function welcome() {
printf '
                Semi-automatic installer of macOS on VirtualBox
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This script installs only open-source software and unmodified Apple binaries.

The script checks for dependencies and will prompt to install them if unmet.
Some stages may fail due to errant keyboard presses; run the script with
"'"${white_on_black}${0}"' stages'"${default_color}"'" to see how to run only certain stages.

For iCloud and iMessage connectivity, the script needs to be edited with genuine
or genuine-like Apple parameters. macOS will work without these parameters, but
Apple-connected apps will not.

The installation requires about '"${white_on_red}"'40GB'"${default_color}"' of available storage, 25GB for
temporary installation files and 15GB for the virtual machine. Deleting the
temporary files when prompted reduces the storage requirement by about 10GB.

'"${white_on_black}"'Press enter to review the script settings.'"${default_color}"
read

# custom settings prompt
printf '
vmname="'"${vmname}"'"             # name of the VirtualBox virtual machine
storagesize='"${storagesize}"'          # VM disk image size in MB. minimum 22000
cpucount='"${cpucount}"'                 # VM CPU cores, minimum 2
memorysize='"${memorysize}"'            # VM RAM in MB, minimum 2048
gpuvram='"${gpuvram}"'                # VM video RAM in MB, minimum 34, maximum 128
resolution="'"${resolution}"'"      # VM display resolution

These values may be customized by editing them at the top of the script file.

'"${white_on_black}"'Press enter to continue, CTRL-C to exit.'"${default_color}"
read
}

# check dependencies

function check_bash_version() {
# check Bash version
if [ -z "${BASH_VERSION}" ]; then
    echo "Can't determine BASH_VERSION. Exiting."
    exit
elif [ "${BASH_VERSION:0:1}" -lt 4 ]; then
    echo "Please run this script on BASH 4.0 or higher."
    exit
fi
}

function check_dependencies() {

# check if running on macOS and non-GNU coreutils
if [ -n "$(sw_vers 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
    # Add Homebrew GNU coreutils to PATH if path exists
    homebrew_gnubin="/usr/local/opt/coreutils/libexec/gnubin"
    if [ -d "${homebrew_gnubin}" ]; then
        PATH="${homebrew_gnubin}:${PATH}"
    fi
    # if csplit isn't GNU variant, exit
    if [ -z "$(csplit --help 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
        echo ""
        printf 'macOS detected.\nPlease use a package manager such as '"${white_on_black}"'homebrew'"${default_color}"', '"${white_on_black}"'pkgsrc'"${default_color}"', '"${white_on_black}"'nix'"${default_color}"', or '"${white_on_black}"'MacPorts'"${default_color}"'.\n'
        echo "Please make sure the following packages are installed and that"
        echo "their path is in the PATH variable:"
        printf "${white_on_black}"'bash  coreutils  wget  unzip  dmg2img'"${default_color}"'\n'
        echo "Please make sure bash and coreutils are the GNU variant."
        exit
    fi
fi

# check for unzip, coreutils, wget
if [ -z "$(unzip -hh 2>/dev/null)" \
     -o -z "$(csplit --help 2>/dev/null)" \
     -o -z "$(wget --version 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
    echo "Please make sure the following packages are installed:"
    echo "coreutils   unzip   wget"
    echo "Please make sure coreutils is the GNU variant."
    exit
fi

# wget supports --show-progress from version 1.16
if [[ "$(wget --version 2>/dev/null | head -n 1)" =~ 1\.1[6-9]|1\.2[0-9] ]]; then
    wgetargs="--quiet --continue --show-progress"  # pretty
else
    wgetargs="--continue"  # ugly
fi

