diff --git a/.github/workflows/rubocop.yml b/.github/workflows/rubocop.yml index 00813603f2..6f40c3d7b0 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/rubocop.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/rubocop.yml @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ on: jobs: rubocop: name: 🤖 Check code style with Rubocop - runs-on: ubuntu-latest + runs-on: ubuntu-22.04 steps: - name: 📰 Checkout code diff --git a/.github/workflows/specs.yml b/.github/workflows/specs.yml index 782fadba65..507f22e057 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/specs.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/specs.yml @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ on: jobs: specs: name: 📋 Run Specs - runs-on: ubuntu-latest + runs-on: ubuntu-22.04 steps: - name: 📰 Checkout code diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index e0f7c8dcd1..8f5027b6af 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ jetty # Coverage /coverage - - # ignore link check report /spec/support/link-check-report.txt @@ -42,3 +40,11 @@ jetty *.csv /*.xml /*.pbcore + +# Local Gemfiles +Gemfile.me +Gemfile.lock.me + +# Local VSCode settings +.vscode + diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile index f1567eab4d..50ffe83350 100644 --- a/Dockerfile +++ b/Dockerfile @@ -3,25 +3,66 @@ WORKDIR /usr/src/app RUN /bin/echo -e "deb http://archive.debian.org/debian stretch main\ndeb http://archive.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main\n" > /etc/apt/sources.list +# Install non-ruby dependencies RUN apt update && apt install -y nodejs curl libcurl3 libcurl3-openssl-dev openjdk-8-jdk -COPY Gemfile Gemfile.lock ./ +# Copy source code to container +COPY . . -RUN bundle install + +############################ +# Development Build Stage +############################ +FROM base as development + +# Set the RAILS_ENV to production. This affects several things in Rails. +ENV RAILS_ENV=development + +# Update the bundle from Gemfile to pull in any newer versions not committed to +# Gemfile.lock yet. +RUN bundle update + +# Install fresh jetty instance +RUN bundle exec rake jetty:clean EXPOSE 3000 -CMD rake jetty:clean && rake jetty:config && rake jetty:start && bundle exec rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=development && bundle exec rails s -b 0.0.0.0 +# Run several commmands to start the development server: +# 1. bundle exec rake jetty:config +# Copies jetty configuration from config/jetty.yml to jetty instance, +# which is installed in the 'base' build stage. +# 2. bundle exec rake jetty:start +# Starts jetty server +# 3. bundle exec rake db:migrate +# Runs databae migrations, if any need to be run. +# 4. bundle exec rails s -b 0.0.0.0 +# Starts the Rails server. +CMD bundle exec rake jetty:config \ + bundle exec rake jetty:start && \ + bundle exec rake db:migrate && \ + bundle exec rails s -b 0.0.0.0 + +############################ +# Production Build Stage +############################ FROM base as production +# Set the RAILS_ENV to production. This affects several things in Rails. +ENV RAILS_ENV=production + +# TODO: is this needed? RUN apt-get autoremove -y \ && apt-get clean -y \ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* +# Update the bundle from Gemfile.lock (don't update the Bundle in production) +RUN bundle install -COPY . . - -RUN rake jetty:clean && rake jetty:config - -CMD rake jetty:start && bundle exec rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=development && bundle exec rails s -b 0.0.0.0 +# Run commands atomically to start production AAPB web application: +# 1. bundle exec rake jetty:start +# Starts the jetty server +# 2. bundle exec rails s -b 0.0.0.0 +# Starts the Rails server. +CMD bundle exec rake jetty:start && \ + bundle exec rails s -b 0.0.0.0 diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile index 2b8bcc65f7..d047d68fa0 100644 --- a/Gemfile +++ b/Gemfile @@ -92,3 +92,4 @@ gem 'bigdecimal', '1.4.4' gem 'httparty' gem 'pbcore', '~> 0.2.0' +gem 'json-schema', '~> 2.8.0' diff --git a/Gemfile.lock b/Gemfile.lock index ac0ef70885..403b4b5cf5 100644 --- a/Gemfile.lock +++ b/Gemfile.lock @@ -171,6 +171,8 @@ GEM jquery-ui-rails (6.0.1) railties (>= 3.2.16) json (1.8.6) + json-schema (2.8.1) + addressable (>= 2.4) kaminari (1.2.1) activesupport (>= 4.1.0) kaminari-actionview (= 1.2.1) @@ -371,6 +373,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES jettywrapper jquery-rails jquery-ui-rails + json-schema (~> 2.8.0) launchy libv8 (~> 3.16.14.13) maxminddb diff --git a/Gemfile.lock.me b/Gemfile.lock.me new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3de0c44aff --- /dev/null +++ b/Gemfile.lock.me @@ -0,0 +1,401 @@ +GIT + remote: https://github.com/WGBH-MLA/cmless.git + revision: 1a0583ae01a91ba5798b462fcb069bef882ca940 + specs: + cmless (1.0.0) + nokogiri (~> 1.6) + redcarpet (~> 3.2) + +GIT + remote: https://github.com/WGBH-MLA/sony_ci_api_rewrite.git + revision: c800f8ba5d6f887e5c629bd8fd2758f3e5c4a5bd + branch: main + specs: + sony_ci_api (0.1.0) + activesupport + faraday (~> 1.3.0) + faraday_middleware + +GEM + remote: https://rubygems.org/ + specs: + actionmailer (4.2.8) + actionpack (= 4.2.8) + actionview (= 4.2.8) + activejob (= 4.2.8) + mail (~> 2.5, >= 2.5.4) + rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5) + actionpack (4.2.8) + actionview (= 4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + rack (~> 1.6) + rack-test (~> 0.6.2) + rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5) + rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2) + actionpack-page_caching (1.2.4) + actionpack (>= 4.0.0) + actionview (4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + builder (~> 3.1) + erubis (~> 2.7.0) + rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5) + rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.3) + activejob (4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + globalid (>= 0.3.0) + activemodel (4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + builder (~> 3.1) + activerecord (4.2.8) + activemodel (= 4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + arel (~> 6.0) + activesupport (4.2.8) + i18n (~> 0.7) + minitest (~> 5.1) + thread_safe (~> 0.3, >= 0.3.4) + tzinfo (~> 1.1) + addressable (2.8.0) + public_suffix (>= 2.0.2, < 5.0) + airbrussh (1.4.0) + sshkit (>= 1.6.1, != 1.7.0) + arel (6.0.4) + ast (2.4.2) + autoprefixer-rails (10.2.5.1) + execjs (> 0) + aws-eventstream (1.1.1) + aws-sdk (2.11.632) + aws-sdk-resources (= 2.11.632) + aws-sdk-core (2.11.632) + aws-sigv4 (~> 1.0) + jmespath (~> 1.0) + aws-sdk-resources (2.11.632) + aws-sdk-core (= 2.11.632) + aws-sigv4 (1.2.3) + aws-eventstream (~> 1, >= 1.0.2) + bigdecimal (1.4.4) + blacklight (5.19.2) + bootstrap-sass (~> 3.2) + deprecation + kaminari (>= 0.15) + nokogiri (~> 1.6) + rails (>= 3.2.6, < 5) + rsolr (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.11) + blacklight-gallery (0.4.1) + blacklight (>= 5.12, < 7) + bootstrap-sass (~> 3.0) + openseadragon (>= 0.2.0) + rails + blacklight_range_limit (5.2.0) + blacklight (~> 5.15) + jquery-rails + rails (>= 3.0, < 5.0) + bootstrap-sass (3.4.1) + autoprefixer-rails (>= 5.2.1) + sassc (>= 2.0.0) + builder (3.2.4) + cancan (1.6.10) + capistrano (3.16.0) + airbrussh (>= 1.0.0) + i18n + rake (>= 10.0.0) + sshkit (>= 1.9.0) + capistrano-bundler (2.0.1) + capistrano (~> 3.1) + capistrano-passenger (0.2.1) + capistrano (~> 3.0) + capistrano-rails (1.6.1) + capistrano (~> 3.1) + capistrano-bundler (>= 1.1, < 3) + capybara (3.32.2) + addressable + mini_mime (>= 0.1.3) + nokogiri (~> 1.8) + rack (>= 1.6.0) + rack-test (>= 0.6.3) + regexp_parser (~> 1.5) + xpath (~> 3.2) + childprocess (4.0.0) + coderay (1.1.3) + coffee-rails (4.0.1) + coffee-script (>= 2.2.0) + railties (>= 4.0.0, < 5.0) + coffee-script (2.4.1) + coffee-script-source + execjs + coffee-script-source (1.12.2) + concurrent-ruby (1.1.10) + crack (0.4.5) + rexml + crass (1.0.6) + curb (0.9.11) + deprecation (1.1.0) + activesupport + diff-lcs (1.4.4) + erubis (2.7.0) + execjs (2.8.1) + factory_bot (4.11.1) + activesupport (>= 3.0.0) + faker (1.9.6) + i18n (>= 0.7) + faraday (1.3.1) + faraday-net_http (~> 1.0) + multipart-post (>= 1.2, < 3) + ruby2_keywords (>= 0.0.4) + faraday-net_http (1.0.1) + faraday_middleware (1.2.0) + faraday (~> 1.0) + fastimage (2.2.3) + ffi (1.15.1) + globalid (0.4.2) + activesupport (>= 4.2.0) + hashdiff (1.0.1) + htmlentities (4.3.4) + httparty (0.21.0) + mini_mime (>= 1.0.0) + multi_xml (>= 0.5.2) + i18n (0.9.5) + concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0) + jbuilder (2.9.1) + activesupport (>= 4.2.0) + jettywrapper (2.0.5) + activesupport (>= 3.0.0) + childprocess + i18n + rubyzip (~> 1.0) + jmespath (1.6.1) + jquery-rails (4.4.0) + rails-dom-testing (>= 1, < 3) + railties (>= 4.2.0) + thor (>= 0.14, < 2.0) + jquery-ui-rails (6.0.1) + railties (>= 3.2.16) + json (1.8.6) + kaminari (1.2.1) + activesupport (>= 4.1.0) + kaminari-actionview (= 1.2.1) + kaminari-activerecord (= 1.2.1) + kaminari-core (= 1.2.1) + kaminari-actionview (1.2.1) + actionview + kaminari-core (= 1.2.1) + kaminari-activerecord (1.2.1) + activerecord + kaminari-core (= 1.2.1) + kaminari-core (1.2.1) + launchy (2.5.0) + addressable (~> 2.7) + libv8-node (15.14.0.1-x86_64-linux) + loofah (2.19.1) + crass (~> 1.0.2) + nokogiri (>= 1.5.9) + mail (2.7.1) + mini_mime (>= 0.1.1) + maxminddb (0.1.22) + method_source (0.9.2) + mini_mime (1.1.0) + mini_portile2 (2.4.0) + mini_racer (0.4.0) + libv8-node (~> 15.14.0.0) + minitest (5.15.0) + multi_xml (0.6.0) + multipart-post (2.2.3) + net-scp (3.0.0) + net-ssh (>= 2.6.5, < 7.0.0) + net-ssh (6.1.0) + nokogiri (1.10.10) + mini_portile2 (~> 2.4.0) + openseadragon (0.6.0) + rails (> 3.2.0) + parser (2.7.2.0) + ast (~> 2.4.1) + passenger (6.0.8) + rack + rake (>= 0.8.1) + pbcore (0.2.0) + factory_bot (~> 4.11) + faker (~> 1.9) + nokogiri (~> 1.10) + sax-machine (~> 1.3) + powerpack (0.1.3) + pry (0.12.2) + coderay (~> 1.1.0) + method_source (~> 0.9.0) + pry-nav (0.3.0) + pry (>= 0.9.10, < 0.13.0) + public_suffix (4.0.6) + rack (1.6.13) + rack-cors (1.0.6) + rack (>= 1.6.0) + rack-test (0.6.3) + rack (>= 1.0) + rails (4.2.8) + actionmailer (= 4.2.8) + actionpack (= 4.2.8) + actionview (= 4.2.8) + activejob (= 4.2.8) + activemodel (= 4.2.8) + activerecord (= 4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + bundler (>= 1.3.0, < 2.0) + railties (= 4.2.8) + sprockets-rails + rails-deprecated_sanitizer (1.0.4) + activesupport (>= 4.2.0.alpha) + rails-dom-testing (1.0.9) + activesupport (>= 4.2.0, < 5.0) + nokogiri (~> 1.6) + rails-deprecated_sanitizer (>= 1.0.1) + rails-html-sanitizer (1.4.4) + loofah (~> 2.19, >= 2.19.1) + railties (4.2.8) + actionpack (= 4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + rake (>= 0.8.7) + thor (>= 0.18.1, < 2.0) + rainbow (2.2.2) + rake + rake (13.0.3) + rb-fsevent (0.11.0) + rb-inotify (0.10.1) + ffi (~> 1.0) + rdoc (4.3.0) + redcarpet (3.5.1) + regexp_parser (1.8.2) + rexml (3.2.5) + rsolr (1.1.2) + builder (>= 2.1.2) + rspec (3.10.0) + rspec-core (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-expectations (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-mocks (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-core (3.10.1) + rspec-support (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-expectations (3.10.1) + diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0) + rspec-support (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-mocks (3.10.2) + diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0) + rspec-support (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-rails (4.1.2) + actionpack (>= 4.2) + activesupport (>= 4.2) + railties (>= 4.2) + rspec-core (~> 3.10) + rspec-expectations (~> 3.10) + rspec-mocks (~> 3.10) + rspec-support (~> 3.10) + rspec-support (3.10.2) + rubocop (0.39.0) + parser (>= 2.3.0.7, < 3.0) + powerpack (~> 0.1) + rainbow (>= 1.99.1, < 3.0) + ruby-progressbar (~> 1.7) + unicode-display_width (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.1) + ruby-progressbar (1.11.0) + ruby2_keywords (0.0.5) + rubyzip (1.3.0) + sass (3.7.4) + sass-listen (~> 4.0.0) + sass-listen (4.0.0) + rb-fsevent (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.4) + rb-inotify (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.7) + sass-rails (5.0.7) + railties (>= 4.0.0, < 6) + sass (~> 3.1) + sprockets (>= 2.8, < 4.0) + sprockets-rails (>= 2.0, < 4.0) + tilt (>= 1.1, < 3) + sassc (2.4.0) + ffi (~> 1.9) + sax-machine (1.3.2) + sdoc (0.4.2) + json (~> 1.7, >= 1.7.7) + rdoc (~> 4.0) + solrizer (4.1.0) + activesupport + nokogiri + xml-simple + spring (2.1.1) + sprockets (3.7.2) + concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0) + rack (> 1, < 3) + sprockets-rails (3.2.2) + actionpack (>= 4.0) + activesupport (>= 4.0) + sprockets (>= 3.0.0) + sqlite3 (1.3.13) + srt (0.1.5) + sshkit (1.21.2) + net-scp (>= 1.1.2) + net-ssh (>= 2.8.0) + thor (1.1.0) + thread_safe (0.3.6) + tilt (2.0.10) + tzinfo (1.2.10) + thread_safe (~> 0.1) + uglifier (4.2.0) + execjs (>= 0.3.0, < 3) + unicode-display_width (1.7.0) + webmock (3.13.0) + addressable (>= 2.3.6) + crack (>= 0.3.2) + hashdiff (>= 0.4.0, < 2.0.0) + xml-simple (1.1.8) + xpath (3.2.0) + nokogiri (~> 1.8) + +PLATFORMS + ruby + +DEPENDENCIES + actionpack-page_caching + aws-sdk (~> 2) + bigdecimal (= 1.4.4) + blacklight (= 5.19.2) + blacklight-gallery (= 0.4.1) + blacklight_range_limit (= 5.2.0) + cancan + capistrano-passenger + capistrano-rails + capybara + cmless! + coffee-rails (~> 4.0.0) + curb + fastimage + htmlentities (~> 4.3.2) + httparty + jbuilder (~> 2.0) + jettywrapper + jquery-rails + jquery-ui-rails + launchy + maxminddb + mini_racer (~> 0.4.0) + nokogiri (~> 1.10.4) + passenger + pbcore (~> 0.2.0) + pry + pry-nav + rack-cors (~> 1.0.5) + rails (= 4.2.8) + rsolr + rspec + rspec-rails + rubocop (= 0.39.0) + rubyzip (~> 1.3.0) + sass-rails (~> 5.0.7) + sdoc (~> 0.4.0) + solrizer + sony_ci_api! + spring + sqlite3 (~> 1.3.13) + srt + uglifier (>= 1.3.0) + webmock + +RUBY VERSION + ruby 2.4.4p296 + +BUNDLED WITH + 1.17.3 diff --git a/Gemfile.lock.old b/Gemfile.lock.old new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ac0ef70885 --- /dev/null +++ b/Gemfile.lock.old @@ -0,0 +1,404 @@ +GIT + remote: https://github.com/WGBH-MLA/cmless.git + revision: 1a0583ae01a91ba5798b462fcb069bef882ca940 + specs: + cmless (1.0.0) + nokogiri (~> 1.6) + redcarpet (~> 3.2) + +GIT + remote: https://github.com/WGBH-MLA/sony_ci_api_rewrite.git + revision: c800f8ba5d6f887e5c629bd8fd2758f3e5c4a5bd + branch: main + specs: + sony_ci_api (0.1.0) + activesupport + faraday (~> 1.3.0) + faraday_middleware + +GEM + remote: https://rubygems.org/ + specs: + actionmailer (4.2.8) + actionpack (= 4.2.8) + actionview (= 4.2.8) + activejob (= 4.2.8) + mail (~> 2.5, >= 2.5.4) + rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5) + actionpack (4.2.8) + actionview (= 4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + rack (~> 1.6) + rack-test (~> 0.6.2) + rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5) + rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2) + actionpack-page_caching (1.2.4) + actionpack (>= 4.0.0) + actionview (4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + builder (~> 3.1) + erubis (~> 2.7.0) + rails-dom-testing (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.5) + rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.3) + activejob (4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + globalid (>= 0.3.0) + activemodel (4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + builder (~> 3.1) + activerecord (4.2.8) + activemodel (= 4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + arel (~> 6.0) + activesupport (4.2.8) + i18n (~> 0.7) + minitest (~> 5.1) + thread_safe (~> 0.3, >= 0.3.4) + tzinfo (~> 1.1) + addressable (2.8.0) + public_suffix (>= 2.0.2, < 5.0) + airbrussh (1.4.0) + sshkit (>= 1.6.1, != 1.7.0) + arel (6.0.4) + ast (2.4.2) + autoprefixer-rails (10.2.5.1) + execjs (> 0) + aws-eventstream (1.1.1) + aws-sdk (2.11.632) + aws-sdk-resources (= 2.11.632) + aws-sdk-core (2.11.632) + aws-sigv4 (~> 1.0) + jmespath (~> 1.0) + aws-sdk-resources (2.11.632) + aws-sdk-core (= 2.11.632) + aws-sigv4 (1.2.3) + aws-eventstream (~> 1, >= 1.0.2) + bigdecimal (1.4.4) + blacklight (5.19.2) + bootstrap-sass (~> 3.2) + deprecation + kaminari (>= 0.15) + nokogiri (~> 1.6) + rails (>= 3.2.6, < 5) + rsolr (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.11) + blacklight-gallery (0.4.1) + blacklight (>= 5.12, < 7) + bootstrap-sass (~> 3.0) + openseadragon (>= 0.2.0) + rails + blacklight_range_limit (5.2.0) + blacklight (~> 5.15) + jquery-rails + rails (>= 3.0, < 5.0) + bootstrap-sass (3.4.1) + autoprefixer-rails (>= 5.2.1) + sassc (>= 2.0.0) + builder (3.2.4) + cancan (1.6.10) + capistrano (3.16.0) + airbrussh (>= 1.0.0) + i18n + rake (>= 10.0.0) + sshkit (>= 1.9.0) + capistrano-bundler (2.0.1) + capistrano (~> 3.1) + capistrano-passenger (0.2.1) + capistrano (~> 3.0) + capistrano-rails (1.6.1) + capistrano (~> 3.1) + capistrano-bundler (>= 1.1, < 3) + capybara (3.32.2) + addressable + mini_mime (>= 0.1.3) + nokogiri (~> 1.8) + rack (>= 1.6.0) + rack-test (>= 0.6.3) + regexp_parser (~> 1.5) + xpath (~> 3.2) + childprocess (4.0.0) + coderay (1.1.3) + coffee-rails (4.0.1) + coffee-script (>= 2.2.0) + railties (>= 4.0.0, < 5.0) + coffee-script (2.4.1) + coffee-script-source + execjs + coffee-script-source (1.12.2) + concurrent-ruby (1.1.10) + crack (0.4.5) + rexml + crass (1.0.6) + curb (0.9.11) + deprecation (1.1.0) + activesupport + diff-lcs (1.4.4) + erubis (2.7.0) + execjs (2.8.1) + factory_bot (4.11.1) + activesupport (>= 3.0.0) + faker (1.9.6) + i18n (>= 0.7) + faraday (1.3.1) + faraday-net_http (~> 1.0) + multipart-post (>= 1.2, < 3) + ruby2_keywords (>= 0.0.4) + faraday-net_http (1.0.1) + faraday_middleware (1.2.0) + faraday (~> 1.0) + fastimage (2.2.3) + ffi (1.15.1) + globalid (0.4.2) + activesupport (>= 4.2.0) + hashdiff (1.0.1) + htmlentities (4.3.4) + httparty (0.21.0) + mini_mime (>= 1.0.0) + multi_xml (>= 0.5.2) + i18n (0.9.5) + concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0) + jbuilder (2.9.1) + activesupport (>= 4.2.0) + jettywrapper (2.0.5) + activesupport (>= 3.0.0) + childprocess + i18n + rubyzip (~> 1.0) + jmespath (1.6.1) + jquery-rails (4.4.0) + rails-dom-testing (>= 1, < 3) + railties (>= 4.2.0) + thor (>= 0.14, < 2.0) + jquery-ui-rails (6.0.1) + railties (>= 3.2.16) + json (1.8.6) + kaminari (1.2.1) + activesupport (>= 4.1.0) + kaminari-actionview (= 1.2.1) + kaminari-activerecord (= 1.2.1) + kaminari-core (= 1.2.1) + kaminari-actionview (1.2.1) + actionview + kaminari-core (= 1.2.1) + kaminari-activerecord (1.2.1) + activerecord + kaminari-core (= 1.2.1) + kaminari-core (1.2.1) + launchy (2.5.0) + addressable (~> 2.7) + libv8 (3.16.14.19) + loofah (2.19.1) + crass (~> 1.0.2) + nokogiri (>= 1.5.9) + mail (2.7.1) + mini_mime (>= 0.1.1) + maxminddb (0.1.22) + method_source (0.9.2) + mini_mime (1.1.0) + mini_portile2 (2.4.0) + minitest (5.15.0) + multi_xml (0.6.0) + multipart-post (2.2.3) + net-scp (3.0.0) + net-ssh (>= 2.6.5, < 7.0.0) + net-ssh (6.1.0) + nokogiri (1.10.10) + mini_portile2 (~> 2.4.0) + openseadragon (0.6.0) + rails (> 3.2.0) + parser (2.7.2.0) + ast (~> 2.4.1) + passenger (6.0.8) + rack + rake (>= 0.8.1) + pbcore (0.2.0) + factory_bot (~> 4.11) + faker (~> 1.9) + nokogiri (~> 1.10) + sax-machine (~> 1.3) + powerpack (0.1.3) + pry (0.12.2) + coderay (~> 1.1.0) + method_source (~> 0.9.0) + pry-nav (0.3.0) + pry (>= 0.9.10, < 0.13.0) + public_suffix (4.0.6) + rack (1.6.13) + rack-cors (1.0.6) + rack (>= 1.6.0) + rack-test (0.6.3) + rack (>= 1.0) + rails (4.2.8) + actionmailer (= 4.2.8) + actionpack (= 4.2.8) + actionview (= 4.2.8) + activejob (= 4.2.8) + activemodel (= 4.2.8) + activerecord (= 4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + bundler (>= 1.3.0, < 2.0) + railties (= 4.2.8) + sprockets-rails + rails-deprecated_sanitizer (1.0.4) + activesupport (>= 4.2.0.alpha) + rails-dom-testing (1.0.9) + activesupport (>= 4.2.0, < 5.0) + nokogiri (~> 1.6) + rails-deprecated_sanitizer (>= 1.0.1) + rails-html-sanitizer (1.4.4) + loofah (~> 2.19, >= 2.19.1) + railties (4.2.8) + actionpack (= 4.2.8) + activesupport (= 4.2.8) + rake (>= 0.8.7) + thor (>= 0.18.1, < 2.0) + rainbow (2.2.2) + rake + rake (13.0.3) + rb-fsevent (0.11.0) + rb-inotify (0.10.1) + ffi (~> 1.0) + rdoc (4.3.0) + redcarpet (3.5.1) + ref (2.0.0) + regexp_parser (1.8.2) + rexml (3.2.5) + rsolr (1.1.2) + builder (>= 2.1.2) + rspec (3.10.0) + rspec-core (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-expectations (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-mocks (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-core (3.10.1) + rspec-support (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-expectations (3.10.1) + diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0) + rspec-support (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-mocks (3.10.2) + diff-lcs (>= 1.2.0, < 2.0) + rspec-support (~> 3.10.0) + rspec-rails (4.1.2) + actionpack (>= 4.2) + activesupport (>= 4.2) + railties (>= 4.2) + rspec-core (~> 3.10) + rspec-expectations (~> 3.10) + rspec-mocks (~> 3.10) + rspec-support (~> 3.10) + rspec-support (3.10.2) + rubocop (0.39.0) + parser (>= 2.3.0.7, < 3.0) + powerpack (~> 0.1) + rainbow (>= 1.99.1, < 3.0) + ruby-progressbar (~> 1.7) + unicode-display_width (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.1) + ruby-progressbar (1.11.0) + ruby2_keywords (0.0.5) + rubyzip (1.3.0) + sass (3.7.4) + sass-listen (~> 4.0.0) + sass-listen (4.0.0) + rb-fsevent (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.4) + rb-inotify (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.7) + sass-rails (5.0.7) + railties (>= 4.0.0, < 6) + sass (~> 3.1) + sprockets (>= 2.8, < 4.0) + sprockets-rails (>= 2.0, < 4.0) + tilt (>= 1.1, < 3) + sassc (2.4.0) + ffi (~> 1.9) + sax-machine (1.3.2) + sdoc (0.4.2) + json (~> 1.7, >= 1.7.7) + rdoc (~> 4.0) + solrizer (4.1.0) + activesupport + nokogiri + xml-simple + spring (2.1.1) + sprockets (3.7.2) + concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0) + rack (> 1, < 3) + sprockets-rails (3.2.2) + actionpack (>= 4.0) + activesupport (>= 4.0) + sprockets (>= 3.0.0) + sqlite3 (1.3.13) + srt (0.1.5) + sshkit (1.21.2) + net-scp (>= 1.1.2) + net-ssh (>= 2.8.0) + therubyracer (0.12.3) + libv8 (~> 3.16.14.15) + ref + thor (1.1.0) + thread_safe (0.3.6) + tilt (2.0.10) + tzinfo (1.2.10) + thread_safe (~> 0.1) + uglifier (4.2.0) + execjs (>= 0.3.0, < 3) + unicode-display_width (1.7.0) + webmock (3.13.0) + addressable (>= 2.3.6) + crack (>= 0.3.2) + hashdiff (>= 0.4.0, < 2.0.0) + xml-simple (1.1.8) + xpath (3.2.0) + nokogiri (~> 1.8) + +PLATFORMS + ruby + +DEPENDENCIES + actionpack-page_caching + aws-sdk (~> 2) + bigdecimal (= 1.4.4) + blacklight (= 5.19.2) + blacklight-gallery (= 0.4.1) + blacklight_range_limit (= 5.2.0) + cancan + capistrano-passenger + capistrano-rails + capybara + cmless! + coffee-rails (~> 4.0.0) + curb + fastimage + htmlentities (~> 4.3.2) + httparty + jbuilder (~> 2.0) + jettywrapper + jquery-rails + jquery-ui-rails + launchy + libv8 (~> 3.16.14.13) + maxminddb + nokogiri (~> 1.10.4) + passenger + pbcore (~> 0.2.0) + pry + pry-nav + rack-cors (~> 1.0.5) + rails (= 4.2.8) + rsolr + rspec + rspec-rails + rubocop (= 0.39.0) + rubyzip (~> 1.3.0) + sass-rails (~> 5.0.7) + sdoc (~> 0.4.0) + solrizer + sony_ci_api! + spring + sqlite3 (~> 1.3.13) + srt + therubyracer + uglifier (>= 1.3.0) + webmock + +RUBY VERSION + ruby 2.4.4p296 + +BUNDLED WITH + 1.17.3 diff --git a/Gemfile.me b/Gemfile.me new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0c02eea5b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Gemfile.me @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +source 'https://rubygems.org' + +# Specify specific version of ruby with which the app is compatible. +ruby '2.4.4' + +# Bundle edge Rails instead: gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails' +gem 'rails', '4.2.8' +# Use sqlite3 as the database for Active Record +gem 'sqlite3', '~> 1.3.13' +# gem 'mysql2', :group => :production +# Use SCSS for stylesheets +gem 'sass-rails', '~> 5.0.7' +# Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets +gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0' +# Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views +gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0' +# See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes +gem 'mini_racer', '~> 0.4.0' + +# Use jquery as the JavaScript library +gem 'jquery-rails' +gem 'jquery-ui-rails' + +# Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder +gem 'jbuilder', '~> 2.0' +# bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api. +gem 'sdoc', '~> 0.4.0', :group => :doc + +# Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring +gem 'spring', :group => :development + +# Use ActiveModel has_secure_password +# gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7' + +# Use unicorn as the app server +# gem 'unicorn' + +# Use Capistrano for deployment +gem 'capistrano-rails', :group => :development +gem 'capistrano-passenger', :group => :development + +# Use debugger +# gem 'debugger', group: [:development, :test] + +# gem 'cmless', git: 'https://github.com/WGBH-MLA/cmless.git', branch: 'refresh' +gem 'cmless', git: 'https://github.com/WGBH-MLA/cmless.git' + +gem 'htmlentities', '~> 4.3.2' +gem 'curb' # curl + +gem 'blacklight', '5.19.2' +gem 'blacklight-gallery', '0.4.1' + +gem 'solrizer' +gem 'rsolr' +gem 'jettywrapper' + +gem 'blacklight_range_limit', '5.2.0' + +gem 'actionpack-page_caching' +gem 'srt' + +gem 'sony_ci_api', git: 'https://github.com/WGBH-MLA/sony_ci_api_rewrite.git', branch: 'main' + +gem 'rubyzip', '~> 1.3.0' + +gem 'cancan' +gem 'maxminddb' +gem 'fastimage' +gem 'rack-cors', '~> 1.0.5', :require => 'rack/cors' + +gem 'aws-sdk', '~> 2', :group => :development # Unless we want the AWS credentials on Travis for tests... + +gem 'rspec', :group => :test +gem 'rspec-rails', :group => :test +gem 'capybara', :group => :test +gem 'webmock', :group => :test +gem 'launchy', :group => :test + +gem 'rubocop', '0.39.0', :group => :development +gem 'pry', :group => :development +gem 'pry-nav', :group => :development +# gem 'xray-rails', :group => :development + +gem 'passenger', :group => :production + +gem 'nokogiri', '~> 1.10.4' + +# its back +gem 'bigdecimal', '1.4.4' +gem 'httparty' + +gem 'pbcore', '~> 0.2.0' diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a356c96c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/SECURITY.