diff --git a/src/kernel/src/main.rs b/src/kernel/src/main.rs
index f7b5ba8b5..978c58b68 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/kernel/src/main.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::arch::MachDep;
 use crate::budget::{Budget, BudgetManager, ProcType};
 use crate::dev::{
-    DebugManager, DebugManagerInitError, DipswInitError, DipswManager, TtyManager,
+    DebugManager, DebugManagerInitError, DipswInitError, DipswManager, DmemContainer, TtyManager,
     TtyManagerInitError,
 };
 use crate::dmem::{DmemManager, DmemManagerInitError};
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::log::{print, LOGGER};
 use crate::namedobj::NamedObjManager;
 use crate::net::NetManager;
 use crate::osem::OsemManager;
-use crate::process::{ProcManager, VProc, VProcInitError, VThread};
+use crate::process::{ProcManager, VThread};
 use crate::regmgr::RegMgr;
 use crate::rtld::{ExecError, LoadFlags, ModuleFlags, RuntimeLinker};
 use crate::shm::SharedMemoryManager;
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ fn run() -> Result<(), KernelError> {
     NamedObjManager::new(&mut syscalls);
     OsemManager::new(&mut syscalls);
     UmtxManager::new(&mut syscalls);
-    ProcManager::new(&mut syscalls);
+    let pmgr = ProcManager::new(&mut syscalls);
 
     // Initialize runtime linker.
     let ee = NativeEngine::new();
@@ -373,16 +373,17 @@ fn run() -> Result<(), KernelError> {
     // TODO: Get correct budget name from the PS4.
     let budget_id = budget.create(Budget::new("big app", ProcType::BigApp));
     let proc_root = fs.lookup(proc_root, true, None).unwrap();
-
-    let proc = VProc::new(
-        auth,
-        budget_id,
-        ProcType::BigApp,
-        dev::DmemContainer::One, // See sys_budget_set on the PS4.
-        proc_root,
-        system_component,
-        syscalls,
-    )?;
+    let proc = pmgr
+        .spawn(
+            auth,
+            budget_id,
+            ProcType::BigApp,
+            DmemContainer::One, // See sys_budget_set on the PS4.
+            proc_root,
+            system_component,
+            syscalls,
+        )
+        .map_err(KernelError::CreateProcessFailed)?;
 
     info!(
         "Application stack: {:p}:{:p}",
@@ -611,8 +612,8 @@ enum KernelError {
     #[error("dmem manager initialization failed")]
     DmemManagerInitFailes(#[from] DmemManagerInitError),
 
-    #[error("virtual process initialization failed")]
-    VProcInitFailed(#[from] VProcInitError),
+    #[error("couldn't create application process")]
+    CreateProcessFailed(#[source] self::process::SpawnError),
 
     #[error("couldn't execute {0}")]
     ExecFailed(&'static VPath, #[source] ExecError),
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/process/mod.rs b/src/kernel/src/process/mod.rs
index 2137d36a6..2c07a4acb 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/process/mod.rs
+++ b/src/kernel/src/process/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
+use crate::budget::ProcType;
+use crate::dev::DmemContainer;
+use crate::fs::Vnode;
 use crate::syscalls::Syscalls;
+use crate::ucred::AuthInfo;
+use crate::vm::MemoryManagerError;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicI32;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use thiserror::Error;
 
 pub use self::appinfo::*;
 pub use self::binary::*;
@@ -33,6 +39,38 @@ impl ProcManager {
 
         pmgr
     }
+
+    /// See `fork1` on the PS4 for a reference.
+    pub fn spawn(
+        &self,
+        auth: AuthInfo,
+        budget_id: usize,
+        budget_ptype: ProcType,
+        dmem_container: DmemContainer,
+        root: Arc<Vnode>,
+        system_path: impl Into<String>,
+        mut sys: Syscalls,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<VProc>, SpawnError> {
+        VProc::new(
+            auth,
+            budget_id,
+            budget_ptype,
+            dmem_container,
+            root,
+            system_path,
+            sys,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents an error when [`ProcManager::spawn()`] was failed.
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum SpawnError {
+    #[error("failed to load limits")]
+    FailedToLoadLimits(#[from] LoadLimitError),
+
+    #[error("virtual memory initialization failed")]
+    VmInitFailed(#[from] MemoryManagerError),
 }
 
 static NEXT_ID: AtomicI32 = AtomicI32::new(123);
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/process/proc.rs b/src/kernel/src/process/proc.rs
index ee79cdfec..61f501734 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/process/proc.rs
+++ b/src/kernel/src/process/proc.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::{
-    AppInfo, Binaries, CpuLevel, CpuWhich, FileDesc, Limits, LoadLimitError, ResourceLimit,
-    ResourceType, SignalActs, VProcGroup, VSession, VThread, NEXT_ID,
+    AppInfo, Binaries, CpuLevel, CpuWhich, FileDesc, Limits, ResourceLimit, ResourceType,
+    SignalActs, SpawnError, VProcGroup, VSession, VThread, NEXT_ID,
 };
 use crate::budget::ProcType;
 use crate::dev::DmemContainer;
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::signal::{SigChldFlags, Signal};
 use crate::syscalls::{SysErr, SysIn, SysOut, Syscalls};
 use crate::sysent::ProcAbi;
 use crate::ucred::{AuthInfo, Gid, Privilege, Ucred, Uid};
-use crate::vm::{MemoryManagerError, Vm};
+use crate::vm::Vm;
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 use gmtx::{Gutex, GutexGroup, GutexReadGuard, GutexWriteGuard};
 use macros::Errno;
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub struct VProc {
 }
 
 impl VProc {
-    pub fn new(
+    pub(super) fn new(
         auth: AuthInfo,
         budget_id: usize,
         budget_ptype: ProcType,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl VProc {
         root: Arc<Vnode>,
         system_path: impl Into<String>,
         mut sys: Syscalls,
-    ) -> Result<Arc<Self>, VProcInitError> {
+    ) -> Result<Arc<Self>, SpawnError> {
         let cred = if auth.caps.is_system() {
             // TODO: The groups will be copied from the parent process, which is SceSysCore.
             Ucred::new(Uid::ROOT, Uid::ROOT, vec![Gid::ROOT], auth)
@@ -878,15 +878,5 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-/// Represents an error when [`VProc`] construction is failed.
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
-pub enum VProcInitError {
-    #[error("failed to load limits")]
-    FailedToLoadLimits(#[from] LoadLimitError),
-
-    #[error("virtual memory initialization failed")]
-    VmInitFailed(#[from] MemoryManagerError),
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Error, Errno)]
 pub enum CreateThreadError {}