# VirtualBox in ${PATH}
# Cygwin
if [ -n "$(cygcheck -V 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
    if [ -n "$(cmd.exe /d /s /c call VBoxManage.exe -v 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
        function VBoxManage() {
            cmd.exe /d /s /c call VBoxManage.exe "$@"
        }
    else
        cmd_path_VBoxManage='C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox\VBoxManage.exe'
        echo "Can't find VBoxManage in PATH variable,"
        echo "checking ${cmd_path_VBoxManage}"
        if [ -n "$(cmd.exe /d /s /c call "${cmd_path_VBoxManage}" -v 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
            function VBoxManage() {
                cmd.exe /d /s /c call "${cmd_path_VBoxManage}" "$@"
            }
            echo "Found VBoxManage"
        else
            echo "Please make sure VirtualBox version 6.0 or higher is installed, and that"
            echo "the path to the VBoxManage.exe executable is in the PATH variable, or assign"
            echo "in the script the full path including the name of the executable to"
            printf 'the variable '"${white_on_black}"'cmd_path_VBoxManage'"${default_color}"
            exit
        fi
    fi
# Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)
elif [[ "$(cat /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease 2>/dev/null)" =~ Microsoft ]]; then
    if [[ ! ( "$(cat /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease 2>/dev/null)" =~ 18362-Microsoft ) ]]; then
        echo ""
        echo "The script requires Windows 10 version 1903 or higher to run properly on WSL."
        echo "For lower versions, please run the script on a path on the Windows filesystem,"
        printf 'for example  '"${white_on_black}"'/mnt/c/Users/Public/Documents'"${default_color}"
        echo ""
        printf "${white_on_black}"'Press enter to continue, CTRL-C to exit.'"${default_color}"
        read
    fi
    if [ -n "$(VBoxManage.exe -v 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
        function VBoxManage() {
            VBoxManage.exe "$@"
        }
    else
        wsl_path_VBoxManage='/mnt/c/Program Files/Oracle/VirtualBox/VBoxManage.exe'
        echo "Can't find VBoxManage in PATH variable,"
        echo "checking ${wsl_path_VBoxManage}"
        if [ -n "$("${wsl_path_VBoxManage}" -v 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
            PATH="${PATH}:${wsl_path_VBoxManage%/*}"
            function VBoxManage() {
                VBoxManage.exe "$@"
            }
            echo "Found VBoxManage"
        else
            echo "Please make sure VirtualBox is installed on Windows, and that the path to the"
            echo "VBoxManage.exe executable is in the PATH variable, or assigned in the script"
            printf 'to the variable '"${white_on_black}"'wsl_path_VBoxManage'"${default_color}"' including the name of the executable.'
            exit
        fi
    fi
# everything else (not cygwin and not wsl)
elif [ -z "$(VBoxManage -v 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
    echo "Please make sure VirtualBox version 6.0 or higher is installed,"
    echo "and that the path to the VBoxManage executable is in the PATH variable."
    exit
fi

# VirtualBox version
vbox_version="$(VBoxManage -v 2>/dev/null)"
if [ -z "${vbox_version}" ]; then
    echo "Can't determine VirtualBox version. Exiting."
    exit
elif [[ ! ${vbox_version:0:1} == 6 && ! "${vbox_version:0:6}" =~ 5\.2\.1[0-9] && ! "${vbox_version:0:5}" =~ 5\.2\.[2-9] ]]; then
    echo "Please make sure VirtualBox version 6.0 or higher is installed."
    exit
elif [ "${vbox_version:0:1}" -lt 6 ]; then
    echo ""
    printf 'VirtualBox version '"${white_on_black}${vbox_version}${default_color}"' detected. Please see the following\n'
    echo "URL for issues with the VISO filesystem on VirtualBox 5.2 to 5.2.32:"
    echo ""
    echo "  https://github.com/myspaghetti/macos-guest-virtualbox/issues/86"
    echo ""
    printf "${white_on_black}"'Press enter to continue, CTRL-C to exit.'"${default_color}"
    read
fi

# Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack
extpacks="$(VBoxManage list extpacks 2>/dev/null)"
if [ "$(expr match "${extpacks}" '.*Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack')" -le "0" \
    -o "$(expr match "${extpacks}" '.*Usable:[[:blank:]]*false')" -gt "0" ]; then
    echo "Please make sure Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack is installed, and that"
    echo "all installed VirtualBox extensions are listed as usable when"
    echo "running the command \"VBoxManage list extpacks\""
    exit
fi

# dmg2img
if [ -z "$(dmg2img -d 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
    if [ -z "$(cygcheck -V 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
        echo "Please install the package dmg2img."
        exit
    elif [ -z "$(${PWD}/dmg2img -d 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
        echo "Locally installing dmg2img"
        wget "http://vu1tur.eu.org/tools/dmg2img-1.6.6-win32.zip" \
             ${wgetargs} \
             --output-document="dmg2img-1.6.6-win32.zip"
        if [ ! -s dmg2img-1.6.6-win32.zip ]; then
             echo "Error downloading dmg2img. Please provide the package manually."
             exit
        fi
        unzip -oj "dmg2img-1.6.6-win32.zip" "dmg2img.exe"
        rm "dmg2img-1.6.6-win32.zip"
        chmod +x "dmg2img.exe"
    fi
fi

# prompt for macOS version
HighSierra_sucatalog='https://swscan.apple.com/content/catalogs/others/index-10.13-10.12-10.11-10.10-10.9-mountainlion-lion-snowleopard-leopard.merged-1.sucatalog'
Mojave_sucatalog='https://swscan.apple.com/content/catalogs/others/index-10.14-10.13-10.12-10.11-10.10-10.9-mountainlion-lion-snowleopard-leopard.merged-1.sucatalog'
Catalina_sucatalog='https://swscan.apple.com/content/catalogs/others/index-10.15-10.14-10.13-10.12-10.11-10.10-10.9-mountainlion-lion-snowleopard-leopard.merged-1.sucatalog'
printf "${white_on_black}"'
Press a key to select the macOS version to install on the virtual machine:'"${default_color}"'
 [H]igh Sierra (10.13)
 [M]ojave (10.14)
 [C]atalina (10.15)