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +# Security Policy + +## Reporting a Vulnerability + +Please report vulnerabilities with GitHub's [private vulnerability reporting](https://github.com/WGBH-MLA/AAPB2/security), or by email to aapb_notifications@wgbh.org diff --git a/app/assets/javascripts/player.js b/app/assets/javascripts/player.js index 628f3d3e37..ae18a0926a 100644 --- a/app/assets/javascripts/player.js +++ b/app/assets/javascripts/player.js @@ -389,8 +389,8 @@ $(function() { updateTranscriptButton(); } - $('#transcript-message-close').unbind('click').on('click', function() { - $('#transcript-message').slideUp(500); + $('.transcript-message-close').unbind('click').on('click', function() { + $('.transcript-message').slideUp(500); }); $('.share-at-time').change(function() { @@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ $(function() { }); // check for this empty element to show modal - if($("#legal-modal").length > 0){ + if($("#legal-modal").length > 2){ let modalMsg = document.createElement("div") modalMsg.innerHTML = "By accessing this content you agree to the AAPB's Online Reading Room Rules of Use. Click this message to continue." diff --git a/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/exhibits.css.scss b/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/exhibits.css.scss index 134fccfe68..f778146309 100644 --- a/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/exhibits.css.scss +++ b/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/exhibits.css.scss @@ -25,23 +25,49 @@ height: 97vh; } -#exhibit-main iframe.exhibit-small-iframe { +#exhibit-main iframe.exhibit-small-iframe, #collection-main iframe.exhibit-small-iframe, #exgal-main iframe.exhibit-small-iframe { width: 100%; height: auto; min-height: auto; aspect-ratio: 16 / 9; } -@media only screen and (min-width: 992px) { -#exhibit-main iframe.exhibit-small-iframe { - max-width: 80%; - margin-left: 10%; + +#exgal-main iframe.exhibit-small-iframe { + margin-top: 2vh; +} + +#exgal-modal-viewer iframe.exhibit-small-iframe { + width: 100%; + min-height: 68vh; + height: 68vh; +} + +#exhibit-main iframe.exhibit-small-iframe.four-three, #collection-main iframe.exhibit-small-iframe.four-three { + aspect-ratio: 4 / 3; } + +@media only screen and (min-width: 992px) { + #exhibit-main iframe.exhibit-small-iframe, #collection-main iframe.exhibit-small-iframe { + max-width: 80%; + margin-left: 10%; + } } + .exhibit-image { float: right; padding: 0 5px; } +table.full-width { + width: 100%; +} + +table.full-width caption { + float: left; + width: 50%; + margin-left: 25%; +} + table.exhibit-image.half-image { max-width: 50%; margin: 0 0 0 1.5em; diff --git a/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/header.css.scss b/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/header.css.scss index 6d169d6b88..af26752f76 100644 --- a/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/header.css.scss +++ b/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/header.css.scss @@ -1,22 +1,6 @@ /* Google Fonts: Roboto --------- */ @import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,400,300,400italic,700,700italic,500,500italic); - -/* - * CHEATING - */ - - * { - -webkit-border-radius:0!important; - -moz-border-radius:0!important; - border-radius:0!important; - - -webkit-box-shadow: none!important; - box-shadow: none!important; - } - - - /* * HEADER STYLES */ diff --git a/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/homepage.css.scss b/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/homepage.css.scss index b4810411cd..e4bff0b6e9 100644 --- a/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/homepage.css.scss +++ b/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/homepage.css.scss @@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ &:after { content: ""; left:0; - min-height:75em; + min-height:77em; position:absolute; top:0; width:100%; @@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ margin:0 1%; min-height:320px; padding:3%; - width:48%; + width:32%; h3 { font-size:1.8em; } diff --git a/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/override.css.scss b/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/override.css.scss index 1221a1dbb7..98b20ef9b3 100644 --- a/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/override.css.scss +++ b/app/assets/stylesheets/globals/override.css.scss @@ -64,3 +64,27 @@ ul.webinar-list li::before { content: '- '; } +a.donate-button { + background-color:#eb1a4e; + border-radius:28px; + border:1px solid #ffffff; + display:inline-block; + cursor:pointer; + color:#ffffff; + font-family:Arial; + font-size:17px; + padding:20px 40px; + text-decoration:none; + text-shadow:0px 1px 0px #000000; +} + +a.donate-button:hover { + background-color:#fa5c5c; +} + +a.donate-button:active { + position:relative; + top:1px; +} + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/embed.css.scss b/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/embed.css.scss index 494c2c7f88..398aebd496 100644 --- a/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/embed.css.scss +++ b/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/embed.css.scss @@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ margin: 0; } +.embed-lite-row { + max-width: 1250px; + margin: 0; +} + .embed-player-row { margin: 0; background-color: #f1f1f1; diff --git a/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/special-collections.css.scss b/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/special-collections.css.scss index 554f11cb80..483129d77c 100644 --- a/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/special-collections.css.scss +++ b/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/special-collections.css.scss @@ -19,6 +19,13 @@ border-bottom: rgb(209,205,224) solid 1px; } +.collection-video { + margin-left: 2em; + min-height: 22em; + height: 22em; + aspect-ratio: 4 / 3; +} + .collection-resources { border-top: 1px; ul { @@ -204,6 +211,13 @@ } } +.collection-features .featured-item h3.tribute-box { + font-size: 12px; + padding-top: 1em; + padding-left: 2em; + padding-right: 2em; +} + /* Search Index */ .special-collections-search { diff --git a/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/transcript.css.scss b/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/transcript.css.scss index bfa60f9214..0f699e104c 100644 --- a/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/transcript.css.scss +++ b/app/assets/stylesheets/locals/transcript.css.scss @@ -221,6 +221,10 @@ mark.current { background: orange; } +.transcript-message { + background-color: #fceab2; +} + .transcript-message-content { position: relative; padding-left: 5.2%; diff --git a/app/controllers/api_controller.rb b/app/controllers/api_controller.rb index f6fc7bfbc3..33f37a0010 100644 --- a/app/controllers/api_controller.rb +++ b/app/controllers/api_controller.rb @@ -37,7 +37,11 @@ def index def show @solr = Solr.instance.connect - data = @solr.get('select', params: { q: "id:#{params[:id]}", fl: 'xml' }) + # Replace the delimiter at the end fo the AAPB ID prefix with a single character wildcard + # to return any docs that are indexed with old-style ID's, having a slash, or sometimes an underscore + # instead of a dash. Eventually, all records should have new-style IDs with the dashes. Until then, this. + id = params[:id].sub(/cpb-aacip./, "cpb-aacip?") + data = @solr.get('select', params: { q: "id:#{id}", fl: 'xml' }) return render_not_found(params[:id]) unless data['response']['docs'] && data['response']['docs'][0] xml = data['response']['docs'][0]['xml'] diff --git a/app/controllers/catalog_controller.rb b/app/controllers/catalog_controller.rb index 18711a5af6..d3bfd327a7 100644 --- a/app/controllers/catalog_controller.rb +++ b/app/controllers/catalog_controller.rb @@ -236,7 +236,9 @@ def index def show # From BlacklightGUIDFetcher - @response, @document = fetch_from_solr(params['id']) + id = params[:id].sub(/cpb-aacip./, "cpb-aacip?") + @response, @document = fetch_from_solr(id) + # If we didn't end up getting a @document, 404 raise ActionController::RoutingError.new('Not Found') unless @document @@ -280,6 +282,9 @@ def show format.mods do render text: PBCorePresenter.new(xml).to_mods end + format.iiif do + render json: PBCorePresenter.new(xml).iiif_manifest + end end end diff --git a/app/controllers/concerns/jims_controller.rb b/app/controllers/concerns/jims_controller.rb index ce36c890af..da6098ca8f 100644 --- a/app/controllers/concerns/jims_controller.rb +++ b/app/controllers/concerns/jims_controller.rb @@ -1,2 +1,3 @@ class JimsController < ApplicationController + # just renders the templates! end diff --git a/app/controllers/embed_controller.rb b/app/controllers/embed_controller.rb index d397f4ba7f..b5f4bf614f 100644 --- a/app/controllers/embed_controller.rb +++ b/app/controllers/embed_controller.rb @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def lite raise Blacklight::Exceptions::RecordNotFound unless @document xml = @document['xml'] @pbcore = PBCorePresenter.new(xml) - if can? :play, @pbcore + if can? :play_embedded, @pbcore # can? play because we're inside this block if @pbcore.proxy_start_time && params["proxy_start_time"].nil? && !media_start_time?(params) params["proxy_start_time"] = @pbcore.proxy_start_time @@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ def lite end response.headers.delete('X-Frame-Options') + + render 'lite', layout: 'lite_embed' end def openvault @@ -41,6 +43,21 @@ def openvault end response.headers.delete('X-Frame-Options') - response.headers['Content-Security-Policy'] = 'frame-ancestors https://ov.wgbh-mla.org http://localhost:4000;' + response.headers['Content-Security-Policy'] = 'frame-ancestors https://ov.wgbh-mla.org http://localhost:4000 http://localhost:3000;' + end + + def video + @response, @document = fetch_from_solr(params['id']) + raise Blacklight::Exceptions::RecordNotFound unless @document + xml = @document['xml'] + @pbcore = PBCorePresenter.new(xml) + if can? :play, @pbcore + # can? play because we're inside this block + if @pbcore.proxy_start_time && params["proxy_start_time"].nil? && !media_start_time?(params) + params["proxy_start_time"] = @pbcore.proxy_start_time + end + end + + response.headers.delete('X-Frame-Options') end end diff --git a/app/controllers/exhibits_controller.rb b/app/controllers/exhibits_controller.rb index cbd8a455dc..e3b6142038 100644 --- a/app/controllers/exhibits_controller.rb +++ b/app/controllers/exhibits_controller.rb @@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ class ExhibitsController < OverrideController def index - story_map_exhibit = LinkExhibit.new(title: "Witnessing New Mexico: The New Mexico Public Media Digitization Project", external_url: "https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/39eecf9cbc484f36802799c4046ebd61", thumbnail_url: "https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/nm_storymap_cover.png", new_tab: true) - @top_level_exhibits = Exhibit.all_top_level + [story_map_exhibit] + witness_nm_promo = LinkExhibit.new(title: "Witnessing New Mexico: The New Mexico Public Media Digitization Project", external_url: "/witnessing-nm", thumbnail_url: "https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/nm_storymap_cover.png", new_tab: false) + @top_level_exhibits = Exhibit.all_top_level + [witness_nm_promo] @page_title = 'Exhibits' end diff --git a/app/controllers/forms_controller.rb b/app/controllers/forms_controller.rb index 4c1f88b6b6..d83f72eedf 100644 --- a/app/controllers/forms_controller.rb +++ b/app/controllers/forms_controller.rb @@ -14,10 +14,6 @@ def feedback render 'feedback' end - def volunteer - render 'volunteer' - end - def validate_recaptcha uri = URI.parse('https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/siteverify') diff --git a/app/controllers/organizations_controller.rb b/app/controllers/organizations_controller.rb index 4d91808a76..4f74424613 100644 --- a/app/controllers/organizations_controller.rb +++ b/app/controllers/organizations_controller.rb @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ def index def show @org = Organization.find_by_id(params[:id]) + raise ActionController::RoutingError.new('Organization Not Found') unless @org @page_title = @org.short_name end end diff --git a/app/models/iiif_manifest.rb b/app/models/iiif_manifest.rb new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c82c2dbc57 --- /dev/null +++ b/app/models/iiif_manifest.rb @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +module IIIFManifest + def iiif_manifest + { + "@context" => "http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json", + "id" => "#{aapb_host}/#{id}.iiif", + "type" => "Manifest", + "label" => i18n_title, + "metadata" => i18n_metadata, + "homepage" => [{ + "id" => "#{aapb_host}/catalog/#{id}", + "type" => "Text", + "label" => i18n_title, + "format" => "text/html" }], + "summary" => i18n_description, + "items" => [ + { + "id" => "#{aapb_host}/iiif/#{id}/canvas", + "type" => "Canvas", + "duration" => duration_seconds, + # height and witdth would be required for video content + "items" => [ + { + "id" => "#{aapb_host}/iiif/#{id}/annotationpage/1", + "type" => "AnnotationPage", + "items" => [ + { + "id" => "#{aapb_host}/iiif/#{id}/annotation/1", + "type" => "Annotation", + "motivation" => "painting", + "body" => { + "id" => location, # TODO: URI for media file, player will consume this and expect bits. Redirects ok. + "type" => media_type, # TODO: map to "Sound" or "Video" + "format" => media_format, + "duration" => duration_seconds # TODO: just ensure it's in seconds + }, + "target" => "#{aapb_host}/iiif/canvas/1" # IMPORTANT: this has to be the ame as the 'id' property of the parent canvas + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }.to_json + end + + def i18n_title + { "en" => [title] } + end + + def i18n_description + { "en" => [descriptions.first] } + end + + def i18n_metadata + metadata.map do |key, value| + { + "label" => { + "en" => [key] + }, + "value" => { + "en" => [value] + } + } + end + end + + def metadata + { 'id' => id } + end + + def duration_seconds + duration.to_s.split(":").map(&:to_f).inject(0) { |a, e| a * 60 + e }.round(3) + end + + def location + "#{aapb_host}/media/#{id}" + end + + def aapb_host + 'https://americanarchive.org' + end + + def media_format + digital_instantiations.map(&:format).compact.first + end +end diff --git a/app/models/pb_core_instantiation.rb b/app/models/pb_core_instantiation.rb index 7a6f39d144..f3accd10e7 100644 --- a/app/models/pb_core_instantiation.rb +++ b/app/models/pb_core_instantiation.rb @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def colors end def format - @format ||= read_format + @format ||= (digital || physical) end def annotations @@ -71,6 +71,14 @@ def display_text_fields @display_text ||= { identifier: identifier_display, format: format, generation: generations, color: colors, duration: duration }.compact end + def digital + optional('instantiationDigital') + end + + def physical + optional('instantiationPhysical') + end + private def optional(xpath) @@ -91,10 +99,4 @@ def optional_element_attribute(xpath, attribute) match = REXML::XPath.match(@rexml, xpath).first.attributes[attribute.to_s] match ? match : nil end - - def read_format - return optional('instantiationDigital') unless optional('instantiationDigital').nil? - return optional('instantiationPhysical') unless optional('instantiationPhysical').nil? - nil - end end diff --git a/app/models/pb_core_presenter.rb b/app/models/pb_core_presenter.rb index 2a0b88a3ea..7e6c366fe4 100644 --- a/app/models/pb_core_presenter.rb +++ b/app/models/pb_core_presenter.rb @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ require_relative '../../lib/html_scrubber' require_relative 'xml_backed' require_relative 'to_mods' +require_relative 'iiif_manifest' require_relative 'pb_core_instantiation' require_relative 'pb_core_name_role_affiliation' require_relative 'organization' @@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ class PBCorePresenter # rubocop:disable Style/EmptyLineBetweenDefs include XmlBacked include ToMods + include IIIFManifest include ApplicationHelper include IdHelper @@ -92,6 +94,15 @@ def instantiations PBCoreInstantiation.new(rexml) end end + + def digital_instantiations + instantiations.select(&:digital) + end + + def physical_instantiations + instantiations.select(&:physical) + end + def instantiations_display @instantiations_display ||= instantiations.reject { |ins| ins.organization == 'American Archive of Public Broadcasting' } end @@ -331,7 +342,7 @@ def transcript_html(start_time = nil, end_time = nil) nil end def transcript_message - @transcript_message ||= (uncorrected_transcript? || correcting_transcript?) ? 'If this transcript has significant errors that should be corrected, let us know, so we can add it to FIX IT+' : nil + @transcript_message ||= (uncorrected_transcript? || correcting_transcript?) ? 'This transcript was received from a third party and/or generated by a computer. Its accuracy has not been verified. If this transcript has significant errors that should be corrected, let us know, so we can add it to FIX IT+.' : nil end def fixitplus_url @fixitplus_url ||= correcting_transcript? ? %(http://fixitplus.americanarchive.org/transcripts/#{id}) : nil @@ -538,6 +549,7 @@ def to_solr 'playlist_group' => playlist_group, 'playlist_order' => playlist_order }.merge( + # fills dynamic field *_titles with stuff like series_titles, program_titles, etc Hash[ titles.group_by { |pair| pair[0] }.map do |key, pairs| ["#{key.downcase.tr(' ', '_')}_titles", pairs.map { |pair| pair[1] }] @@ -555,7 +567,7 @@ def text :text, :to_solr, :contribs, :img_src, :media_srcs, :captions_src, :transcript_src, :rights_code, :access_level, :access_types, :title, :ci_ids, :display_ids, - :instantiations, :outside_urls, + :instantiations, :digital_instantiations, :physical_instantiations, :digital, :physical, :outside_urls, :reference_urls, :exhibits, :top_exhibits, :special_collections, :access_level_description, :img_height, :img_width, :player_aspect_ratio, :seconds, :player_specs, :transcript_status, :transcript_content, :constructed_transcript_src, :verify_transcript_src, diff --git a/app/views/catalog/_mobile_transcript.html.erb b/app/views/catalog/_mobile_transcript.html.erb index 964b34dcaa..f112fd58ac 100644 --- a/app/views/catalog/_mobile_transcript.html.erb +++ b/app/views/catalog/_mobile_transcript.html.erb @@ -14,18 +14,24 @@
+ + <% if @pbcore.transcript_message %> +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ <%= @pbcore.transcript_message.html_safe %> +
+
+ <% end %> +
<%= raw @pbcore.transcript_html %>
- - <% if @transcript_message %> -
-
- <%= @pbcore.transcript_message.html_safe %> -
-
- <% end %> <% end %> diff --git a/app/views/catalog/_transcript.html.erb b/app/views/catalog/_transcript.html.erb index 9f8ce20931..590fb5fa5d 100644 --- a/app/views/catalog/_transcript.html.erb +++ b/app/views/catalog/_transcript.html.erb @@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ <% if @pbcore.transcript_message %> -
+
- +
diff --git a/app/views/embed/lite.html.erb b/app/views/embed/lite.html.erb index 2974c62501..b7a441306f 100644 --- a/app/views/embed/lite.html.erb +++ b/app/views/embed/lite.html.erb @@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
- <%= @pbcore.media_srcs.map do |media_src| media = @pbcore.video? ? 'video' : 'audio' @@ -30,11 +29,5 @@ %>
- -
diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/_gallery_player.html.erb b/app/views/exhibits/_gallery_player.html.erb index 5967928075..b20fd7920e 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/_gallery_player.html.erb +++ b/app/views/exhibits/_gallery_player.html.erb @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ <% elsif media_info[:type] == 'iframe' %>
- +