'
read -n 1 -p " [H/M/C] " macOS_release_name 2>/dev/tty
echo ""
if [ "${macOS_release_name^^}" == "H" ]; then
    macOS_release_name="HighSierra"
    CFBundleShortVersionString="10.13"
    sucatalog="${HighSierra_sucatalog}"
elif [ "${macOS_release_name^^}" == "M" ]; then
    macOS_release_name="Mojave"
    CFBundleShortVersionString="10.14"
    sucatalog="${Mojave_sucatalog}"
else
    macOS_release_name="Catalina"
    CFBundleShortVersionString="10.15"
    sucatalog="${Catalina_sucatalog}"
fi
echo "${macOS_release_name} selected"
}
# Done with dependencies

function prompt_delete_existing_vm() {
if [ -n "$(VBoxManage showvminfo "${vmname}" 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
    printf '\n"'"${vmname}"'" virtual machine already exists.
'"${white_on_red}"'Delete existing virtual machine "'"${vmname}"'"?'"${default_color}"
    delete=""
    read -n 1 -p " [y/n] " delete 2>/dev/tty
    echo ""
    if [ "${delete,,}" == "y" ]; then
        VBoxManage unregistervm "${vmname}" --delete
    else
        printf '
'"${white_on_black}"'Please assign a different VM name to variable "vmname" by editing the script,'"${default_color}"'
or skip this check manually as described when running the following command:
'"${0}"' stages\n'
        exit
    fi
fi
}

# Attempt to create new virtual machine named "${vmname}"
function create_vm() {
if [ -n "$(VBoxManage createvm --name "${vmname}" --ostype "MacOS1013_64" --register 2>&1 1>/dev/null)" ]; then
    printf '\nError: Could not create virtual machine "'"${vmname}"'".
'"${white_on_black}"'Please delete exising "'"${vmname}"'" VirtualBox configuration files '"${white_on_red}"'manually'"${default_color}"'.

Error message:
'
    VBoxManage createvm --name "${vmname}" --ostype "MacOS1013_64" --register 2>/dev/tty
    exit
fi
}

function prepare_macos_installation_files() {
# Find the correct download URL in the Apple catalog
echo ""
echo "Downloading Apple macOS ${macOS_release_name} software update catalog"
wget "${sucatalog}" \
     ${wgetargs} \
     --output-document="${macOS_release_name}_sucatalog"

# if file was not downloaded correctly
if [ ! -s "${macOS_release_name}_sucatalog" ]; then
    wget --debug -O /dev/null -o "${macOS_release_name}_wget.log" "${sucatalog}"
    echo ""
    echo "Couldn't download the Apple software update catalog."
    if [ "$(expr match "$(cat "${macOS_release_name}_wget.log")" '.*ERROR[[:print:]]*is not trusted')" -gt "0" ]; then
        printf '
Make sure certificates from a certificate authority are installed.
Certificates are often installed through the package manager with
a package named '"${white_on_black}"'ca-certificates'"${default_color}"
    fi
    echo "Exiting."
    exit
fi
echo "Trying to find macOS ${macOS_release_name} InstallAssistant download URL"
tac "${macOS_release_name}_sucatalog" | csplit - '/InstallAssistantAuto.smd/+1' '{*}' -f "${macOS_release_name}_sucatalog_" -s
for catalog in "${macOS_release_name}_sucatalog_"* "error"; do
    if [[ "${catalog}" == error ]]; then
        rm "${macOS_release_name}_sucatalog"*
        printf "Couldn't find the requested download URL in the Apple catalog. Exiting."
       exit
    fi
    urlbase="$(tail -n 1 "${catalog}" 2>/dev/null)"
    urlbase="$(expr match "${urlbase}" '.*\(http://[^<]*/\)')"
    wget "${urlbase}InstallAssistantAuto.smd" \
    ${wgetargs} \
    --output-document="${catalog}_InstallAssistantAuto.smd"
    found_version="$(head -n 6 "${catalog}_InstallAssistantAuto.smd" | tail -n 1)"
    if [[ "${found_version}" == *${CFBundleShortVersionString}* ]]; then
        echo "Found download URL: ${urlbase}"
        echo ""
        rm "${macOS_release_name}_sucatalog"*
        break
    fi
done
echo "Downloading macOS installation files from swcdn.apple.com"
for filename in "BaseSystem.chunklist" \
                "InstallInfo.plist" \
                "AppleDiagnostics.dmg" \
                "AppleDiagnostics.chunklist" \
                "BaseSystem.dmg" \
                "InstallESDDmg.pkg"; \
    do wget "${urlbase}${filename}" \
            ${wgetargs} \
            --output-document "${macOS_release_name}_${filename}"
done
echo ""
echo "Downloading open-source APFS EFI drivers"
wget 'https://github.com/acidanthera/AppleSupportPkg/releases/download/2.0.4/AppleSupport-v2.0.4-RELEASE.zip' \
    ${wgetargs} \
    --output-document 'AppleSupport-v2.0.4-RELEASE.zip'
unzip -oj 'AppleSupport-v2.0.4-RELEASE.zip'
echo ""
echo "Creating EFI startup script"
echo 'echo -off
load fs0:\EFI\driver\AppleImageLoader.efi
load fs0:\EFI\driver\AppleUiSupport.efi
load fs0:\EFI\driver\ApfsDriverLoader.efi
map -r
for %a run (1 5)
  if exist "fs%a:\macOS Install Data\Locked Files\Boot Files\boot.efi" then
    "fs%a:\macOS Install Data\Locked Files\Boot Files\boot.efi"
  endif
endfor
for %a run (1 5)
  if exist "fs%a:\System\Library\CoreServices\boot.efi" then
    "fs%a:\System\Library\CoreServices\boot.efi"
  endif
endfor' > "startup.nsh"
}

function create_macos_installation_files_viso() {
echo "Creating VirtualBox 6 virtual ISO containing the"
echo "installation files from swcdn.apple.com"
echo ""
echo "Splitting the several-GB InstallESDDmg.pkg into 1GB parts because"
echo "VirtualBox hasn't implemented UDF/HFS VISO support yet and macOS"
echo "doesn't support ISO 9660 Level 3 with files larger than 2GB."
split -a 2 -d -b 1000000000 "${macOS_release_name}_InstallESDDmg.pkg" "${macOS_release_name}_InstallESD.part"
echo "--iprt-iso-maker-file-marker-bourne-sh 57c0ec7d-2112-4c24-a93f-32e6f08702b9
--volume-id=${macOS_release_name:0:5}-files
/AppleDiagnostics.chunklist=${macOS_release_name}_AppleDiagnostics.chunklist
/AppleDiagnostics.dmg=${macOS_release_name}_AppleDiagnostics.dmg
/BaseSystem.chunklist=${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.chunklist
/BaseSystem.dmg=${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.dmg
/InstallInfo.plist=${macOS_release_name}_InstallInfo.plist
/ApfsDriverLoader.efi=ApfsDriverLoader.efi
/AppleImageLoader.efi=AppleImageLoader.efi
/AppleUiSupport.efi=AppleUiSupport.efi
/startup.nsh=startup.nsh" > "${macOS_release_name}_installation_files.viso"
for part in "${macOS_release_name}_InstallESD.part"*; do
    echo "/InstallESD${part##*InstallESD}=${part}" >> "${macOS_release_name}_installation_files.viso"
done

}

# Create the macOS base system virtual disk image:
function create_basesystem_vdi() {
if [ -s "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.vdi" ]; then
    echo "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.vdi bootstrap virtual disk image ready."
elif [ ! -s "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.dmg" ]; then
    echo ""
    echo "Could not find ${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.dmg; exiting."
    exit
else
    echo "Converting to BaseSystem.dmg to BaseSystem.img"
    if [ -n "$("${PWD}/dmg2img.exe" -d 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
        "${PWD}/dmg2img.exe" "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.dmg" "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.img"
    else
        dmg2img "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.dmg" "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.img"
    fi
    VBoxManage convertfromraw --format VDI "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.img" "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.vdi"
    if [ -s "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.vdi" ]; then
        rm "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.img" 2>/dev/null
    fi
fi
}

# Create the target virtual disk image:
function create_target_vdi() {
if [ -w "${vmname}.vdi" ]; then
    echo "${vmname}.vdi target system virtual disk image ready."
elif [ "${storagesize}" -lt 22000 ]; then
    echo "Attempting to install macOS on a disk smaller than 22000MB will fail."
    echo "Please assign a larger virtual disk image size. Exiting."
    exit
else
    echo "Creating ${vmname} target system virtual disk image."
    VBoxManage createmedium --size="${storagesize}" \
                            --filename "${vmname}.vdi" \
                            --variant standard 2>/dev/tty
fi
}

# Create the installation media virtual disk image:
function create_install_vdi() {
if [ -w "Install ${macOS_release_name}.vdi" ]; then
    echo "Installation media virtual disk image ready."
else
    echo "Creating ${macOS_release_name} installation media virtual disk image."
    VBoxManage createmedium --size=12000 \
                            --filename "Install ${macOS_release_name}.vdi" \
                            --variant standard 2>/dev/tty
fi
}