<% end %> diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/after-the-fire/2-la-riots.md b/app/views/exhibits/after-the-fire/2-la-riots.md index 63792690e2..d75e296b20 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/after-the-fire/2-la-riots.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/after-the-fire/2-la-riots.md @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ As part of its 1992 coverage of the riots, KCET submitted a [compilation of *New Coverage of the L.A. Riots continued for more than a year as the *NewsHour* sought to identify and explore the causes of the rioting while determining its lasting impact not only on the city and its residents, but on America as a whole. As chronicled by the *NewsHour*, the debates over the riot’s roots during an election year were particularly tense as Republicans and Democrats were eager to play [the blame game](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-125q815b1f?start=501.48&end=2716.7). Both parties hoped to assign blame for the riots to their opponent’s politics, policies, or ideologies. Democratic Party presidential candidate [Bill Clinton](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-125q815b1f?start=549.83&end=570) attributed the cause of the riots to twelve years of Republican administrations and funding cuts for social services. A spokesperson for the [George H. W. Bush administration](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-8w3804z94s?start=234.33&end=323.52), on the other hand, blamed the Democratic Party’s welfare policies of the 1960s and 1970s. [Attorney General William Barr](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-125q815b1f?start=570.68&end=621.3) attacked LBJ’s Great Society programs and implied that a consequent rise in the number of illegitimate children in the inner cities had made “instilling values and educating children [difficult] when they had their home life so disrupted.” [Vice President Dan Quayle](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-rn3028qc98?start=688.65&end=748.5) suggested that the popular television sitcom *Murphy Brown*, by “mocking the importance of fathers by bearing a child alone and calling it just another lifestyle choice,” was partially at fault. -The *NewsHour* moderated many conservations about the causes of the L.A. Riots, bringing on many kinds of guests, including authors, academics, lawyers, politicians, police officers, and church leaders. In these talks, the riots frequently served as a catalyst to explore broad topics like race, economics, and politics. The guests debated how matters such as [family values](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-rn3028qc98?start=623.78&end=2395.32), [policing](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-z02z31pk64?start=606.23&end=2601.98), [urban development](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-8w3804z94s), and [economic inequality](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-542j679j2j?start=1707.54&end=2903.82) fueled the tensions leading up to the L.A. Riots. Outside the studio, *NewsHour* correspondents continued these kinds of talks hoping to gain further insight into the impact of this event both in L.A. and throughout the country. In addition to interviews in the immediate aftermath of the violence, Jeffrey Kaye spoke with [L.A. locals](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-cv4bn9xv50?start=1873.16&end=2605.71) on the one-year anniversary of the riots to ask how their lives had changed and whether any progress had been made in the city of Los Angeles. Five years later, Kaye reflected with [Urban Policy Professor J. Eugene Grigsby and Dr. William Faulkner](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-mc8rb6ws0t?start=1433.56&end=2096.7) on what had and what hadn’t changed for the city’s residents and economy. Looking at the impact outside of L.A., Charlayne Hunter-Gault interviewed voters in West Virginia, asking [Kelly Staup](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-4b2x34nb1r?start=2281.04&end=2463.73), [John Taylor](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-4b2x34nb1r?start=2547.66&end=2825.15) and [Tracy Self](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-4b2x34nb1r?start=3273.45&end=3345.51), to discuss how the L.A. Riots would be affecting their votes come November. She also had a conversation with recent [college graduates](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-ns0ks6k08c?start=2601.91&end=2881.87) in South Carolina about how this unrest had changed their perspective on race in America and how they believed it would impact their futures. +The *NewsHour* moderated many conversations about the causes of the L.A. Riots, bringing on many kinds of guests, including authors, academics, lawyers, politicians, police officers, and church leaders. In these talks, the riots frequently served as a catalyst to explore broad topics like race, economics, and politics. The guests debated how matters such as [family values](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-rn3028qc98?start=623.78&end=2395.32), [policing](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-z02z31pk64?start=606.23&end=2601.98), [urban development](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-8w3804z94s), and [economic inequality](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-542j679j2j?start=1707.54&end=2903.82) fueled the tensions leading up to the L.A. Riots. Outside the studio, *NewsHour* correspondents continued these kinds of talks hoping to gain further insight into the impact of this event both in L.A. and throughout the country. In addition to interviews in the immediate aftermath of the violence, Jeffrey Kaye spoke with [L.A. locals](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-cv4bn9xv50?start=1873.16&end=2605.71) on the one-year anniversary of the riots to ask how their lives had changed and whether any progress had been made in the city of Los Angeles. Five years later, Kaye reflected with [Urban Policy Professor J. Eugene Grigsby and Dr. William Faulkner](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-mc8rb6ws0t?start=1433.56&end=2096.7) on what had and what hadn’t changed for the city’s residents and economy. Looking at the impact outside of L.A., Charlayne Hunter-Gault interviewed voters in West Virginia, asking [Kelly Staup](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-4b2x34nb1r?start=2281.04&end=2463.73), [John Taylor](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-4b2x34nb1r?start=2547.66&end=2825.15) and [Tracy Self](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-4b2x34nb1r?start=3273.45&end=3345.51), to discuss how the L.A. Riots would be affecting their votes come November. She also had a conversation with recent [college graduates](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-ns0ks6k08c?start=2601.91&end=2881.87) in South Carolina about how this unrest had changed their perspective on race in America and how they believed it would impact their futures. Starting in June of 1992, *NewsHour* correspondent Charlayne Hunter-Gault introduced the series “Can We All Get Along” to examine the state of race relations in America in the 1990s. She interviewed politicians, such as [Housing and Urban Development Secretary Jack Kemp](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-jw86h4dm1k?start=2683.96&end=3479.01) and [former president Jimmy Carter](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-8c9r20sj4j?start=2532.23&end=3404.38), as well as artists, such as playwright and actress [Anna Deavere Smith](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-p55db7wh41?start=2090.31&end=3224.04) and editorial cartoonist [Doug Marlette](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-np1wd3qt9w?start=2782.89&end=3478.33), along with a number of academics and professionals, including [Evelyn Hu-DeHart](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-1c1td9ns02?start=2708.84&end=3418.93) and [Joseph Boyce](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-f18sb3xp44?start=2789.8&end=3415.78). In each interview, Hunter-Gault asked “Can we all get along?” echoing Rodney King’s call for peace following the verdict, and each guest offered their own unique take on this question of racial tension in America. diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/black-power.md b/app/views/exhibits/black-power.md index 4cbb652b05..b24f4cfadf 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/black-power.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/black-power.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Chair, Professor, Academy for Creative Media, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa - Ashley Young - Ph.D. Candidate, Cinema and Media Studies, University of Southern California + Assistant Professor, School of Visual Art and Design, University of South Carolina (2022-present); Ph.D., Cinema and Media Studies, University of Southern California (2021) ## Resources diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/black-power/notes.md b/app/views/exhibits/black-power/notes.md index 64958b23f8..85623c97d9 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/black-power/notes.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/black-power/notes.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ - Wald, Gayle. *It’s Been Beautiful: Soul! and Black Power Television*. Durham: Duke University Press, 2015. -- WNET. “List of Black-Produced TV Shows Nationwide, from 1968- On,” February 27, 2009; https://www.thirteen.org/broadcastingwhileBlack/uncategorized/list-of-Black-produced-tv-shows-nationwide-from-1968-on/ +- WNET. “List of Black-Produced TV Shows Nationwide, from 1968- On,” February 27, 2009; https://www.thirteen.org/blog-post/list-of-black-produced-tv-shows-nationwide-from-1968-on/ ### Notes to Televising Black Politics in the Black Power Era diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights.md b/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights.md index d3eef76f04..05bb09decc 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights.md @@ -2,7 +2,17 @@ ## Summary -"Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement" presents educational and noncommercial radio programs from the 1950s and 1960s that offer historic testimonies – in interviews, speeches, and on-the-spot news reports – from many movement participants, both well-known and unknown. National leaders, local leaders, community organizers, students, clergy, lawyers, educators, academics, writers, and even a comedian and a documentary filmmaker relate often riveting stories that document a range of individual and group experiences and perspectives. The exhibit presents accounts from a variety of locales, each a distinct piece of the complex history of the struggle to integrate the segregated South and achieve full citizenship rights for African Americans. +*Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement* presents educational and noncommercial television and radio programs from the 1950s and 1960s that offer historic testimonies – in interviews, speeches, documentaries, panel discussions, and on-the-spot news reports – from many movement participants, both well-known and unknown. National leaders, local leaders, community organizers, students, clergy, lawyers, educators, academics, writers, and even a comedian and a documentary filmmaker relate often riveting stories that document a range of individual and group experiences and perspectives. The exhibit presents accounts from a variety of locales, each a distinct piece of the complex history of the struggle to integrate the segregated South and achieve full citizenship rights for African Americans. + +The original *Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement* exhibit, launched in 2015 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, consisted of radio programs that had been broadcast as the historical events they covered were taking place. In 2024, we have expanded *Voices* to include National Educational Television (NET) programs about the Southern Civil Rights Movement from the 1960s to comprise a visual component of the exhibit. Kenneth Alexander Campbell, an intern in the 2020 Library of Congress/Howard University Archives, History, and Heritage Advanced (AHHA) Internship Program, curated the update. Following his internship, Kenneth, an accomplished documentary film artist, received a Masters of Fine Arts in Cinematic Arts from Howard University, taught graduate courses in film history and African cinema at Howard, served as Impact Producer on the acclaimed documentary *MLK/FBI*, and joined the Department of Mass Communications at North Carolina Central University, his alma mater, as an assistant professor. Kenneth passed away on April 19, 2024. We dedicate this exhibit to his memory. + +In a blog post about his AHHA internship, Kenneth discussed the significance of the NET programs we have added to *Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement*: + +>Before moving to Washington, I became involved with the SNCC Critical Oral History Project at Duke University, back home in North Carolina. This project documented the experience of veteran members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee of the American Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s, which later evolved into the Black Power Movement. My personal involvement with that intergenerational, face-to-face, personal exchange deeply affected my understanding of the history of the people of this country… + +>This AHHA research experience has further expanded my understanding of the history the people of this country - and the incalculable impact that public broadcasting can have on how our history unfolds. The long-form work of *NET Journal* demonstrates what an effective vehicle cinéma vérité and journalistic documentary can be. The “Realities” of the series *Public Broadcast Laboratory* provide a robust visual landscape of faces to replace the opaque and cliché terms “the public” or “the masses.” And the series *Of People and Politics* often delves much deeper into the nuances of the public discourse around voting rights and the transition to human rights than I ever expected. + +>NET created a profoundly unique moment in broadcast history. And it documented a profoundly unique moment in American history. But perhaps more importantly, it demonstrated the potential of the camera to be a highly effective tool for broadcasting the densely rich visual history of this land. ## Extended @@ -11,6 +21,9 @@ - Alan Gevinson AAPB Project Director, Library of Congress +- + Kenneth Alexander Campbell + Intern, Library of Congress Archives, History, and Heritage Advanced (AHHA) Internship Program – Howard University; Assistant Professor, North Carolina Central University ## Resources @@ -24,19 +37,25 @@ ## Main -Fifty years after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, one of the legislative landmarks of the civil rights movement, the history of that movement is still being written. The importance of local accounts to enrich this history cannot be overemphasized. Emilye Crosby, a historian specializing in local civil rights studies, has written that the publication during the past two decades of a number of key works in local civil rights history has “marked a major shift in the field.” Local studies, she writes, have "laid a foundation for reshaping movement history, for changing our understanding of many things, including chronology, the role of women, the significance of self-defense, the nature and persistence of white resistance, the failures of the federal government, the differences between long-term organizing and short-term mobilizing, the development of Black Power, the importance of economics and human rights issues, and the possibilities and limitations of nonviolent tactics and ideology."[1](#1) +Sixty years after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, one of the legislative landmarks of the civil rights movement, the history of that movement is still being written. The importance of local accounts to enrich this history cannot be overemphasized. Emilye Crosby, a historian specializing in local civil rights studies, has written that the publication during the past few decades of a number of key works in local civil rights history has “marked a major shift in the field.” Local studies, she writes, have "laid a foundation for reshaping movement history, for changing our understanding of many things, including chronology, the role of women, the significance of self-defense, the nature and persistence of white resistance, the failures of the federal government, the differences between long-term organizing and short-term mobilizing, the development of Black Power, the importance of economics and human rights issues, and the possibilities and limitations of nonviolent tactics and ideology."[1](#1) -The programs presented in "Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement" explore many of the areas that Crosby has identified. Programs featuring [Rosa Parks](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-kw57d2qp45), [Fannie Lou Hamer](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-bg2h70895r), [Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v), [Annie Devine](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-9cj87k60), Dorothy Height (in [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-ff3m1j0m) and [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (2 of 2))](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-cj87n27n), and [Constance Baker Motley](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-z60c1503), help communicate the role of women in the movement, as do programs with less well-known activists such as [Priscilla Stephens](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-br8mc8rr6z) of CORE, Mississippi Freedom Summer student worker [Ellen Siegel](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-1615f47p), [Mary Peabody](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-87brvgz0), the mother of the governor of Massachusetts, who through her arrest in St. Augustine, Florida, as part of an interracial group demanding service at a motel restaurant drew national press attention to that movement, and an unidentified [female high school student](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-5q4rp59q) who participated in a Charleston, South Carolina sit-in. The significance of self-defense is addressed in [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-mk6542jr2r). The nature and persistence of white resistance pervades many of these accounts, most prominently in [The Negro Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-4t6f18sn70), [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-1g0ht2gg9n), [Children of McComb](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-sj19k46b34), [Kidnapping in North Carolina](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-h707w67k6x), [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother's Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-cj87n27n), [A Dialogue on Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-945qgb91), and [One Year Later in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-88qc028z). Failures of the federal government are expressed vehemently in [Report from the South - James Bevel](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-j09w08ws94). The significance of long-term organizing is addressed in [Thirty Years of Civil Rights Education in the South / Myles Horton](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-xp6tx35q0h) and [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v). The development of Black Power is discussed in [Stokely Carmichael Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-zw18k75h85) and [Black Power Surveyed; Handful That We Are in Missississippi: A Spectrum of Opinion in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-9cj87k60). Assessments of nonviolent tactics and ideology are offered in [The Battle Is Not Yet Won](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-2z12n4zs1w), [Ralph Gleason Interviewing Dick Gregory](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-k649p2wm6m), [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolance, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-z60c1503), and [Report from the South - James Bevel](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-j09w08ws94). +The radio presented in "Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement" explore many of the areas that Crosby has identified. Programs featuring [Rosa Parks](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-kw57d2qp45), [Fannie Lou Hamer](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-bg2h70895r), [Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v), [Annie Devine](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-9cj87k60), [Dorothy Height](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-ff3m1j0m) and [Constance Baker Motley](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-z60c1503), help communicate the role of women in the movement, as do programs with less well-known activists such as [Priscilla Stephens](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-br8mc8rr6z) of CORE, Mississippi Freedom Summer student worker [Ellen Siegel](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-1615f47p), [Mary Peabody](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-87brvgz0), the mother of the governor of Massachusetts, who through her arrest in St. Augustine, Florida, as part of an interracial group demanding service at a motel restaurant drew national press attention to that movement, and an unidentified [female high school student](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-5q4rp59q) who participated in a Charleston, South Carolina sit-in. The significance of self-defense is addressed in [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-mk6542jr2r). The nature and persistence of white resistance pervades many of these accounts, most prominently in [The Negro Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-4t6f18sn70), [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-1g0ht2gg9n), [Children of McComb](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-sj19k46b34), [Kidnapping in North Carolina](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-h707w67k6x), [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother's Day, May 12](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-ff3m1j0m) and [One Year Later in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-88qc028z). Failures of the federal government are expressed vehemently in [Report from the South - James Bevel](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-j09w08ws94). The significance of long-term organizing is addressed in [Thirty Years of Civil Rights Education in the South / Myles Horton](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-xp6tx35q0h) and [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v). The development of Black Power is discussed in [Stokely Carmichael Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-zw18k75h85) and [Black Power Surveyed; Handful That We Are in Mississippi: A Spectrum of Opinion in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-9cj87k60). Assessments of nonviolent tactics and ideology are offered in [The Battle Is Not Yet Won](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-2z12n4zs1w), [Ralph Gleason Interviewing Dick Gregory](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-k649p2wm6m), [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolance, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-jq0svz1h), and [Report from the South - James Bevel](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-j09w08ws94). -Actions described in these programs include boycotts, sit-ins, voter registration drives, freedom rides, marches, and a host of other direct action campaigns to confront segregation and discrimination. [Documented locales](/exhibits/civil-rights/places) range across nine states: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. [Organizations](/exhibits/civil-rights/organizations) represented by speakers include the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), Highlander Folk School, Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO), Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), NAACP National Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF), Southwest Georgia Project, and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). [Movement activists](/exhibits/civil-rights/people) who can be heard in these programs include Ralph D. Abernathy, Ella Baker, James Bevel, Anne Braden, H. Rap Brown, Stokely Carmichael, Leroy Clark, Annie Devine, James Farmer, David Gelfand, Dick Gregory, Fannie Lou Hamer, Tom Hayden, Dorothy Height, Myles Horton, Charles Jones, Martin Luther King, Jr., John Lowery, Floyd McKissick, Ronnie Moore, Constance Baker Motley, Karen Mulloy, Rosa Parks, Joe Pfister, Ed Pincus, Charles Sherrod, Priscilla Stephens, Charles Steptoe, James R. Walker, Jr., Melvyn Zarr, Robert Zellner, and Howard Zinn. +Formed in the early 1950s, [National Educational Television (NET)](/special_collections/net-catalog) was the precursor to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Throughout the 1960s, NET focused on producing and airing public affairs and cultural content, including documentaries that explored hot-button issues confronting local communities, such as desegregation, civil rights, and access to the ballot. -These programs have rarely been heard since they first were broadcast half a century ago. Radio coverage of the civil rights movement is an area that remains to be explored more deeply. While the events described in many of these recordings have been documented in scholarly studies, listening to the programs can add a dimension rarely found in written texts. Audiovisual material often has the ability to convey experiences and emotions more powerfully than the written word. The inflections, pauses, timing, shouting, singing, and quiet moments of reflection that mark these talks, cannot be completely revealed on the printed page. Neither can the passion, urgency, and often humor that enliven many speeches, sermons, and interviews. Audio can command a listener's attention even more effectively at times than either film or video due to its power to establish a tight connection between speaker and listener as the teller’s story unfolds. On-the-spot recordings of long ago can bring the immediacy of past events directly to listeners of today. In addition, these aural testimonies add a wealth of detail often omitted from published accounts. +Through films such as [*Black Natchez*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-4x54f1nc5p), [*Louisiana Diary*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-55-73pvn97r), and [*From Protest to Resistance*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-gq6qz23f5j), NET became a sort of “Fourth Network” at the height of the civil rights movement, establishing itself in marked contrast to the commercial programming available on ABC, NBC, and CBS. The [*Public Broadcast Laboratory*](/special_collections/public-broadcast-laboratory), an experimental effort to liven up and elevate the quality of educational television, provided unique and profound insights into the growth and expansion of the Southern Civil Rights Movement with documentaries such as [*The Poor People’s Campaign*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-021c5k76) and [*Free at Last*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q). NET broke new ground with series such as [*NET Journal*](/catalog?f%5Baccess_types%5D%5B%5D=digitized&q="cpb-aacip%2F512-qj77s7jv10"+OR+"cpb-aacip%2F75-440rz1b6"+OR+"cpb-aacip%2F75-60cvf2cz"+OR+"cpb-aacip%2F512-f47gq6rz2w"+OR+"cpb-aacip%2F512-4x54f1nc5p"+OR+"cpb-aacip-516-gq6qz23f5j"&sort=asset_date+asc), [*Black Journal*](/special_collections/black-journal), [*Regional Report*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-v69862cg7f), [*Local Issue*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-x34mk66d46), and [*Of People and Politics*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-7659c6sw5t), which allowed for unprecedented television coverage of the movement, and debate and dialogue between guests from a wide array of American perspectives regarding politics and social change. Programs such as [*The Grassroots Voter 1960: Civil Rights*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-9w08w38z2k), [*Head Start in Mississippi*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-440rz1b6), [*If Eugene Talmadge Were Alive Today, He’d Turn Over in His Grave*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-ks6j09x31h), and [*We Shall Overcome*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-13zs9fcr) illuminate nuances of the great ideological debates of the time from both public and private citizens. -While the movements discussed in these programs occurred throughout the South, the programming did not originate with southern educational or public radio stations. The programs came to the AAPB from three sources: the Pacifica Radio Archives, WGBH, and the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB) collection of the University of Maryland. Listener-sponsored Pacifica Radio was established in 1949 with ties to the peace movement and committed to dialogue to further social justice concerns. Pacifica produced probing, in-depth interviews with southern civil rights activists visiting the Bay Area, many conducted by the network’s head of public affairs, Elsa Knight Thompson. Historian Brian Ward has commented that Pacifica’s civil rights interviews were noted for "their intellectual and analytical rigor," that "platitudes and casual assumptions seldom passed unchallenged.”