# Attach virtual disk images of the base system, installation, and target
# to the virtual machine
function attach_initial_storage() {
VBoxManage storagectl "${vmname}" --add sata --name SATA --hostiocache on
VBoxManage storageattach "${vmname}" --storagectl SATA --port 0 \
           --type hdd --nonrotational on --medium "${vmname}.vdi"
VBoxManage storageattach "${vmname}" --storagectl SATA --port 1 \
           --type hdd --nonrotational on --medium "Install ${macOS_release_name}.vdi"
VBoxManage storageattach "${vmname}" --storagectl SATA --port 2 \
           --type hdd --nonrotational on --medium "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.vdi"
VBoxManage storageattach "${vmname}" --storagectl SATA --port 3 \
           --type dvddrive --medium "${macOS_release_name}_installation_files.viso"
}

function configure_vm() {
VBoxManage modifyvm "${vmname}" --cpus "${cpucount}" --memory "${memorysize}" \
 --vram "${gpuvram}" --pae on --boot1 dvd --boot2 disk --boot3 none \
 --boot4 none --firmware efi --rtcuseutc on --usbxhci on --chipset ich9 \
 --mouse usbtablet --keyboard usb --audiocontroller hda --audiocodec stac9221

VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemFamily" "${DmiSystemFamily}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemProduct" "${DmiSystemProduct}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemSerial" "${DmiSystemSerial}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemUuid" "${DmiSystemUuid}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiOEMVBoxVer" "${DmiOEMVBoxVer}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiOEMVBoxRev" "${DmiOEMVBoxRev}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiBIOSVersion" "${DmiBIOSVersion}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiBoardProduct" "${DmiBoardProduct}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiBoardSerial" "${DmiBoardSerial}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0000/Uuid" "4D1EDE05-38C7-4A6A-9CC6-4BCCA8B38C14"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0000/Name" "MLB"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0000/Value" "${MLB}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0001/Uuid" "4D1EDE05-38C7-4A6A-9CC6-4BCCA8B38C14"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0001/Name" "ROM"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0001/Value" "${ROM}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0002/Uuid" "7C436110-AB2A-4BBB-A880-FE41995C9F82"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0002/Name" "system-id"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0002/Value" "${SYSTEM_UUID}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0003/Uuid" "7C436110-AB2A-4BBB-A880-FE41995C9F82"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0003/Name" "csr-active-config"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/LUN#0/Config/Vars/0003/Value" "${SYSTEM_INTEGRITY_PROTECTION}"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemVendor" "Apple Inc."
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemVersion" "1.0"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/smc/0/Config/DeviceKey" \
  "ourhardworkbythesewordsguardedpleasedontsteal(c)AppleComputerInc"
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal/Devices/smc/0/Config/GetKeyFromRealSMC" 0
VBoxManage setextradata "${vmname}" \
 "VBoxInternal2/EfiGraphicsResolution" "${resolution}"
}

# QWERTY-to-scancode dictionary. Hex scancodes, keydown and keyup event.
# Virtualbox Mac scancodes found here:
# https://wiki.osdev.org/PS/2_Keyboard#Scan_Code_Set_1
# First half of hex code - press, second half - release, unless otherwise specified
declare -A ksc=(
    ["ESC"]="01 81"
    ["1"]="02 82"
    ["2"]="03 83"
    ["3"]="04 84"
    ["4"]="05 85"
    ["5"]="06 86"
    ["6"]="07 87"
    ["7"]="08 88"
    ["8"]="09 89"
    ["9"]="0A 8A"
    ["0"]="0B 8B"
    ["-"]="0C 8C"
    ["="]="0D 8D"
    ["BKSP"]="0E 8E"
    ["TAB"]="0F 8F"
    ["q"]="10 90"
    ["w"]="11 91"
    ["e"]="12 92"
    ["r"]="13 93"
    ["t"]="14 94"
    ["y"]="15 95"
    ["u"]="16 96"
    ["i"]="17 97"
    ["o"]="18 98"
    ["p"]="19 99"
    ["["]="1A 9A"
    ["]"]="1B 9B"
    ["ENTER"]="1C 9C"
    ["CTRLprs"]="1D"
    ["CTRLrls"]="9D"
    ["a"]="1E 9E"
    ["s"]="1F 9F"
    ["d"]="20 A0"
    ["f"]="21 A1"
    ["g"]="22 A2"
    ["h"]="23 A3"
    ["j"]="24 A4"
    ["k"]="25 A5"
    ["l"]="26 A6"
    [";"]="27 A7"
    ["'"]="28 A8"
    ['`']="29 A9"
    ["LSHIFTprs"]="2A"
    ["LSHIFTrls"]="AA"
    ['\']="2B AB"
    ["z"]="2C AC"
    ["x"]="2D AD"
    ["c"]="2E AE"
    ["v"]="2F AF"
    ["b"]="30 B0"
    ["n"]="31 B1"
    ["m"]="32 B2"
    [","]="33 B3"
    ["."]="34 B4"
    ["/"]="35 B5"
    ["RSHIFTprs"]="36"
    ["RSHIFTrls"]="B6"
    ["ALTprs"]="38"
    ["ALTrls"]="B8"
    ["LALT"]="38 B8"
    ["SPACE"]="39 B9"
    [" "]="39 B9"
    ["CAPS"]="3A BA"
    ["CAPSLOCK"]="3A BA"
    ["F1"]="3B BB"
    ["F2"]="3C BC"
    ["F3"]="3D BD"
    ["F4"]="3E BE"
    ["F5"]="3F BF"
    ["F6"]="40 C0"
    ["F7"]="41 C1"
    ["F8"]="42 C2"
    ["F9"]="43 C3"
    ["F10"]="44 C4"
    ["UP"]="E0 48 E0 C8"
    ["RIGHT"]="E0 4D E0 CD"
    ["LEFT"]="E0 4B E0 CB"
    ["DOWN"]="E0 50 E0 D0"
    ["HOME"]="E0 47 E0 C7"
    ["END"]="E0 4F E0 CF"
    ["PGUP"]="E0 49 E0 C9"
    ["PGDN"]="E0 51 E0 D1"
    ["CMDprs"]="E0 5C"
    ["CMDrls"]="E0 DC"
    # all codes below start with LSHIFTprs as commented in first item:
    ["!"]="2A 02 82 AA" # LSHIFTprs 1prs 1rls LSHIFTrls
    ["@"]="2A 03 83 AA"
    ["#"]="2A 04 84 AA"
    ["$"]="2A 05 85 AA"
    ["%"]="2A 06 86 AA"
    ["^"]="2A 07 87 AA"
    ["&"]="2A 08 88 AA"
    ["*"]="2A 09 89 AA"
    ["("]="2A 0A 8A AA"
    [")"]="2A 0B 8B AA"
    ["_"]="2A 0C 8C AA"
    ["+"]="2A 0D 8D AA"
    ["Q"]="2A 10 90 AA"
    ["W"]="2A 11 91 AA"
    ["E"]="2A 12 92 AA"
    ["R"]="2A 13 93 AA"
    ["T"]="2A 14 94 AA"
    ["Y"]="2A 15 95 AA"
    ["U"]="2A 16 96 AA"
    ["I"]="2A 17 97 AA"
    ["O"]="2A 18 98 AA"
    ["P"]="2A 19 99 AA"
    ["{"]="2A 1A 9A AA"
    ["}"]="2A 1B 9B AA"
    ["A"]="2A 1E 9E AA"
    ["S"]="2A 1F 9F AA"
    ["D"]="2A 20 A0 AA"
    ["F"]="2A 21 A1 AA"
    ["G"]="2A 22 A2 AA"
    ["H"]="2A 23 A3 AA"
    ["J"]="2A 24 A4 AA"
    ["K"]="2A 25 A5 AA"
    ["L"]="2A 26 A6 AA"
    [":"]="2A 27 A7 AA"
    ['"']="2A 28 A8 AA"
    ["~"]="2A 29 A9 AA"
    ["|"]="2A 2B AB AA"
    ["Z"]="2A 2C AC AA"
    ["X"]="2A 2D AD AA"
    ["C"]="2A 2E AE AA"
    ["V"]="2A 2F AF AA"
    ["B"]="2A 30 B0 AA"
    ["N"]="2A 31 B1 AA"
    ["M"]="2A 32 B2 AA"
    ["<"]="2A 33 B3 AA"
    [">"]="2A 34 B4 AA"
    ["?"]="2A 35 B5 AA"
)

# hacky way to clear input buffer before sending scancodes
function clear_input_buffer() {
    while read -d '' -r -t 0; do read -d '' -t 0.1 -n 10000; break; done
}

# read variable kbstring and convert string to scancodes and send to guest vm
function send_keys() {
    scancode=$(for (( i=0; i < ${#kbstring}; i++ ));
               do c[i]=${kbstring:i:1}; echo -n ${ksc[${c[i]}]}" "; done)
    scancode="${scancode} ${ksc['ENTER']}"
    clear_input_buffer
    VBoxManage controlvm "${vmname}" keyboardputscancode ${scancode}
}

# read variable kbspecial and send keystrokes by name,
# for example "CTRLprs c CTRLrls", and send to guest vm
function send_special() {
    scancode=""
    for keypress in ${kbspecial}; do
        scancode="${scancode}${ksc[${keypress}]}"" "
    done
    clear_input_buffer
    VBoxManage controlvm "${vmname}" keyboardputscancode ${scancode}
}

function send_enter() {
    kbspecial="ENTER"
    send_special
}

function prompt_lang_utils() {
    printf "${white_on_black}"'
Press enter when the Language window is ready.'"${default_color}"
    read -p ""
    send_enter

    printf "${white_on_black}"'
Press enter when the macOS Utilities window is ready.'"${default_color}"
    read -p ""

    kbspecial='CTRLprs F2 CTRLrls u ENTER t ENTER'
    send_special
}

function prompt_terminal_ready() {
    printf "${white_on_black}"'
Press enter when the Terminal command prompt is ready.'"${default_color}"
    read -p ""
}

# Start the virtual machine. This should take a couple of minutes.
function populate_virtual_disks() {
echo "Starting virtual machine ${vmname}. This should take a couple of minutes."
VBoxManage startvm "${vmname}" 2>/dev/null

prompt_lang_utils
prompt_terminal_ready

echo ""
echo "Partitioning target virtual disk."