[2](#2) In contrast with the in-studio interview format favored in these Pacifica programs, WGBH sent reporters out in the field to produce two important series of on-the-spot reports on events as they developed during conflicts in St. Augustine, Florida, and Mississippi: Dateline St. Augustine and Long, Hot Summer '64. +Actions described and depicted in these programs include boycotts, sit-ins, voter registration drives, freedom rides, marches, and a host of other direct action campaigns to confront segregation and discrimination. [Documented locales](/exhibits/civil-rights/places) range across nine states: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. [Organizations](/exhibits/civil-rights/organizations) represented by speakers include the Child Development Group of Mississippi (CDGM), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), Highlander Folk School, Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO), Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), NAACP National Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF), Southwest Georgia Project, and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). [Movement activists](/exhibits/civil-rights/people) who can be heard in these programs include Ralph D. Abernathy, Ella Baker, James Bevel, Julian Bond, Anne Braden, H. Rap Brown, Stokely Carmichael, Leroy Clark, Annie Devine, Charles Evers, James Farmer, James Forman, David Gelfand, Dick Gregory, Fannie Lou Hamer, Tom Hayden, Dorothy Height, Myles Horton, Jesse Jackson, Charles Jones, Martin Luther King, Jr., John Lewis, John Lowery, Floyd McKissick, Ronnie Moore, Constance Baker Motley, Karen Mulloy, Rosa Parks, Joe Pfister, Ed Pincus, Bayard Rustin, Charles Sherrod, Priscilla Stephens, Charles Steptoe, James R. Walker, Jr., Hosea Williams, Andrew Young, Whitney Young, Melvyn Zarr, Robert Zellner, and Howard Zinn. -NAEB began operations in 1934 from a precursor organization that had been formed in 1925. In 1951, NAEB established a tape duplication exchange system whereby member stations sent programs to the headquarters in Urbana, Illinois, where they were copied onto tape and then shared with other member stations for broadcast over the newly created National Educational Radio network, a precursor to National Public Radio. The NAEB collection at the University of Maryland and the digital NAEB collection now included in the AAPB are direct beneficiaries of this tape duplication and exchange program. One of NAEB's member stations, WRVR, from the Riverside Church in New York, sent three reporters to cover the Birmingham movement in 1963. WRVR produced the six-part series Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence (two parts of which are highlighted in this exhibition), for NAEB distribution, which *New York Times* critic Jack Gould called "a first-class journalistic coup [that] constituted a remarkable social document for the ear." Gould noted that the medium of noncommercial radio provided an "availability of extended time free from assorted commercial pressures" that allowed the broadcast of programs with "depth of treatment and outspokenness seldom available elsewhere on the dial."[3](#3) +These programs have rarely been seen or heard since they first were broadcast half a century ago. Exploring topics and perspectives often avoided by the other networks with depth and complexity, NET modeled the capacity for public broadcasting to allow audiences to think critically and expansively about the world. -"Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement" gives voice to the many challenges, tactics, and dangers that organizers and activists faced to achieve the movement's goals in the South. The larger AAPB collection includes additional radio and television programs from this period and later that cover movement activities in other regions of the nation as well. In addition, the complete AAPB collection offers retrospective programs that look back at the movement to add context and historical perspective that comes with the passage of time. Keyword searches for "civil rights" and for other relevant terms will display these additional broadcasts. We encourage you to watch and listen to these programs in the AAPB Online Reading Room or at the Library of Congress and WGBH. +Radio coverage of the civil rights movement is an area that remains to be explored more deeply. While the events described in many of these recordings have been documented in scholarly studies, listening to the programs can add a dimension rarely found in written texts. Audiovisual material often has the ability to convey experiences and emotions more powerfully than the written word. The inflections, pauses, timing, shouting, singing, and quiet moments of reflection that mark these talks, cannot be completely revealed on the printed page. Neither can the passion, urgency, and often humor that enliven many speeches, sermons, and interviews. Audio can command a listener's attention even more effectively at times than either film or video due to its power to establish a tight connection between speaker and listener as the teller’s story unfolds. On-the-spot recordings of long ago can bring the immediacy of past events directly to listeners of today. In addition, these aural testimonies add a wealth of detail often omitted from published accounts. + +While the movements discussed in these programs occurred throughout the South, the programming did not originate with southern educational or public radio stations. The radio programs came to the AAPB from three sources: the Pacifica Radio Archives, WGBH, and the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB) collection of the University of Maryland. Listener-sponsored Pacifica Radio was established in 1949 with ties to the peace movement and committed to dialogue to further social justice concerns. Pacifica produced probing, in-depth interviews with southern civil rights activists visiting the Bay Area, many conducted by the network’s head of public affairs, Elsa Knight Thompson. Historian Brian Ward has commented that Pacifica’s civil rights interviews were noted for "their intellectual and analytical rigor," that "platitudes and casual assumptions seldom passed unchallenged.”[2](#2) In contrast with the in-studio interview format favored in these Pacifica programs, WGBH sent reporters out in the field to produce two important series of on-the-spot reports on events as they developed during conflicts in St. Augustine, Florida, and Mississippi: Dateline St. Augustine and Long, Hot Summer '64. + +NAEB began operations in 1934 from a precursor organization that had been formed in 1925. In 1951, NAEB established a tape duplication exchange system whereby member stations sent programs to the headquarters in Urbana, Illinois, where they were copied onto tape and then shared with other member stations for broadcast over the newly created National Educational Radio network, a precursor to National Public Radio. The NAEB collection at the University of Maryland and the digital NAEB collection now included in the AAPB are direct beneficiaries of this tape duplication and exchange program. One of NAEB's member stations, WRVR, from the Riverside Church in New York, sent three reporters to cover the Birmingham movement in 1963. WRVR produced the six-part series [*Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence*](/catalog?f%5Bseries_titles%5D%5B%5D=Birmingham%3A+Testament+of+Nonviolence&sort=title+asc&f%5baccess_types%5d%5b%5d=online) (two parts of which are highlighted in this exhibition), for NAEB distribution, which *New York Times* critic Jack Gould called "a first-class journalistic coup [that] constituted a remarkable social document for the ear." Gould noted that the medium of noncommercial radio provided an "availability of extended time free from assorted commercial pressures" that allowed the broadcast of programs with "depth of treatment and outspokenness seldom available elsewhere on the dial."[3](#3) + +*Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement* gives voice to the many challenges, tactics, and dangers that organizers and activists faced to achieve the movement's goals in the South. The larger AAPB collection includes additional radio and television programs from this period and later that cover movement activities in other regions of the nation as well. In addition, the complete AAPB collection offers retrospective programs that look back at the movement to add context and historical perspective that comes with the passage of time. Keyword searches for "civil rights" and for other relevant terms will display these additional broadcasts. We encourage you to watch and listen to these programs in the AAPB Online Reading Room or at the Library of Congress and WGBH. 1Emilye Crosby, ed., *Civil Rights History from the Ground Up: Local Struggles, a National Movement* (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 5, 6. @@ -48,10 +67,93 @@ NAEB began operations in 1934 from a precursor organization that had been formed Black and White photograph from the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ## Gallery - - image - Black and White photograph from the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom - Warren K. Leffler, photographer. Participants in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 1963. - Courtesy of U.S. News & World Report Magazine Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. + +- iframe + + + Voices from the Southern Civil Rights Movement ## Records +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-kw57d2qp45) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-br8mc8rr6z) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-4t6f18sn70) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-cz3222rk4w) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-5q4rp59q) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-sj19k46b34) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-2z12n4zs1w) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-m61bk17469) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-h707w67k6x) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-ff3m1j0m) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-m9023j32) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-r785p02p) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-cj87n27n) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-z60c1503) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-jq0svz1h) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-k649p2wm6m) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-j09w08ws94) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-xp6tx35q0h) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-289gj6vg) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-23612tg4) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-87brvgz0) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-50tqk2fw) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-02c86fs0) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-12m646qz) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-87brvgm3) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-1615f47p) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-1g0ht2gg9n) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-945qgb91) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-bg2h70895r) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-zw18k75h85) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-9cj87k60) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-88qc028z) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-mk6542jr2r) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-0000000s66) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-028pc2v166) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-0r9m32p30h) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-154dn40k35) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-1g0ht2h48t) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-1v5bc3tn06) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-2f7jq0tp0t) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-3f4kk9531w) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-3t9d50gs73) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-3x83jx39t5x) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-4f1mg7gm89) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-4j09w09v2n) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-4x54f1nc5p) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-6w96689f06) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-7659c6sv19) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-7940r9n099) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-8p5v69945b) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-901zc7sm4c) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-901zc7sp57) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-9882j6926j) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-9k45q4sh58) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-9z90864382) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-b56d21sd0c) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-b853f4mj3k) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-bz6154fm6p) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-cr5n873x76) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-cz3222s465) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-f47gq6rz2w) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-gb1xd0rs11) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-hh6c24rp7v) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-j38kd1rh4w) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-n58cf9k96w) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-ns0ks6k508) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-pv6b27qs9d) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-qj77s7jv10) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-rb6vx0718m) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-rr1pg1jn8b) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-rx9377726q) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-sj19k46w3j) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-t14th8cn3p) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-tm71v5cj4k) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-w66930q07x) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-wp9t14vt8n) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-x34mk66b0d) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-zk55d8pm71) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-9zg6g70c) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-bg2h708x4d) +[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-62-5m6251fv96) diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/organizations.md b/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/organizations.md index 5bb6b6caea..d11a4f47e9 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/organizations.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/organizations.md @@ -8,64 +8,92 @@ Organizations profiled include: +### Child Development Group of Mississippi (CDGM) + +- [Head Start in Mississippi](/catalog/ cpb-aacip-75-440rz1b6) + ### Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) -- [The Sit-ins and the New South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-br8mc8rr6z) -- [The Battle Is Not Yet Won](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-2z12n4zs1w) +- [The Battle Is Not Yet Won](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-2z12n4zs1w) +- [Civil Rights: What Next?](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-741rq0bx) +- [Louisiana Diary](/catalog/cpb-aacip-55-73pvn97r) +- [The Sit-ins and the New South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-br8mc8rr6z) ### Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) -- [Long, Hot Summer '64: Episode Two](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-02c86fs0) -- [A Dialogue on Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-945qgb91) -- [Black Power Surveyed; Handful That We Are in Mississippi: A Spectrum of Opinion in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-9cj87k60) +- [Black Power Surveyed; Handful That We Are in Mississippi: A Spectrum of Opinion in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-9cj87k60) +- [A Dialogue on Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-945qgb91) +- [Long, Hot Summer '64: Episode Two](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-02c86fs0) ### Highlander Folk School -- [Thirty Years of Civil Rights Education in Mississippi / Myles Horton](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-xp6tx35q0h) +- [Thirty Years of Civil Rights Education in Mississippi / Myles Horton](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-xp6tx35q0h) ### Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO) -- [Stokely Carmichael Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-zw18k75h85) +- [Stokely Carmichael Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-zw18k75h85) ### Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) -- [Fannie Lou Hamer Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-bg2h70895r) -- [Black Power Surveyed; Handful That We Are In Mississippi: A Spectrum of Opinion in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-9cj87k60) -- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 9](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-12m646qz) -- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 10](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-87brvgm3) +- [Black Natchez](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-4x54f1nc5p) +- [Black Power Surveyed; Handful That We Are In Mississippi: A Spectrum of Opinion in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-9cj87k60) +- [Fannie Lou Hamer Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-bg2h70895r) +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) +- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 9](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-12m646qz) +- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 10](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-87brvgm3) ### National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- [Commentary of a Black Southern Bus Rider / Rosa Parks](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-kw57d2qp45) -- [Kidnapping in North Carolina](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-h707w67k6x) -- [One Year Later in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-88qc028z) +- [Black Natchez](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-4x54f1nc5p) +- [Commentary of a Black Southern Bus Rider / Rosa Parks](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-kw57d2qp45) +- [Kidnapping in North Carolina](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-h707w67k6x) +- [The Negro Voter](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-7659c6sw5t) +- [One Year Later in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-88qc028z) ### NAACP Legal and Educational Defense Fund -- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-1g0ht2gg9n) +- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-1g0ht2gg9n) -### Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) +### National Urban League + +- [For Freedom Now](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-x921c1vr5n) + +### Poor People's Campaign -- [On Freedom Road by Reverend Ralph Abernathy](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-cz3222rk4w) -- [Walk to Freedom](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-m61bk17469) -- [A Happy Day in Birmingham, May 10, 1963 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-r785p02p) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-m9023j32) -- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-cj87n27n) -- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-z60c1503) -- [Report from the South - James Bevel](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-j09w08ws94) -- [Long, Hot Summer '64: Episode 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-50tqk2fw) +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q/) +- [Poor People’s Campaign](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-021c5k76) + +### Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) +- [Civil Rights: What Next?](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-741rq0bx) +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q/) +- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-cj87n27n) +- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-z60c1503) +- [A Happy Day in Birmingham, May 10, 1963 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-r785p02p) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-m9023j32) +- [For Freedom Now](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-x921c1vr5n) +- [Long, Hot Summer '64: Episode 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-50tqk2fw) +- [On Freedom Road by Reverend Ralph Abernathy](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-cz3222rk4w) +- [Report from the South - James Bevel](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-j09w08ws94) +- [Walk to Freedom](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-m61bk17469) ### Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) -- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v) +- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v) ### Southwest Georgia Project -- [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-mk6542jr2r) +- [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-mk6542jr2r) ### Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) -- [Walk to Freedom](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-m61bk17469) -- [Children of McComb](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-sj19k46b34) +- [Children of McComb](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-sj19k46b34) +- [Civil Rights: What Next?](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-741rq0bx) +- [For Freedom Now](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-x921c1vr5n) +- [Walk to Freedom](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-m61bk17469) +- [We Shall Overcome](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-13zs9fcr) + +### Voter Registration Project + +- [If Eugene Talmadge Were Alive Today, He’d Turn Over in His Grave](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-ks6j09x31h) #### Next: [People](/exhibits/civil-rights/people) diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/people.md b/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/people.md index defb4adecf..b0b00874dd 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/people.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/people.md @@ -13,146 +13,272 @@ Movement activists include: ### Ralph Abernathy -- [On Freedom Road with Reverend Ralph Abernathy](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-cz3222rk4w) -- [A Happy Day in Birmingham, May 10, 1963 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-r785p02p) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-m9023j32) -- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-cj87n27n) -- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-z60c1503) +- [On Freedom Road with Reverend Ralph Abernathy](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-cz3222rk4w) +- [A Happy Day in Birmingham, May 10, 1963 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-r785p02p) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-m9023j32) +- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-cj87n27n) +- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-z60c1503) ### Ella Baker -- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v) +- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v) ### James Bevel -- [Report from the South - James Bevel](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-j09w08ws94) +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) +- [Report from the South - James Bevel](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-j09w08ws94) + +### Julian Bond + +- [School Desegregation](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-js9h41kk3r) + +### Richard W. Boone + +- [Head Start in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-440rz1b6) ### Anne Braden -- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v) +- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v) + +### Claude Brown + +- [Color Us Black. Part 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-f47gq6rz2w) ### H. Rap Brown -- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v) +- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v) ### Stokely Carmichael -- [Stokely Carmichael Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-zw18k75h85) -- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v) +- [Stokely Carmichael Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-zw18k75h85) +- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v) +- [From Protest to Resistance](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-gq6qz23f5j) + +### Dr. Kenneth Clark + +- [Color Us Black. Part 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-f47gq6rz2w) +- [For Freedom Now](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-x921c1vr5n) +- [Head Start in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-440rz1b6) ### Leroy Clark -- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-1g0ht2gg9n) +- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-1g0ht2gg9n) + +### Dr. Rufus Clement + +- [Grassroots Voter 1960: Civil Rights](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-9w08w38z2k) ### Annie Devine -- [Black Power Surveyed; Handful That We Are in Mississippi: A Spectrum of Opinion in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-9cj87k60) +- [Black Power Surveyed; Handful That We Are in Mississippi: A Spectrum of Opinion in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-9cj87k60) + +### Charles Evers + +- [Black Natchez](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-4x54f1nc5p) +- [The Negro Voter](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-7659c6sw5t) ### James Farmer -- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 10](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-87brvgm3) +- [For Freedom Now](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-x921c1vr5n) +- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 10](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-87brvgm3) +- [Louisiana Diary](/catalog/cpb-aacip-55-73pvn97r) + +### James Foreman + +- [Civil Rights: What Next?](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-741rq0bx) +- [For Freedom Now](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-x921c1vr5n) +- [We Shall Overcome](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-13zs9fcr) + +### Mrs. E. Franklin Frazier + +- [Color Us Black. Part 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-f47gq6rz2w) ### David Gelfand -- [A Dialogue on Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-945qgb91) +- [A Dialogue on Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-945qgb91) + +### Polly Greenberg + +- [Head Start in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-440rz1b6) ### Dick Gregory -- [Ralph Gleason Interviewing Dick Gregory](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-k649p2wm6m) +- [Dick Gregory Is Alive and Well](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-qj77s7jv10) +- [Ralph Gleason Interviewing Dick Gregory](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-k649p2wm6m) ### Fannie Lou Hamer -- [Fannie Lou Hamer Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-bg2h70895r) +- [Fannie Lou Hamer Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-bg2h70895r) +- [Head Start in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-440rz1b6) +- [The Negro Voter](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-7659c6sw5t) + +### Nathan Hare + +- [Color Us Black. Part 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-f47gq6rz2w) + +### Mike Harris + +- [Color Us Black. Part 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-f47gq6rz2w) ### Tom Hayden -- [Children of McComb](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-sj19k46b34) +- [Children of McComb](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-sj19k46b34) ### Dorothy Height -- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-cj87n27n) +- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-cj87n27n) + +### Jesse Hill Jr. + +- [Grassroots Voter 1960: Civil Rights](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-9w08w38z2k) ### Myles Horton -- [Thirty Years of Civil Rights Education in the South / Myles Horton](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-xp6tx35q0h) +- [Thirty Years of Civil Rights Education in the South / Myles Horton](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-xp6tx35q0h) + +### Rev. William Hudson + +- [School Integration](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-4x54f1nc5p) + +### James Jackson + +- [Black Natchez](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-4x54f1nc5p) + +### Rev. Jesse Jackson + +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) ### Charles Jones -- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-1g0ht2gg9n) +- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-1g0ht2gg9n) ### Martin Luther King, Jr. -- [A Happy Day in Birmingham, May 10, 1963 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-r785p02p) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-m9023j32) -- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-cj87n27n) -- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-z60c1503) +- [A Happy Day in Birmingham, May 10, 1963 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-r785p02p) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-m9023j32) +- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-cj87n27n) +- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-z60c1503) +- [For Freedom Now](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-x921c1vr5n) +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) +- [The Negro Voter](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-7659c6sw5t) +- [Poor People’s Campaign](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-021c5k76) +- [With Some Deliberate Speed](/catalog/cpb-aacip-62-gx44q7r441) + +### Tom Levin + +- [Head Start in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-440rz1b6) + +### John Lewis + +- [If Eugene Talmadge Were Alive Today, He’d Turn Over in His Grave](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-ks6j09x31h) ### John Lowery -- [Kidnapping in North Carolina](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-h707w67k6x) +- [Kidnapping in North Carolina](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-h707w67k6x) ### Floyd McKissick -- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v) +- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v) +- [Civil Rights: What Next?](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-741rq0bx) ### Ronnie Moore -- [The Battle Is Not Yet Won](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-2z12n4zs1w) +- [The Battle Is Not Yet Won](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-2z12n4zs1w) +- [Louisiana Diary](/catalog/cpb-aacip-55-73pvn97r) ### Constance Baker Motley -- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-z60c1503) +- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-z60c1503) ### Karen Mulloy -- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v) +- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v) + +### James Nabrit III + +- [Color Us Black. Part 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-f47gq6rz2w) ### Rosa Parks -- [Commentary of a Black Southern Bus Rider / Rosa Parks](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-kw57d2qp45) +- [Commentary of a Black Southern Bus Rider / Rosa Parks](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-kw57d2qp45) + +### Eugene Patterson + +- [Grassroots Voter 1960: Civil Rights](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-9w08w38z2k) ### Mary Peabody -- [Dateline St. Augustine; Episode 8: A Day of Arrests](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-87brvgz0) +- [Dateline St. Augustine; Episode 8: A Day of Arrests](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-87brvgz0) ### Joe Pfister -- [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-mk6542jr2r) +- [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-mk6542jr2r) ### Ed Pincus -- [One Year Later in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-88qc028z) +- [One Year Later in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-88qc028z) + +### Bayard Rustin + +- [Civil Rights Summer 66’](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-j09w08xb9s) + +### Mrs. Hattie Safford + +- [Head Start in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-440rz1b6) ### Charles Sherrod -- [Walk to Freedom](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-m61bk17469) -- [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-mk6542jr2r) +- [If Eugene Talmadge Were Alive Today, He’d Turn Over in His Grave](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-ks6j09x31h) +- [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-mk6542jr2r) +- [Walk to Freedom](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-m61bk17469) ### Ellen Siegel -- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 11](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-1615f47p) +- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 11](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-1615f47p) ### Priscilla Stephens -- [The Sit-ins and the New South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-br8mc8rr6z) +- [The Sit-ins and the New South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-br8mc8rr6z) ### Charles Steptoe -- [A Dialogue on Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-945qgb91) +- [A Dialogue on Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-945qgb91) ### James R. Walker, Jr. -- [The Negro Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-4t6f18sn70) +- [The Negro Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-4t6f18sn70) + +### Roy Wilkins + +- [For Freedom Now](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-x921c1vr5n) + +### Hosea Williams + +- [Civil Rights: What Next?](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-741rq0bx) +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) + +### Marian Wright + +- [Head Start in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-440rz1b6) + +### Andrew Young + +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) + +### Whitney Young + +- [Civil Rights Summer ’66](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-j09w08xb9s) +- [For Freedom Now](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-x921c1vr5n) ### Melvyn Zarr -- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-1g0ht2gg9n) +- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-1g0ht2gg9n) ### Robert Zellner -- [Children of McComb](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-sj19k46b34) +- [Children of McComb](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-sj19k46b34) ### Howard Zinn -- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v) +- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v) ## Resources diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/places.md b/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/places.md index ad0b148dfa..322c34c6eb 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/places.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/civil-rights/places.md @@ -9,126 +9,187 @@ Locales discussed in this exhibit range across nine states: ### Alabama -#### Birmingham -- [A Happy Day in Birmingham, May 10, 1963 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-r785p02p) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-m9023j32) -- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-cj87n27n) -- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-z60c1503) +- [The Negro Voter](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-7659c6sw5t) + +#### Birmingham +- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 3; Mother’s Day, May 12 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-ff3m1j0m) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-cj87n27n) +- [Birmingham: Testament of Nonviolence, Part 4; Back to School in Birmingham (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-jq0svz1h) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-z60c1503) +- [A Happy Day in Birmingham, May 10, 1963 (1 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-r785p02p) and [(2 of 2)](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-m9023j32) + #### Lowndes County -- [Stokely Carmichael Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-zw18k75h85) +- [Stokely Carmichael Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-zw18k75h85) #### Montgomery -- [Commentary of a Black Southern Bus Rider / Rosa Parks](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-kw57d2qp45) +- [Commentary of a Black Southern Bus Rider / Rosa Parks](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-kw57d2qp45) #### Selma -- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-1g0ht2gg9n) +- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-1g0ht2gg9n) #### Tuskegee -- [The Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 10](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-87brvgm3 ) +- [The Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 10](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-87brvgm3 ) #### Tuscaloosa -- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-1g0ht2gg9n) +- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-1g0ht2gg9n) ### Florida #### St. Augustine -- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-1g0ht2gg9n) -- [Dateline St. Augustine; Episode 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-289gj6vg) -- [Dateline St. Augustine; Episode 2](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-23612tg4) -- [Dateline St. Augustine; Episode 8: A Day of Arrests](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-87brvgz0) -- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-50tqk2fw) -- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 2](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-02c86fs0) +- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-1g0ht2gg9n) +- [Dateline St. Augustine; Episode 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-289gj6vg) +- [Dateline St. Augustine; Episode 2](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-23612tg4) +- [Dateline St. Augustine; Episode 8: A Day of Arrests](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-87brvgz0) +- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-50tqk2fw) +- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 2](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-02c86fs0) #### Tallahassee -- [The Sit-ins and the New South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-br8mc8rr6z) +- [The Sit-ins and the New South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-br8mc8rr6z) ### Georgia + +- [If Eugene Talmadge Were Alive Today, He’d Turn Over in His Grave](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-ks6j09x31h) +- [The Negro Voter](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-7659c6sw5t) +- [School Desegregation](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-js9h41kk3r) +- [School Integration](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-v69862cg7f) + #### Albany -- [Walk to Freedom](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-m61bk17469) -- [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-mk6542jr2r) +- [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-mk6542jr2r) +- [Walk to Freedom](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-m61bk17469) + +#### Atlanta + +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) +- [Grassroots Voter 1960: Civil Rights](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-9w08w38z2k) #### Savannah -- [Report from the South - James Bevel](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-j09w08ws94) +- [Report from the South - James Bevel](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-j09w08ws94) #### Southwest Georgia -- [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-mk6542jr2r) +- [An Integrated Project in Georgia](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-mk6542jr2r) ### Kentucky #### Louisville -- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-125q814w5v) +- [Tribute to Ella Baker](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-125q814w5v) ### Louisiana + +- [Louisiana Diary](/catalog/cpb-aacip-55-73pvn97r) + #### Baton Rouge -- [The Battle Is Not Yet Won](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-2z12n4zs1w) +- [The Battle Is Not Yet Won](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-2z12n4zs1w) ### Mississippi + +- [Head Start Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-440rz1b6) +- [The Negro Voter](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-7659c6sw5t) + +#### Batesville + +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) + #### Canton -- [Handful That We Are in Mississippi: A Spectrum of Opinion in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-9cj87k60) +- [Handful That We Are in Mississippi: A Spectrum of Opinion in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-9cj87k60) #### Drew -- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 11](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-1615f47p) +- [Long, Hot Summer '64; Episode 11](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-1615f47p) + +#### Grenada + +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) #### Greenwood -- [Ralph Gleason Interviewing Dick Gregory](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-k649p2wm6m) +- [Ralph Gleason Interviewing Dick Gregory](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-k649p2wm6m) + +#### Hattiesburg + +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) #### Jackson -- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-1g0ht2gg9n) +- [The Civil Rights Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-1g0ht2gg9n) #### Laurel and Liberty -- [A Dialogue on Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-945qgb91) +- [A Dialogue on Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-945qgb91) + +#### Marks + +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) #### McComb -- [Children of McComb](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-sj19k46b34) +- [Children of McComb](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-sj19k46b34) #### Natchez -- [One Year Later in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-88qc028z) +- [Black Natchez](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-4x54f1nc5p) +- [One Year Later in Mississippi](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-88qc028z) #### Winona -- [Fannie Lou Hamer Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-bg2h70895r) +- [Fannie Lou Hamer Interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-bg2h70895r) ### North Carolina #### Monroe -- [Kidnapping in North Carolina](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-h707w67k6x) +- [Kidnapping in North Carolina](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-h707w67k6x) + +#### Quitman County, MI + +- [Free At Last](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-sj19k46z5q) #### Raleigh -- [The Negro Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-4t6f18sn70) +- [The Negro Lawyer in the South](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-4t6f18sn70) ### South Carolina #### Charleston -- [Coming of Age: Five Sat Down](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-5q4rp59q) +- [Coming of Age: Five Sat Down](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-5q4rp59q) ### Tennessee + +- [School Integration](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-v69862cg7f) + #### Knoxville -- [Thirty Years of Civil Rights Education in the South / Myles Horton](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-xp6tx35q0h) +- [Thirty Years of Civil Rights Education in the South / Myles Horton](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-xp6tx35q0h) #### Nashville -- [On Freedom Road by Reverend Ralph Abernathy](/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-cz3222rk4w) +- [On Freedom Road by Reverend Ralph Abernathy](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-cz3222rk4w) + +### Texas + +#### Crosby + +- [Integration: Two Towns in Texas](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-x34mk66d46) + +#### La Marque + +- [Integration: Two Towns in Texas](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-x34mk66d46) + +### Washington, D.C. + +- [Color Us Black. Part 1](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-f47gq6rz2w) +- [The Negro Voter](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-7659c6sw5t) +- [Poor People’s Campaign](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-021c5k76) #### Next: [Organizations](/exhibits/civil-rights/organizations) diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/empoderamiento-latino.md b/app/views/exhibits/empoderamiento-latino.md index eb7918bd28..64135d56d0 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/empoderamiento-latino.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/empoderamiento-latino.md @@ -1833,3 +1833,1591 @@ Para acompañar esta exhibición, un episodio de dos partes de “[Presentando e - [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-53a0e681b8c) - [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-bc48a542c6a) - [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-44aced2bcd3) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-f42800410ff) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-f448e4890a5) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-f44abbb2f7f) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-f45d588e609) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-f483fe89a0a) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-f4847f1cda7) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-f4849ac2427) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-f485f7054e9) +- 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a/app/views/exhibits/empoderamiento-latino/3-historia-de-la-television-publica-latina.