# get "physical" disks from largest to smallest
kbstring='disks="$(diskutil list | grep -o "[0-9][^ ]* GB *disk[012]$" | sort -gr | grep -o disk[012])"; disks=(${disks[@]})'
send_keys
prompt_terminal_ready

# partition largest disk as APFS
kbstring='diskutil partitionDisk "/dev/${disks[0]}" 1 GPT APFS "'"${vmname}"'" R'
send_keys
prompt_terminal_ready
echo ""
echo "Partitioning installer virtual disk."

# partition second-largest disk as JHFS+
kbstring='diskutil partitionDisk "/dev/${disks[1]}" 1 GPT JHFS+ "Install" R'
send_keys
prompt_terminal_ready

echo ""
echo "Loading base system onto installer virtual disk"

# Create secondary base system and shut down the virtual machine
kbstring='asr restore --source "/Volumes/'"${macOS_release_name:0:5}-files"'/BaseSystem.dmg" --target /Volumes/Install --erase --noprompt'
send_keys

prompt_terminal_ready

kbstring='shutdown -h now'
send_keys

printf "${white_on_black}"'
Shutting down the virtual machine.
Press enter when the virtual machine shutdown is complete.'"${default_color}"
read -p ""
echo ""
echo "Detaching initial base system and starting virtual machine."
# Detach the original 2GB BaseSystem.vdi
VBoxManage storageattach "${vmname}" --storagectl SATA --port 2 --medium none
}

function prepare_the_installer_app() {
#Boot from "Install.vdi" that contains the 2GB BaseSystem and 10GB free space
echo "The VM will boot from the new base system on the installer virtual disk."
VBoxManage startvm "${vmname}" 2>/dev/null

prompt_lang_utils
prompt_terminal_ready
echo ""
echo "Moving installation files to installer virtual disk."
echo "The virtual machine may report that disk space is critically low; this is fine."
kbstring='app_path="$(ls -d /Install*.app)" && mount -rw / && install_path="${app_path}/Contents/SharedSupport/" && mkdir -p "${install_path}" && cd "/Volumes/'"${macOS_release_name:0:5}-files/"'" && cp *.chunklist *.plist *.dmg "${install_path}" && cat InstallESD.part* > "${install_path}/InstallESD.dmg"'
send_keys

# update InstallInfo.plist
prompt_terminal_ready
kbstring='sed -i.bak -e "s/InstallESDDmg\.pkg/InstallESD.dmg/" -e "s/pkg\.InstallESDDmg/dmg.InstallESD/" "${install_path}InstallInfo.plist" && sed -i.bak2 -e "/InstallESD\.dmg/{n;N;N;N;d;}" "${install_path}InstallInfo.plist"'
send_keys

# reboot, because the installer does not work when the partition is remounted
prompt_terminal_ready
kbstring='shutdown -h now'
send_keys
printf "${white_on_black}"'
Shutting down virtual machine.
Press enter when the virtual machine shutdown is complete.'"${default_color}"
read -p ""
}

function start_the_installer_app() {
VBoxManage startvm "${vmname}" 2>/dev/null
prompt_lang_utils
prompt_terminal_ready

# Start the installer.
kbstring='app_path="$(ls -d /Install*.app)" && cd "/${app_path}/Contents/Resources/"; ./startosinstall --agreetolicense --volume "/Volumes/'"${vmname}"'"'
send_keys
echo ""
echo "Installer started."
echo "When the installer finishes preparing, the virtual machine will reboot"
echo "into the base system again, not the installer."
}

function place_efi_apfs_drivers {
printf "${white_on_black}"'
After the VM boots, press enter when either the Language window'"${default_color}"'
'"${white_on_black}"'or Utilities window is ready.'"${default_color}"
read -p ""
send_enter

printf "${white_on_black}"'
Press enter when the macOS Utilities window is ready.'"${default_color}"
read -p ""
kbspecial='CTRLprs F2 CTRLrls u ENTER t ENTER'
send_special
prompt_terminal_ready

# find largest drive
kbstring='disks="$(diskutil list | grep -o "[0-9][^ ]* GB *disk[012]$" | sort -gr | grep -o disk[012])"; disks=(${disks[@]})'
send_keys
prompt_terminal_ready

echo ""
echo "Copying open-source APFS drivers to EFI partition"