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/empoderamiento-latino/3-historia-de-la-television-publica-latina.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Dirigido a estudiantes de escuela primaria, *Carrascolendas* también atrajo a n *Acción Chicano*, con Jesús Salvador Treviño (frente), de *Acción Chicano* (KCET, 1974). -En KCET, Treviño organizó una reunión con funcionarios de apellidos hispanos de la estación para firmar una petición indicando que renunciarían en masa al menos que la estación apoyase un programa de televisión semanal para la comunidad chicana. Su determinación resultó en *Acción Chicano*, el cual se transmitió de 1972 a 1974. El mismo fue un programa basado en el teatro que utilizaba el diálogo en español con un cambio de código lingüístico ocasional al inglés. El profesor Chon A. Noriega ha elogiado la estrategia de Treviño de hablar “desde detrás de la máscara de ‘folclor’ étnico” mediante representaciones teatrales que incluían música folclórica de la Revolución Mexicana. De hecho, el aspecto folclórico animó a las estaciones (PBS lanzó al menos un episodio a nivel nacional) a transmitir canciones en español sin percibir los polémicos mensajes activistas que se comunicaban en ellas. Siendo un productor astuto, Treviño utilizó parte del presupuesto de *Acción Chicano* para producir algunos de los primeros cortometrajes documentales latinos, los cuales se transmitieron dentro de los programas: [*La Raza Unida*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-j96057f68c) (1972), [*Yo Soy Chicano*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-54a0623fba8) (1972), *Carnalitos* (1973), y *Somos Uno* (1973). También tomó la oportunidad para entrenar a otros cineastas chicanos. En el primer esfuerzo de apoyo y organización nacional panlatina a través de la televisión pública, Treviño intercambió cinco episodios con una serie puertorriqueña de Nueva York, *Realidades*, para la retransmisión local dentro de cada serie.[52](/exhibits/empoderamiento-latino/notes#52) El programa *Yo soy chicano* fue la primera película intercambiada. Estos esfuerzos abrieron un diálogo entre los puertorriqueños y los chicanos, lo que ayudó a la formación de la Coalición Nacional de Medios Latinos.[53](/exhibits/empoderamiento-latino/notes#53) +En KCET, Treviño organizó una reunión con funcionarios de apellidos hispanos de la estación para firmar una petición indicando que renunciarían en masa al menos que la estación apoyase un programa de televisión semanal para la comunidad chicana. Su determinación resultó en *Acción Chicano*, el cual se transmitió de 1972 a 1974. El mismo fue un programa basado en el teatro que utilizaba el diálogo en español con un cambio de código lingüístico ocasional al inglés. El profesor Chon A. Noriega ha elogiado la estrategia de Treviño de hablar “desde detrás de la máscara de ‘folclor’ étnico” mediante representaciones teatrales que incluían música folclórica de la Revolución Mexicana. De hecho, el aspecto folclórico animó a las estaciones (PBS lanzó al menos un episodio a nivel nacional) a transmitir canciones en español sin percibir los polémicos mensajes activistas que se comunicaban en ellas. Siendo un productor astuto, Treviño utilizó parte del presupuesto de *Acción Chicano* para producir algunos de los primeros cortometrajes documentales latinos, los cuales se transmitieron dentro de los programas: *La Raza Unida* (1972), [*Yo Soy Chicano*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-54a0623fba8) (1972), *Carnalitos* (1973), y *Somos Uno* (1973). También tomó la oportunidad para entrenar a otros cineastas chicanos. En el primer esfuerzo de apoyo y organización nacional panlatina a través de la televisión pública, Treviño intercambió cinco episodios con una serie puertorriqueña de Nueva York, *Realidades*, para la retransmisión local dentro de cada serie.[52](/exhibits/empoderamiento-latino/notes#52) El programa *Yo soy chicano* fue la primera película intercambiada. Estos esfuerzos abrieron un diálogo entre los puertorriqueños y los chicanos, lo que ayudó a la formación de la Coalición Nacional de Medios Latinos.[53](/exhibits/empoderamiento-latino/notes#53) Debido a que los seis episodios [de *Acción Chicano* en la colección de AAPB](https://americanarchive.org/catalog?f%5Baccess_types%5D%5B%5D=digitized&f%5Bseries_titles%5D%5B%5D=Accion+Chicano&sort=title+asc) contienen extensas representaciones teatrales y musicales, o documentales que están actualmente disponibles para la venta, AAPB hizo disponible los programas para su [visualización únicamente en la Biblioteca del Congreso y GBH](https://americanarchive.org/on-location). Se puede ver un breve documental sobre murales públicos en Los Ángeles de un episodio de Acción Chicano sobre artistas chicanos a continuación: diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/eotp.md b/app/views/exhibits/eotp.md index 06f068e0a5..33b8008fac 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/eotp.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/eotp.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ ## Summary -This curated collection features the unedited interviews conducted during the making of the landmark PBS documentary series *Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965* (1987).[1](/exhibits/eotp/notes#1) The exhibit was curated by [Michelle Kelley](https://michellerkelley.com), a writer living in St. Louis, Missouri. Her work has appeared in *The Washington Post*, *Film Quarterly*, *Cineaste*, and other publications. She earned her Ph.D. in Cinema Studies from New York University and was a Postdoctoral Teaching Fellow in the Film and Media Studies Program at Washington University in St. Louis. +This curated collection features the unedited interviews conducted during the making of the landmark PBS documentary series *Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965* (1987).[1](/exhibits/eotp/notes#1) The exhibit was curated by Michelle Kelley, a writer living in St. Louis, Missouri. Her work has appeared in *The Washington Post*, *Film Quarterly*, *Cineaste*, and other publications. She earned her Ph.D. in Cinema Studies from New York University and was a Postdoctoral Teaching Fellow in the Film and Media Studies Program at Washington University in St. Louis. The author would like to thank Alan Gevinson, Casey Davis Kaufman, Kenneth Campbell, Ryn Marchese, Miranda Villesvik, Henry Neels, Alexis Templeton, Stephanie Briggs, Paula Albers, Tuma Usirri, Doug Knox, Joe Lowenstein, Brian Woodman, and Irene Taylor. Thanks also to the anonymous reviewers whose feedback helped improve the exhibit. This project was made possible by the Humanities Digital Workshop at Washington University in St. Louis, the Film and Media Archive at Washington University in St. Louis, and the American Archive of Public Broadcasting. diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/2-people.md b/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/2-people.md index 111d11cc7c..a4d3ed08d3 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/2-people.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/2-people.md @@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ Ordered alphabetically by last name of interviewee, this list includes interview - [February 4, 2016, *PBS NewsHour*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-525-gb1xd0rx6p?start=846.81&end=1632.16) | NewsHour Productions
#### Helmut Schmidt (1918-2015), Chancellor of West Germany, 1974-1982 -- [January 23, 1975, *Bill Moyers Journal: International Report*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-3e634de1b59) | WNET
+- [January 23, 1975, *Bill Moyers Journal: International Report*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-ad0b2d8f021) | WNET
- [November 12, 1987, *War and Peace in the Nuclear Age* interview](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-6d5p843v5p) | WGBH
- [February 21, 1990, *The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-9g5gb1z37d?start=485&end=1614) | WNET/WETA & MacNeil/Lehrer Gannett Productions
diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/3-country.md b/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/3-country.md index 04561afdd0..ea014c4622 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/3-country.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/3-country.md @@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ See also Yugoslavia - [October 27, 1978, *The MacNeil/Lehrer Report*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-zc7rn3152m) | WNET and WETA
##### Helmut Schmidt (1918-2015), Chancellor of West Germany, 1974-1982 -- [January 23, 1975, *Bill Moyers Journal: International Report*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-3e634de1b59) | WNET
+- [January 23, 1975, *Bill Moyers Journal: International Report*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-ad0b2d8f021) | WNET
- [November 12, 1987, *War and Peace in the Nuclear Age* interview](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-6d5p843v5p) | WGBH
- [February 21, 1990, *The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-9g5gb1z37d?start=485&end=1614) | WNET/WETA & MacNeil/Lehrer Gannett Productions
diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/4-date.md b/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/4-date.md index 490b6c6898..9f453ade7f 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/4-date.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/interviews-with-foreign-leaders/4-date.md @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Ordered by first broadcast or recording date, this list includes interviews with #### 1975 ##### Helmut Schmidt (1918-2015), Chancellor of West Germany, 1974-1982 -- [January 23, 1975, *Bill Moyers Journal: International Report*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-3e634de1b59) | WNET
+- [January 23, 1975, *Bill Moyers Journal: International Report*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-ad0b2d8f021) | WNET
##### Nguyễn Văn Thiệu (1923-2001), President of South Vietnam, 1967-1975 - [January 31, 1975, *Vietnam: A Television History* interview](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-1c1td9n58k) | WGBH
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[](/catalog/cpb-aacip-42389efe9e2) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-b0de6bc164d) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-85303d5897c) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-524eb7f2825) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-ec8bde1ff58) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-1e50988f941) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-4c11eca13fd) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-2f0ece8db82) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-0841424d740) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-ecb612519b9) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-fb23af27f38) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-de6e531c1f7) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-a246ba70569) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-24dfc5841f3) diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/latino-empowerment/3-latino-public-television-history.md b/app/views/exhibits/latino-empowerment/3-latino-public-television-history.md index d975e3bc27..dcb3f89d0f 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/latino-empowerment/3-latino-public-television-history.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/latino-empowerment/3-latino-public-television-history.md @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Geared to first and second graders, *Carrascolendas* also attracted older Spanis *Acción Chicano* set, with Jesús Salvador Treviño (front), from *Acción Chicano* (KCET, 1974). -At KCET, Treviño organized the Spanish-surnamed employees from the station to sign a petition stating they would resign en masse unless the station supported a weekly television show for the Chicano community. Their determination resulted in *Acción Chicano*, airing 1972-1974, a theater-based program that relied on Spanish-language dialogue with an occasional code-switch to English. Professor Chon Noriega has praised Treviño’s strategy of speaking “from behind the mask of a ‘folk’ ethnicity” through theater performances that included folk music from the Mexican Revolution. In fact, its folkloric appearance encouraged stations – PBS released at least one episode nationally – to broadcast Spanish-language songs without perceiving the controversial activist messages that were communicated in them. A clever producer, Treviño used some of his budget from *Acción Chicano* to produce some of the first short Latino film documentaries, which were aired within the programs: [*La Raza Unida*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-j96057f68c) (1972), [*Yo Soy Chicano*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-54a0623fba8) (1972), *Carnalitos* (1973), and *Somos Uno* (1973). He also used the opportunity to train other Chicano filmmakers. In the first effort of pan-Latino national advocacy and organization through public television, Treviño exchanged five episodes with a Puerto Rican series from New York, *Realidades*, for local rebroadcast within each series.[52](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#52) Treviño’s *Yo Soy Chicano* was the first film exchanged. These efforts opened a dialogue between Puerto Ricans and Chicanos and helped with the formation of the National Latino Media Coalition.[53](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#53) +At KCET, Treviño organized the Spanish-surnamed employees from the station to sign a petition stating they would resign en masse unless the station supported a weekly television show for the Chicano community. Their determination resulted in *Acción Chicano*, airing 1972-1974, a theater-based program that relied on Spanish-language dialogue with an occasional code-switch to English. Professor Chon Noriega has praised Treviño’s strategy of speaking “from behind the mask of a ‘folk’ ethnicity” through theater performances that included folk music from the Mexican Revolution. In fact, its folkloric appearance encouraged stations – PBS released at least one episode nationally – to broadcast Spanish-language songs without perceiving the controversial activist messages that were communicated in them. A clever producer, Treviño used some of his budget from *Acción Chicano* to produce some of the first short Latino film documentaries, which were aired within the programs: *La Raza Unida* (1972), [*Yo Soy Chicano*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-54a0623fba8) (1972), *Carnalitos* (1973), and *Somos Uno* (1973). He also used the opportunity to train other Chicano filmmakers. In the first effort of pan-Latino national advocacy and organization through public television, Treviño exchanged five episodes with a Puerto Rican series from New York, *Realidades*, for local rebroadcast within each series.[52](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#52) Treviño’s *Yo Soy Chicano* was the first film exchanged. These efforts opened a dialogue between Puerto Ricans and Chicanos and helped with the formation of the National Latino Media Coalition.[53](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#53) Because the six episodes of [*Acción Chicano* in the AAPB collection](https://americanarchive.org/catalog?f%5Baccess_types%5D%5B%5D=digitized&f%5Bseries_titles%5D%5B%5D=Accion+Chicano&sort=title+asc) contain extensive theatrical and musical performances, or documentaries that currently are available for sale, AAPB had made the full programs available only for [onsite viewing at the Library of Congress and GBH](https://americanarchive.org/on-location). You can see a brief documentary about public murals in Los Angeles from an Acción Chicano episode on Chicano artists below: @@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ Luis Valdez founded El Teatro Campesino in the fields of Delano, California, dur Prior to the formation of PBS, National Educational Television (NET) broadcast two programs devoted to the early years of El Teatro Campesino. In 1969, the *Public Broadcast Laboratory* broadcast a special program from Santa Barbara in which the host explains the origins of El Teatro Campesino and presents an act accompanied by a voiced-over English translation. View an excerpt from this program featuring Luis Valdez: +
+ In 1970, *NET Playhouse* presented a documentary on El Teatro Campesino, including interviews with Valdez, musical numbers, a satirical skit, a puppet show, an excerpt from a play, and an ancient rebirthing ceremony performed in a cemetery. View an excerpt from this program: @@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ The 1980s were a time of deep changes for public television because, as Noriega #### Hector Galán -Since the late 1970s, Texas-born Hector Galán has been one of the most prolific and award-winning Hispanic documentary filmmakers of his generation. Most of his productions have been made for public television. After studying mass communications at Texas Tech University, Galán worked at KLRN in Austin (later KLRU), where he produced the public affairs program *Aztlán* (1976-1979), among others.[75](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#75) After becoming a senior producer, Galán in 1981 made the 26-part PBS bilingual newsmagazine for teens, *Checking It Out*, hosted by three teen-age reporters. The series won the 1982 ACT Award given by Action on Children’s Television.[76](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#76) Galán subsequently worked at WGBH in Boston, where as a staff producer, writer, and director, and later an independent filmmaker, he made eleven documentaries for *Frontline*, two for *American Experience*, and three for *La Plaza*. In 1984, he formed Galán Productions in Austin “to bring stories to the public that were not being told,” he stated. Describing the subjects of many of his documentaries as studies of the “invisible,” Galán believed “that a television show isn’t going to change the world, but it can give you a glimpse, an insider’s glimpse, that is very important.”[77](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#77) Galán’s public television documentaries have covered such aspects of Latino life, culture, and history as an exile’s return to his homeland (*Cuba—A Personal Journey*, 1984); the life and work of a Mexican American mask maker (*The Mask of El Zarco*, 1984); Latino political power (*The Emerging Force*, 1985; *Power, Politics, and Latinos*, 1992; *Willie Velasquez Your Vote Is Your Voice*, 2016); Mexican American cowboys (*Vaquero: The Forgotten Cowboy*, 1988); the struggles of farmworkers (*New Harvest, Old Shame*, 1990); the AIDS crisis (*The Forgotten People: Latinas with AIDS*, 1990); the 43-year struggle of Mexican copper mine workers in Arizona (*Los Mineros*, 1991); Pancho Villa’s attack in New Mexico and U.S. attempts to capture him (*The Hunt for Pancho Villa*, 1993); immigration conflicts and border life (*Go Back to Mexico!*, 1994; *The Border*, 1999; and *The Forgotten Americans*, 2000); Tejano music (*Songs of the Homeland*, 1995; *Accordion Dreams*, 2001; *Los Lonely Boys – Cottonfields and Crossroads*, 2008; *The Big Squeeze*, 2009); Latino culture (the six-part *Visiones: Latino Art & Culture* series, 2005); the first Mexican American Bishop (*A Migrant’s Masterpiece: The Life and Legacy of Patrick Flores*, 2008); the making of the Hollywood classic *Giant* in the town of Marfa, Texas (*Children of Giant*, 2015); and the Mexican American civil rights movement (*Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement*).[78](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#78) Radio Bilingüe’s [*Línea Abierta interviewed Galán](https://americanarchive.org/catalog?f%5Bspecial_collections%5D%5B%5D=linea-abierta&per_page=100&q=%22hector+galan%22&sort=asset_date+asc&f%5baccess_types%5d%5b%5d=online) discussing three of his documentaries. +Since the late 1970s, Texas-born Hector Galán has been one of the most prolific and award-winning Hispanic documentary filmmakers of his generation. Most of his productions have been made for public television. After studying mass communications at Texas Tech University, Galán worked at KLRN in Austin (later KLRU), where he produced the public affairs program *Aztlán* (1976-1979), among others.[75](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#75) After becoming a senior producer, Galán in 1981 made the 26-part PBS bilingual newsmagazine for teens, *Checking It Out*, hosted by three teen-age reporters. The series won the 1982 ACT Award given by Action on Children’s Television.[76](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#76) Galán subsequently worked at WGBH in Boston, where as a staff producer, writer, and director, and later an independent filmmaker, he made eleven documentaries for *Frontline*, two for *American Experience*, and three for *La Plaza*. In 1984, he formed Galán Productions in Austin “to bring stories to the public that were not being told,” he stated. Describing the subjects of many of his documentaries as studies of the “invisible,” Galán believed “that a television show isn’t going to change the world, but it can give you a glimpse, an insider’s glimpse, that is very important.”[77](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#77) Galán’s public television documentaries have covered such aspects of Latino life, culture, and history as an exile’s return to his homeland (*Cuba—A Personal Journey*, 1984); the life and work of a Mexican American mask maker (*The Mask of El Zarco*, 1984); Latino political power (*The Emerging Force*, 1985; *Power, Politics, and Latinos*, 1992; *Willie Velasquez Your Vote Is Your Voice*, 2016); Mexican American cowboys (*Vaquero: The Forgotten Cowboy*, 1988); the struggles of farmworkers (*New Harvest, Old Shame*, 1990); the AIDS crisis (*The Forgotten People: Latinas with AIDS*, 1990); the 43-year struggle of Mexican copper mine workers in Arizona (*Los Mineros*, 1991); Pancho Villa’s attack in New Mexico and U.S. attempts to capture him (*The Hunt for Pancho Villa*, 1993); immigration conflicts and border life (*Go Back to Mexico!*, 1994; *The Border*, 1999; and *The Forgotten Americans*, 2000); Tejano music (*Songs of the Homeland*, 1995; *Accordion Dreams*, 2001; *Los Lonely Boys – Cottonfields and Crossroads*, 2008; *The Big Squeeze*, 2009); Latino culture (the six-part *Visiones: Latino Art & Culture* series, 2005); the first Mexican American Bishop (*A Migrant’s Masterpiece: The Life and Legacy of Patrick Flores*, 2008); the making of the Hollywood classic *Giant* in the town of Marfa, Texas (*Children of Giant*, 2015); and the Mexican American civil rights movement (*Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement*).[78](/exhibits/latino-empowerment/notes#78) Radio Bilingüe’s [*Línea Abierta* interviewed Galán](https://americanarchive.org/catalog?f%5Bspecial_collections%5D%5B%5D=linea-abierta&per_page=100&q=%22hector+galan%22&sort=asset_date+asc&f%5baccess_types%5d%5b%5d=online) discussing three of his documentaries. #### [*Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement*]( https://www.kanopy.com/product/chicano-history-mexican-american-civil-rig) diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/le-show/4-1-presidential-satire.md b/app/views/exhibits/le-show/4-1-presidential-satire.md index 5858fefd94..ae9c959606 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/le-show/4-1-presidential-satire.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/le-show/4-1-presidential-satire.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Shearer's Nixon runs across the history of *Le Show*, from cameo calls to "The L "Are you obsessed with Nixon?" Marc Maron asked Shearer in a 2015 interview, soon after the U.S. debut of Shearer's six-episode television series, *Nixon’s the One*.[78](/exhibits/le-show/notes#78) "Fascinated," Shearer replied. "I wouldn't say obsessed. You know, I don't dream about him."[79](/exhibits/le-show/notes#79) Shearer might well be obsessed with telephony, however, given how regularly it and devices for recording it are featured in *Le Show* sketches. - +
Shearer in *Nixon’s the One*, https://harryshearer.com/projects/nixons-the-one/.Shearer in Nixon’s the One, https://harryshearer.com/projects/nixons-the-one/.
Shearer in *Nixon's the One*.
diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land.md b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..78f48fbb72 --- /dev/null +++ b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land.md @@ -0,0 +1,394 @@ +# Stories of the Land: Diverse Agricultural Histories in the U.S. + +1 + +## Summary + +*Stories of the Land* features more than 70 public radio and television programs broadcast over 65 years – from 1954 to 2019 – that explore many aspects of agricultural life from the perspectives of diverse populations and locales in more than 30 states throughout the U.S. Links to more than 110 additional related programs also are included. The exhibit was curated by Mariah E. Marsden, a 2022 Library of Congress Junior Fellow, folklorist, and Ph.D., Ohio State University. We are grateful to Christine Fugate, Ariana Gerstein, Chad Heartwood, Shaena Mallett Heartwood, Monteith McCollum, Asad Muhammad, and to an anonymous reviewer for their help. + +## Extended + +## Authors + +- + Mariah E. Marsden + 2022 Library of Congress Junior Fellow, folklorist, and Ph.D., Ohio State University + +## Resources + +- [National Agriculture Library (USDA)](https://www.nal.usda.gov/) +- [TED Talks: Agriculture](https://www.ted.com/topics/agriculture) +- [Harvest Public Media (KOSU-Oklahoma)](https://www.kosu.org/people/harvest-public-media) +- [PBS NewsHour: Agriculture](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/tag/agriculture) +- [Article by Liz Carlisle on Critical Agrarianism](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271934582_Critical_agrarianism) +- [Article by Specht & Rutherford on media portrayals of agriculture](https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1130&context=jac) + +## Main + + + +  + +### How to Navigate the Exhibit + +After a brief introductory section on U.S. agricultural history in the twentieth century, this exhibit is divided into pages called **Anchors**: broad, abstract concepts that pull together stories from a wide range of agricultural histories and practices. This thematic arrangement highlights ways the stories intersect and diverge by drawing the broadcasts into conversation with one another. The anchors assembled here—[Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land), [Work](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work), [Environment](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment), [Culture](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture), [Practice](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice), and [Politics](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics)—explore different dimensions of agricultural experience across a diverse array of public broadcasting programs, often centering shared issues of disenfranchisement, visibility, mobilization, and loss. Each anchor has additional concepts nested beneath it to highlight certain enduring issues. Particular broadcasts have been featured and are included in the interactive map at the top of this page, while others are listed on the anchor pages for further exploration. + +As you go through the pages, you’ll notice linked words that serve as pathways to other anchors in the exhibit, highlighting how these topics are interconnected. Explore them as you consider the conceptual network brought to light through these shared ideas — there’s not a single path through the exhibit. Feel free to wander. + +### Agriculture in the Twentieth Century: A Brief Introduction + +By the 1900s, agricultural practice in the United States was undergoing a transformation. The last half of the nineteenth century saw the formation of [land grant colleges and universities]( https://www.nea.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Land%20Grant%20Institutions%20-%20An%20Overview.pdf) dedicated to agricultural advancement and research. The period also marked the beginning of the [sharecropping system](https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/sharecropping/) under which many formerly enslaved people and poor whites worked as tenants under contract on large farm properties with little hope for economic advancement or acquiring their own land due to the oppressive credit system that also developed.[1](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#1) Contract farming, often identified as characteristic of developing nations, later would [dominate the U.S. pork and chicken industries](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-47rn927z?start=2316.99&end=2363.49).[2](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#2) This dichotomy of progress and repression carried over into the next century as industrial agriculture became a force to be reckoned with and farming movements such as [the Grange](https://u.osu.edu/coopmastery/history/) gained political clout as they collectively explored the potential of new advancements in technology and scientific study. + +Historian Deborah Fitzgerald analyzes the origins of the industrial mindset in *Every Farm a Factory: The Industrial Ideal in American Agriculture*, noting how attitudes about farming were shaped by the ideals of productivity and efficiency: + +> In American agriculture, industrialization began as a logic of production, almost a philosophy. For some it was a principle that unified a disparate collection of observations, practices, and problems. For others it was a road map that offered different directions from old-fashioned traditionalism to modernity. For still others it was a mantra that promised far more than it could deliver.[3](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#3) + +On many farms in the 1920s, industrialization took hold. New, affordable tractors replaced horse-powered implements. County extension agents promoted standardized recordkeeping. Educational programs at state universities trained the next generation of farm managers, agricultural engineers, and economists. Large-scale mechanized farming operations reflected the growing economic power of the farm sector.[4](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#4) + + + + +
Fig 1. Russell Lee. Day laborer pumping up tire on tractor on large farm near Ralls, Texas. Nine tractors were used on this farm of four thousand nine hundred acres, 1939. Prints and Photographs Collection, Library of Congress. LC-USF33-012216-M1.
Fig 1. Black-and-white photograph of a farmer leaning over an old-fashioned tractor while hand-pumping air into the tire.
+ +However, the economic and environmental crises of the 1930s would challenge industrial optimism in fundamental ways. [The Great Depression]( https://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/2591/great-depression-hits-farms-and-cities-1930s) and [Dust Bowl]( https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/dust-bowl/) indelibly changed the country’s agrarian landscape as hundreds migrated from failing farms to urban cities in hopes of new opportunities. At the same time, New Deal-era programs aimed to settle the instability of agricultural markets through subsidies and land deals to farmers even as vulnerable sharecroppers and tenants were overlooked and even harmed by policies that favored landowners.[5](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#5) Even in the midst of this turbulence, the industrial mindset continued to gain traction as more and more rural areas acquired access to electricity through the [Rural Electrification Administration](https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2016/05/20/celebrating-80th-anniversary-rural-electrification-administration). + +Mid-century agriculture was shaped by the impact and aftermath of World War II. Due to a labor shortage during the war, the U.S. government implemented the [Braceros Program](https://braceroarchive.org/about) in 1942: a series of international agreements that allowed Mexican workers to fulfill short-term labor contracts for landowning growers and other owner-operators in the U.S. The harsh working conditions and low wages for the braceros meant that the program, which ended in 1964, left a shadowed legacy that echoes in the plight of farm workers today. Many immigrants who came to the U.S. as braceros later established their own farms in regions throughout the U.S. despite facing systemic exclusionary challenges.[6](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#6) + +The final decades of the twentieth century hearkened seismic shifts in both the economic and social practices of farming. The 1970s saw the implementation of [environmentally conscious legislation](https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/evolution-clean-air-act) as air pollution and contamination came under federal scrutiny. The Red Power civil rights movement and the years following the [1969 Occupation of Alcatraz](https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/redpower50.htm) mobilized Native American activist groups to push for the reclamation of land and water rights. [The farm crisis of the 1980s](https://ninepbs.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/the_1980s_farm_crisis/)—brought on by a combination of financial, environmental, and social conditions—rocked agricultural communities as farms were foreclosed, lenders withdrew financial support, and prices plummeted due to a production surplus after the 1970s boom. And the discriminatory practices of farm-related organizations came under fire, such as in the [*Pigford v. Glickman* (1999)](https://www.npr.org/2021/06/04/1003313657/the-usda-is-set-to-give-black-farmers-debt-relief-theyve-heard-that-one-before) class-action lawsuit leveled against the U.S. Department of Agriculture regarding systematic discrimination against Black farmers applying for aid. + + + + +
Fig 2. ASIrobots. Autonomous compact tractors in a Texas vineyard, Nov. 2012. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autonomous_compact_tractors_in_a_Texas_vineyard,_Nov_2012.jpg.
Fig 2. A small red tractor and a small blue tractor drive down a vineyard row without occupants in the cab.
+ +A new logic now competes with the industrial mindset cultivated in the previous century: sustainability. Sustainable agriculture prioritizes the environmental effects of farming, emphasizing the importance of conservation and preservation. Water, soil, and other natural resources are understood to be limited and significantly impacted by climate change. The long-term effects of chemical applicants continue to come under scrutiny. New advancements in biotechnology, GPS coordination, and robotic systems have changed the day-to-day labor of farming. But the broader decline of small farming in favor of large, consolidated agribusiness is not a new trend. It continues to impact communities, especially affecting [Black and Indigenous farmers and agricultural workers of color](https://www.soulfirefarm.org/get-involved/reparations/) in the process. + +### Public Media and Farming + +A broad-strokes overview of twentieth century agricultural history fails to capture the diversity of agricultural work in the United States. Far too often, the stories that dominate public conversations confirm preconceived notions about farming as a white, masculine experience. We’re introduced to these ideas through media: television shows such as *Green Acres* (1965–71), films such as *Field of Dreams* (1989), and, more recently, RAM Truck’s “God Made a Farmer” Super Bowl commercial (2013). A “cultural sensation,” this pickup truck advertisement featured a 1978 recorded speech by conservative broadcaster Paul Harvey overlaying still images of farmers at work in barns, fields, and pastures—notably absent, however, were depictions of Latino farm workers, who make up the majority of agricultural labor in the U.S. As the authors of *Rooted Resistance: Agrarian Myth in Modern America* point out, “While paying tribute to the spirit of the farmer as a binding force in national identity, RAM displaces pressing questions about the future of food, farming, and rural communities.”[7](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#7) + +Public broadcasting offers us a different kind of record through which to explore agricultural history, one that often elevates local stories amidst events happening at a national scale. “It has become increasingly clear,” writes media historian Josh Shepperd, “that noncommercial media provides unusual access to the history of social, political, and cultural events.”[8](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#8) + +This collection offers stories from local stations that sometimes are the only remaining historical record of people, places, and practices. Ultimately, this exhibit aims to explore not only the diversity of agricultural work but also to evaluate how we talk about that work: what ideals are invoked, what experiences are prioritized, what is relegated to the margins. + +**Featured Item** + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
The public radio broadcast “Green Acres: A History of Farming in America” from BackStory (2013) provides useful historical context even as the program hosts consider the political and social weight of farming in U.S. history. You can find more about this program in the Politics anchor page.
+ +  + +### A Note on Scope + +While wide-ranging, this exhibit does not purport to offer a comprehensive account of American agricultural practices over the years it covers. At the time of this writing, the AAPB collection contains more than 170,000 programs and related audiovisual resources from hundreds of stations, producers, and archives, but it by no means is representative of the many millions of programs that have been broadcast by thousands of public radio and television outlets during this timeframe. The topic of ethnicity in twentieth-century American agriculture, for example, while covered in some programs profiled in the exhibit, is not fully explored. The AAPB collection continues to grow, however, and we hope in the future to collect and archive programs that will further enrich our understanding of agricultural histories and practices. + +#### Next: [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land) + +## Cover + + + +
Russell Lee. New Madrid County, Missouri. Sharecropper woman filing hoe in cotton field, 1938. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. LC-DIG-fsa-8a23251. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017737007/
Russell Lee. New Madrid County, Missouri. Sharecropper woman filing hoe in cotton field, 1938. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. LC-DIG-fsa-8a23251.
+ +## Gallery + +- image + Russell Lee. New Madrid County, Missouri. Sharecropper woman filing hoe in cotton field, 1938. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. LC-DIG-fsa-8a23251. + Russell Lee. New Madrid County, Missouri. Sharecropper woman filing hoe in cotton field, 1938. + Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. 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Use is neither his work nor his idea. As an Indian I think: you say that I use the land, and I reply, yes, it is true; but it is not the first truth. The first truth is that I love the land; I see that it is beautiful; I delight in it; I am alive in it.** +> +>             - N. Scott Momaday, Kiowa novelist[9](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#9) + +What is our relationship with the land we inhabit? How do we use it? Cultivate it? Conserve it? How do issues of displacement, dispossession, and dispute impact the way we see our place in the land? This connection is at once a question of philosophy, economy, spirituality, and ideology, and different groups have put forward competing land ethics while trying to answer these questions. This Anchor explores how those involved in agriculture express their ties to the land through ideas of [Stewardship](#Stewardship), [Place](#Place), and [Resources](#Resources). + +In the history of the United States as a nation, the debate about land ownership has often been framed around the issue of land use. The landmark [Homestead Act of 1862](https://guides.loc.gov/homestead-act) encouraged westward settlement, promising settlers land if they agreed to live on and “improve” the land through farming. This ideal of cultivation is often talked about as a social good, but what are the consequences of this mindset? What alternative visions of stewardship might we imagine? The [**Stewardship**](#Stewardship) section highlights different perspectives on how to take care of and relate to the land from a number of voices and regions. + +The diverse regional landscape of the U.S. is especially striking from an agricultural perspective: from swampy alligator farming in the South to the carefully lined rows of fruit trees in the Northeast. The [**Place**](#Place) section explores not only the regional differences in farming but, more crucially, how farm people from diverse communities express connections to place and land. Placemaking is at its heart an act of imagination, connecting one’s environment to abstract ideas like home and homeland. “Geography,” writes scholar Kent C. Ryden, “is clearly much more than buildings and dirt—it supports a complex structure of personal and cultural significance.”[10](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#10) Here, too, you’ll find conversations about how the urban/rural divide becomes less clear as communities find new ways to ensure access to food and other resources. + +The issues of stewardship and placemaking go hand-in-hand with the need for [**Resources**](#Resources). The acquisition and maintenance of land under industrial agriculture has relied on access to capital—often through government programs such as the [Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938)]( https://www.loc.gov/ghe/cascade/index.html?appid=1821e70c01de48ae899a7ff708d6ad8b) or through private loans by banks and other lending agencies. But as we can see from twentieth and twenty-first century public programming, land loss is, at its center, a question of resource access. What do we consider to be a resource? What barriers do individuals and groups face when applying for agricultural aid? How do we provide for future generations of farmers? + + + +### Stewardship + + + + +
Residents of the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota fight for the right to grow industrial hemp, as featured in “Standing Silent Nation” (2012).
Farmers mingle in a freshly tilled field, one bending down to plant seeds in the ground.
+ +[***Standing Silent Nation***](/catalog/cpb-aacip-508-4t6f18t131) **(dir. Suree Towfighnia, Prairie Dust Films, July 3, 2007).** + +This documentary, broadcast on the PBS series *POV*, follows the efforts of the White Plume family (Oglala Lakota) to cultivate industrial hemp for livestock feed, papercrafts, and commercial sale on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. Having been legalized under tribal law, hemp was not only a valuable [Resource](#Resources) in the community’s economic development but also offered a meaningful connection with the land through [Labor](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Labor). But backlash from the federal government led to raids, property seizure, and a legal battle for the White Plumes and others who sought to uphold Native sovereignty in the face of unjust [Policies](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Policy). “In our treaties with America,” says Debra White Plume, “we retained our sovereignty. It’s not something America gave us. Sovereignty is not something that can be given to anyone.” + +[***North Carolina Now***](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_129-31qfv1qn) **(UNC-TV, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 30, 1996).** + +This local news broadcast includes a segment with interviews from Black farmers, historians, and extension agents in Tillery, North Carolina. They discuss how New Deal-era land allocation programs impacted Black farmers and the material and ideological importance of land ownership and access to [Resources](#Resources). “It was an opportunity for African Americans to own property, to actually not be dependent on the large white plantation owners for their livelihood,” says Gary Grant from the Concerned Citizens of Tillery organization. “It afforded them an opportunity to be independent. It afforded them an opportunity to set direction for their own lives.” + +[***The MacNeil/Lehrer Report***, **“Indian Sovereignty and The Longest March”**]( https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-6d5p844f8j) **(WNET/WETA, New York/Washington, July 13, 1978).** + +This episode of the *MacNeil/Lehrer Report* explores the settlement of reservation land by non-Native civilians and disputes over water access rights in northwestern states like Washington and Idaho. Those speaking on behalf of the tribes push back against the encroachment and infringement of treaty-guaranteed property, while non-tribal members express feelings of mistrust and suspicion. In the essay “Adaptation, Resistance, and Representation in the Modern US Settler State,” historian Walter L. Hixson discusses colonial anxieties that are often expressed during sovereignty struggles: “In an effort to reassert a sense of authority, the colonizer effects an inversion in which tribes are framed as colonizers […] demanding special privileges. Under this frame, the ethnic minority becomes the aggressor and the majority population the victims.” [11](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#11) + +[***The MacNeil/Lehrer Report***, **“Saving Farmlands”**](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-sq8qb9w11d) **(WNET/WETA, New York/Washington, October 17, 1977).** + +This 1977 national report considers the issue of shrinking farmland as development rights to the land are bought and sold. Agricultural reporter Carol Buckland talks with farmers and residents on Long Island in New York, where the Suffolk County government stepped in to aid farmers by buying the rights to their land to ensure its agricultural use in the face of growing suburbanization. Those interviewed, such as John Talmage of Baiting Hollow, New York, justify its use as farmland and explain why government intervention is necessary, connecting with issues of food [Resources](#Resources) and [Place](#Place): “But also one might ask the question, is there some safety in having our production spread around a little bit? For instance, if something happened to our transportation system, […] there are a lot of people living on Long Island and having the reserve of the food production—at least some food production on Long Island—should add a little safety to living here.” + + + +### Place + + + + +
City planners and residents share their experiences building a Black intentional community on old plantation land in this episode of Black Journal (1970).
A child plays on a tire swing while two adults observe close by. “SOUL CITY” text is centered in the shot.