# move drivers into path on EFI partition
kbstring='mkdir -p "/Volumes/'"${vmname}"'/mount_efi" && mount_msdos /dev/${disks[0]}s1 "/Volumes/'"${vmname}"'/mount_efi" && mkdir -p "/Volumes/'"${vmname}"'/mount_efi/EFI/driver/" && cp "/Volumes/'"${macOS_release_name:0:5}-files"'/"*.efi "/Volumes/'"${vmname}"'/mount_efi/EFI/driver/"'
send_keys
prompt_terminal_ready

# place startup.nsh EFI script
echo ""
echo "Placing EFI startup script that searches for boot.efi on the EFI partition"
kbstring='cp "/Volumes/'"${macOS_release_name:0:5}-files"'/startup.nsh" "/Volumes/'"${vmname}"'/mount_efi/startup.nsh"'
send_keys

}

function detach_installer_vdi_and_viso() {
# Shut down the virtual machine
printf "${white_on_black}"'
Press enter when the terminal is ready.'"${default_color}"
read -p ""
kbstring='shutdown -h now'
send_keys

echo ""
echo "Shutting down virtual machine."
printf "${white_on_black}"'
Press enter when the virtual machine shutdown is complete.'"${default_color}"
read -p ""

# detach installer from virtual machine
VBoxManage storageattach "${vmname}" --storagectl SATA --port 1 --medium none
VBoxManage storageattach "${vmname}" --storagectl SATA --port 3 --medium none
}

function boot_macos_and_clean_up() {
echo "The VM will boot from the target virtual disk image."
VBoxManage startvm "${vmname}"
echo ""
echo "macOS will now install and start up."
echo ""

# temporary files cleanup
VBoxManage closemedium "${macOS_release_name}_BaseSystem.vdi" 2>/dev/null
VBoxManage closemedium "Install ${macOS_release_name}.vdi" 2>/dev/null
printf 'Temporary files are safe to delete. '"${white_on_red}"'Delete temporary files?'"${default_color}"
delete=""
read -n 1 -p " [y/n] " delete 2>/dev/tty
echo ""
if [ "${delete,,}" == "y" ]; then
    rm "${macOS_release_name}_"* \
       "Install ${macOS_release_name}.vdi" \
       "ApfsDriverLoader.efi" "AppleImageLoader.efi" \
       "AppleSupport-v2.0.4-RELEASE.zip" "AppleUiSupport.efi" \
       "startup.nsh"
    rm "dmg2img.exe" 2>/dev/null
fi

printf 'macOS installation should complete in a few minutes.

After the installation is complete, the virtual disk image may be increased
through VirtualBox, and then the macOS system APFS container size may be
increased. Inside the virtual machine run "sudo diskutil repairDisk disk0"
and then from Disk Utility delete the "Free space" partition, allowing the
macOS system APFS container to take up the available space.

That'\''s it. Enjoy your virtual machine.
'
}

function stages() {
printf '\nUSAGE: '"${white_on_black}${0}"' [STAGE]...'"${default_color}"'

The script is divided into stages that run as separate functions.
Add one or more stage titles to the command line to run the corresponding
function. If the first argument is "stages" all others are ignored.
Some examples:
    "'"${0}"' populate_virtual_disks prepare_the_installer_app"
These stages might be useful by themselves if the VDI files and the VM are
already initialized.
    "'"${0}"' configure_vm"
This stage might be useful after copying an existing VM VDI to a different
VirtualBox installation and having the script automatically configure the VM.
Dependency-checking and variable-setting is always performed first, whether
or not these stages are specified.

Available stage titles:
    check_bash_version
    set_variables
    welcome
    check_dependencies
    prompt_delete_existing_vm
    create_vm
    prepare_macos_installation_files
    create_macos_installation_files_viso
    create_basesystem_vdi
    create_target_vdi
    create_install_vdi
    attach_initial_storage
    configure_vm
    populate_virtual_disks
    prepare_the_installer_app
    start_the_installer_app
    place_efi_apfs_drivers
    detach_installer_vdi_and_viso
    boot_macos_and_clean_up
'
}

if [ -z "${1}" ]; then
    check_bash_version
    set_variables
    welcome
    check_dependencies
    prompt_delete_existing_vm
    create_vm
    prepare_macos_installation_files
    create_macos_installation_files_viso
    create_basesystem_vdi
    create_target_vdi
    create_install_vdi
    attach_initial_storage
    configure_vm
    populate_virtual_disks
    prepare_the_installer_app
    start_the_installer_app
    place_efi_apfs_drivers
    detach_installer_vdi_and_viso
    boot_macos_and_clean_up
else
    if [ "${1}" != "stages" ]; then
        check_bash_version
        set_variables
        check_dependencies
        for argument in "$@"; do ${argument}; done
    else
        stages
    fi
fi