+ +[**“Farm Town”**]( https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_37-56n031b3) **(Iowa Public Television, Johnston, November 22, 1985).** + +“This isn’t just a crisis of people; it’s a crisis of people and the land, and I don’t know where you separate one from the other. We say things about our roots. We talk about this as our homeland. We talk about sowing seeds to harvest hope. We are people whose culture and identity is rooted in the land and the people.” Rev. Karl Schlitz speaks on the impacts of the [1980s farm crisis](https://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/2422/farm-crisis-1980s) and the decline of small Midwestern towns in this program from Iowa Public Television. Others interviewed emphasize how their landscape has changed in the wake of a struggling farm economy: closed local shops along main street, shuttered homes, and towns slowly emptying of people. More programs on the farm crisis of the 1980s can be found under [Labor](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Labor), [Story](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture#Story), and [Rhetoric](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric), and especially under [Additional Broadcasts Relating to “Politics.”](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Broadcasts) + +[***Bookworm’s Turn***, **“Interview with Pat Sackrey and Ellen LaRiviere on the New England Small Farmers Project”**]( https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_305-96wwq87q) **(New England Public Radio, Amherst, MA, August 30, 1979).** + +This radio broadcast features an interview with Pat Sackrey, director of the New England Small Farmer Project, and Ellen LaRiviere, a Connecticut hog farmer. Sackrey discusses the idea of regional self-reliance, encouraging agricultural growth in industries that typically do well in the northeast: dairy, raspberries, strawberries, tree fruits, and even grain in the Champlain Valley and Vermont. Regional networks are a part of how Sackrey and LaRiviere envision self-sufficiency, [Harvest](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Harvest), and the management of [Resources](#Resources). + +[***Black Journal***, **episode 26**](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-62-dz02z1335r) **(Thirteen WNET, New York, October 26, 1970).** + +The first segment in this television magazine program explores connections with the land through the story of Soul City, North Carolina: a former plantation that later became an experimental Black community. Here, land is discussed as both a resource and a site in need of resources; city planners and leaders express the need for development, both materially and socially, through self-sufficient economic and educational opportunities. The segment also connects with issues of [Stewardship](#Stewardship) and [Labor](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Labor) as locals discuss what it means to live and harvest tobacco on land intimately connected to the legacies of slavery. Scholar-activist Annalena Hope Hassberg further underscores this point in her introduction to *We Are Each Other’s Harvest: Celebrating African American Farmers, Land, and Legacy.* “There has been an unshakeable conviction among Black people,” she writes, “that true liberation requires landownership.”[12](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#12) + +[**“The Urban Farming Movement”**](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_514-sx6445jd86) **(Commonwealth Club of California, Hoover Institution & Archives, Stanford, CA, May 12, 2010).** + +We often think of agriculture happening in rural spaces, but scholars who explore placemaking practices have done productive work to complicate the seemingly concrete distinctions between “urban” and “rural” that are often drawn.[13](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#13) This radio broadcast from the Commonwealth Club of California provides interesting examples of urban farm work as the panelists share stories about one-acre rooftop farms in New York, reading applications from prospective goat herders in the city, and the changing attitudes about the urban/rural divide when it comes to agriculture and food production. + +[***Farmsteaders***](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-00ec17369dd) **(prod. Shaena Mallett, in collaboration with milesfrommaybe Productions in association with American Documentary | *POV*, 2018).** + +Filmed over four years beginning in 2011, *Farmsteaders* presents an intimate look at the challenges faced by a family of dairy farmers in southeast Ohio trying to survive and succeed in a period of [Industry](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry) change as corporate agriculture had displaced many small farms in the area. “Whenever some ‘where’ has a hold of you, that’s kind of a powerful thing,” Nick Nolan reflects in an elegiac mode of family farm [Philosophy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Philosophy) as *Farmsteaders* opens. Nolan, whose grandfather once owned the farm he and his family operate, and his wife Celeste, who never had thought she would become a farmer, struggled through years of losses until they succeeded with cheese production for regional buyers. In this Emmy-nominated documentary mix of romanticism and reality, the Nolans share with viewers the physical and emotional [Labor](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Labor) of their daily lives, their connections with nearby communities where they sell their products, the meanings that farming has had for them, and the experiences of their children, [Youth](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture#Youth) who like Nick, grow up working and playing on the farm. Producer/director Shaena Mallett also grew up on a family farm. + + + +### Resources + +**Featured Item** + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
Wilson Lumia (Yakima) discusses the historical and social importance of fishing in the Pacific Northwest in this National Native News Special Feature (Koahnic Broadcasting Corporation, September 18, 1990). https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-206-343r25ph.
+ + +  + +[***National Native News Special Features***](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-206-343r25ph) **(Koahnic Broadcast Corporation, Anchorage, AK, September 18, 1990).** + +What happens when there’s a dispute about which resource should take priority? The first news segment in this radio broadcast examines those impacted by the development of hydroelectric dams along the Columbia and Snake Rivers in the Pacific Northwest—particularly local tribes, who sought legal intervention to protect their land and fishing treaty rights. Wilson Lumia (Yakima) expresses his frustration, discussing his experience as a fisherman and the devastating effects of the dams on the Chinook salmon population: “They killed 90 percent to 80 [percent] of the juvenile fish going over the dams. We got to do something about the dams to save the fish.” + +[***The MacNeil/Lehrer Report***, **“Family Farmer”**](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-513tt4gb5h) **(WNET/WETA, New York/Washington, March 9, 1978).** + +This national broadcast considers the decline of the idealized “family farm” [Philosophy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Philosophy) and approach to agriculture. The struggles are couched both as issues of [Weather](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Weather)—droughts, freezes, and storms—as well as a strain on resources that makes it more difficult to retain their land. Of particular anxiety is the issue of inheritance: passing resources from one generation to the next. Here, there are echoes of the patriarchal farming approach as “sons” and “sons-in-law” are exclusively discussed as the heirs of farmland. But with a lack of prospective successors, family farms around the country continue to be absorbed into larger agribusiness [Industry](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry). + +[***Oregon Story***, **“Harvesting the Wild”**](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-153-84mkm5c3) **(Oregon Public Broadcasting, Portland, October 2, 2003).** + + + + +
Sign that reads The handshake agreement of 1932 reserves the picking of huckleberries on this side of the road for Indians.
+ +This special program from Oregon Public Broadcasting discusses those involved in the [Harvest](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Harvest) of non-timber forest products: berries, mushrooms, moss, echinacea, and more. But as outsiders trespass into the Warm Springs Reservation in search of the surprisingly lucrative huckleberry, pushback from Native foragers start conversations about [Stewardship](#Stewardship) and land loss. Who retains access to these natural resources? How are land boundaries navigated and negotiated? Those interviewed tackle these questions from a variety of perspectives, from local hobbyists to forest service workers. + +[***Midday,*** **“When Farmers Took a Holiday”**](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-72b8h6p2) **(prod. Mark Heistad, Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, February 18, 1985).** + +This radio documentary looks back at the experiences of farmers during the early years of the Great Depression, with interviews from farmers and historians who look back on the Midwest populism of the Farmers’ Holiday Association movement. During that time, farmers [Collectively](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Collectivity) withheld products and resources from the market—and sometimes resorted to violence and “hellraising”—in order to effect [Policy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Policy) changes. The broadcast incorporates a bit of art too, in the performance of Ernest V. Stoneman’s song from that time called “All I Got’s Gone”: “Whole lot of people own nice little farms. Doin’ pretty well, didn’t do no harm. Sold their farm, bought an auto or two. Now it’s come due, they had to skid-doo. All they got’s gone, all they got’s gone.” + +[***Louisiana Public Square***, **“Louisiana Grown: Agriculture Across the State”**]( https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_17-46d25zzh) **(Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, July 28, 2010).** + +This broadcast shows the continued discussion of “family farmer” ideal and [Philosophy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Philosophy) nearly four decades after *The MacNeil/Lehrer Report* broadcast (see above). How do farmers pass on their resources and land? Panelists on this local program discuss why young people haven’t been getting into farming. Justin DeKeyzer, a fourth-generation Louisiana farmer interviewed for the segment, suggests that land and high expenses are the primary factors: “Hard to get the land to farm, unless you own it, you know. A lot of people—this land gets passed down, or any land gets passed on to their kids, and most of them sell. And most of that is either sold too high a farmer can’t buy it, or it gets put to housing.” + +### Additional Broadcasts Related to "Land" + +- [*Promise City*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_37-010p2nvv) (dir. John Beyer, Iowa Public Television, Johnston, October 14, 1969). +- [*This Land Is Your Land*, “Dr. Teply”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-528-v11vd6qf8x) (WRVR, New York, March 31, 1971). +- [*This Land Is Your Land*, episode 18, “Maurice Franz”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-528-6w96689p8m) (WRVR, New York, June 2, 1971). +- [*MPR News Feature*, “Soundscape features sounds of the harvest on the norther plains”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-c824b2xh3d) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, October 10, 1975). +- [“Interview with Farmers in the Miami Valley Area of Ohio”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_27-gb1xd0r80k) (WYSO, Yellow Springs, OH, ca. 1970s). +- [“National Center for Audio Experimentation: Old MacDonald Sold His Farm”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_30-11kh1zss) (Wisconsin Public Radio, ca. 1970s). +- [*New Jersey Nightly News*, “Farms – Closer Look”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-259-2n4zk740) (New Jersey Network, Trenton, ca. 1980). +- [*U.S. Chronicle*, episode 223, “The Last Crop”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-55-d79571819x) (KQED-TV, San Francisco, CA, 1981). +- [*Stay on the Farm: Reflections of Three Generations*, “Part 1”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-c232587485e) (Woodsmoke Productions, Vermont Public Radio, 1984). +- [*Legacies of the Land*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-445h990b9z) (dir. Ginny Martin, KERA, Dallas, TX, January 27, 1985). +- [*Journal*, “Black Owned Land”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_41-10jsz266) (South Carolina ETV, Columbia, December 3, 1987). +- [*Midday*, “A look at the differences between rural and urban Minnesota”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-87pnwc9m) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, March 27, 1990). +- [*North Carolina Now*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_129-49g4fdkq) (UNC-TV, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 8, 1997). +- [*New Mexico in Focus*, episode 625, “The Future of New Mexico: Crops, Cattle and Continuation”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-191-96wwq8dh) (KNME-TV, Albuquerque, NM, May 23, 2003). +- [*Vado: The Unspoken History*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-79e43ae2f15) (prod. Thomas Williams, KRWG, Las Cruces, NM, March 2004). +- [*Aggie Almanac*, episode 184, “Onions Without Borders”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-d1d5c032a93) (KRWG, Las Cruces, NM, September 5, 2008). +- [“The New Ruralism: Smart Growth and Local Food”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_514-5m6251gb99) (Commonwealth Club of California, San Francisco, May 20, 2010). +- [*Preserving Oklahoma History*, episode 104](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_521-319s17tk0c) (OETA, Oklahoma City, 2011). +- [*Forsaken Fields*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_86-741rnj5s) (prod. Midori Sperandeo, KVIE, Sacramento, CA, October 27, 2017). +- [“Farmer’s Market”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-207-46d258fd) (KUNM, Albuquerque, NM, August 17, 2019). +- [*PBS NewsHour*, “Farming Gap”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-ae114dfd538?start=1722.65&end=2262.29) (NewsHour Productions, December 7, 2021). + +#### Next: [Work](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work) + +## Resources + +- [National Congress of American Indians: Policy Issues](https://www.ncai.org/section/policy) +- [AAPB Special Collection on Great Depression Interviews](https://americanarchive.org/special_collections/the-great-depression) + +## Cover + Image of farmland at dusk + +## Gallery + +## Records + +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-129-31qfv1qn) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-6d5p844f8j) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-508-4t6f18t131) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-sq8qb9w11d) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-56n031b3) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-305-96wwq87q) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-62-dz02z1335r) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-sx6445jd86) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-206-343r25ph) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-513tt4gb5h) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-153-84mkm5c3) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-72b8h6p2) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-46d25zzh) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-79e43ae2f15) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-521-319s17tk0c) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-d1d5c032a93) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-c824b2xh3d) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-87pnwc9m) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-30-11kh1zss) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-5m6251gb99) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-445h990b9z) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-010p2nvv) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-207-46d258fd) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-129-49g4fdkq) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-86-741rnj5s) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-c232587485e) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-27-gb1xd0r80k) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-528-6w96689p8m) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-528-v11vd6qf8x) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-55-d79571819x) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-41-10jsz266) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-191-96wwq8dh) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-259-2n4zk740) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-00ec17369dd) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-ae114dfd538) + diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work.md b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..45d92b0e20 --- /dev/null +++ b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work.md @@ -0,0 +1,183 @@ +# Work + +3 + +## Summary + +## Extended + +## Main + +An image of two people tending to crops that says Harvest, Labor, Movement + +  + +> **It’s ironic that those who till the soil, cultivate and harvest the fruits, vegetables, and other foods that fill your tables with abundance, have nothing left for themselves.** +> +>              —César Chávez, speaking on farm workers [14](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#14) + +What do we call someone who works the land? This deceptively simple question has myriad answers that illustrate the range of agricultural work: farmer, rancher, grower, farm worker, farm manager, processor, producer, and so on. But what do these categories reveal about the material realities of farm labor? Scholar Laura-Anne Minkoff-Zern critiques the “agrarian myth” in her book *The New American Farmer: Immigration, Race, and the Struggle for Sustainability*. The myth can be traced back to early writers in the United States, including Thomas Jefferson, who described the farmer as the ideal model for a citizen of the republic: a mix of independence and dedication to their land that ultimately enhances social connection. This idealized agrarianism, Minkoff-Zern writes, “promotes the notion that in the United States, a country founded by hardworking individual farmers, land access has been democratically distributed” and that “all individuals who work the land diligently with their own hands (with no help from slave or hired labor) have access to upward agrarian mobility.” [15](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#15) But the economic and social barriers to farm ownership and [Stewardship](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Stewardship) undermine this ideal, often at the cost of those most vulnerable to discrimination and disenfranchisement. + +Public broadcasting explores some of the nuances of farm work through stories from all of the categories listed above, from fishing processors in Alaska to prison-farm workers in New Jersey. This Anchor reflects on the economic and lived realities of agricultural work from a variety of perspectives. Here, the concept of “Work” invokes ideas of [Harvest](#harvest), [Labor](#labor), and [Movement](#movement), and the featured programs demonstrate how elements of race, gender, class, and culture relate to these concepts even as they complicate conventional assumptions about what it means to work the land. + +[**Harvest**](#harvest) represents both objects and actions: what is gathered together as well as the process of collection. Products can be harvested—corn, tobacco, freshwater mussels—but the phrase *to harvest* also denotes the labor that goes into the process. This section examines the diversity of farmed products across the nation, broadening our perspectives on what might be considered agriculture. + +The [**Labor**](#labor) of the harvest is both physical and emotional. But not all labor has been visible to the public; often the representative American farmer has been pictured as a stoic, white, male figure toiling in his fields. But the public radio and television programs in this section offer different stories, from the collective actions of the United Farm Workers to the reflections of farm women enduring a harsh Wisconsin winter. These programs make visible the diverse experiences of working the land, highlighting underrepresented voices and sharing dimensions of labor that often go unacknowledged. + +At first, we may think of agricultural work as fixed in place—in fields or barns or brooder houses, firmly rooted in the land—but farm labor is often about [**Movement**](#movement): the movement of products, the movement of people. This section highlights the experiences of migration in farming, navigating borders between states and nations, and the challenges faced by those on the road to new fields. + + + +### Harvest + + + + +
Workers feed alligators in a temperature-controlled farm building as featured in this episode of Louisiana Conservationist Magazine (1991).
A shirtless worker tosses food from buckets along a row of enclosed alligator pens with warm, bright light bulbs.
+ +[**“Just a Small Fishery”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-127-98mcvsx7) **(KYUK, Bethel, AK, September 20, 1984)**. + +This television program explores commercial and subsistence aquaculture in western Alaska. The fishery featured here represents the commercial interest in herring along the coastline. In the broadcast, fishing cooperative members discuss prices and the impacts of overfishing this aquatic [Resource](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Resources), locals follow the herring migration runs in their small fishing boats, and larger, [Industrial](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry) processing vessels collect their hauls for sale on the market. The program expands definitions of agriculture, emphasizing that harvest can occur far from the dirt and soil of conventional farm land. + +[***Louisiana Conservationist Magazine***, **episode 208, “Larto Saline Complex and Alligator Farming”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_17-90rr5zt9) **(Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, January 3, 1991).** + +One of the segments in this newsmagazine examines alligator farming: an industrial approach to raising gators for leather and meat production that began to gain traction in the 1970s. The journalists tour one of the facilities in 1990 where the animals were incubated and raised with carefully managed temperature chambers to control growth and development. By employing the [Rhetoric](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric) of [Industry](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry)—“conversion” to describe butchering, “food intake” to describe feeding, and “renewable [Resource](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Resources)” to describe propagation—proponents of this approach frame alligator farming as an industry worth cultivating. + +[***WPLN News Archive***, **“Tennessee Mussels”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-50c34997d95) **(WPLN/Nashville Public Radio, July 1, 2003).** + +This radio segment explores how pearls are farmed and produced through a careful process of implantation and culturing: materials (called “nuclei”) are deposited into the mollusks that are then left to develop into this luxury [Resource](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Resources) over a series of years. Though cultured pearls are a global [Industry](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry), the ideal nuclei can be found in freshwater mussels from places like the Tennessee Freshwater Pearl Farm in Benton County: the spiny mussel, rough rabbitsfoot, purple wartyback, Cumberland monkeyface, birdwing pearlymussel. Tennessee pearl farmers are interviewed in this broadcast, discussing the harvesting process and the state’s significance within the global industry. As the narrator concludes, “Tennessee mussels are the heart of the world pearl market, making Tennessee the true mother of pearl.” + +[***Notes on Milk***](/catalog/cpb-aacip-c132bb3bd83) **(dir. Ariana Gerstein and Monteith McCollom, 2010).** + +This short documentary, broadcast on the PBS series *POV*, considers the [Cultural](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture) and [Political](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics) entanglements of a major agricultural [Industry](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry) in the United States: dairy. From the breakfast table to the Watergate investigations, milk as a product and a symbol is powerfully connected to how the country is imagined and envisioned. With interviews from former and current dairy farmers, this artful program explores how consumers, producers, and product are entangled. + + + +### Labor + + + + +
Inmates of one of the New Jersey prison farms work and discuss their experiences in this feature on “Jones Farm” from the 1970s.
Three workers clean dairy milking instruments in black barrels.
+ +[**“Jones Farm”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-259-x05x9g5t) **(New Jersey Network, Trenton, ca. 1970s).** + +In this news segment, journalists visit one of the fourteen prison farms in New Jersey in the 1970s, which supplied a significant percentage of the food for other prisons around the state. Those serving their sentences at Jones Farm worked with hogs and dairy cattle and received reduced sentences, though they saw very little monetary payment for what was very profitable labor, as outlined in the program. Difficult working conditions and cuts to work-release and furlough programs also take their toll. “Well, it’s nice for the visits,” says inmate Ken Carter of the prison farm. “You know, when your people come—your grandkids, your wife, friends—it’s nice, that’s all. Other than that, it’s just a work camp.” + +[***Friends on the Road***, **“Three Farmers”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_29-8380gkrz) **(Wisconsin Public Television, WHA-TV, Madison, February 23, 1979).** + +This episode of the television series *Friends on the Road* visits three farmers in their homes. They discuss their daily chores while raising hogs and sheep, dealing with the realities of harsh Wisconsin winter [Weather](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Weather), and working as women in a male-dominated industry. “I believe that in the future you may see more women operating farms,” says Alice Carroll, “because after one or two have pioneered out and done it, there may be others that will follow and not feel out of place doing it.” The three featured farmers emphasize the amount of labor required in the industry but also the rewards that go along with good planning and recordkeeping. + +[**“What the Future Holds for Farm Workers and Hispanics”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_514-s756d5qc89) **(Commonwealth Club of California, Hoover Institution Library & Archives, Stanford, CA, November 9, 1984).** + +This radio broadcast covers a meeting of the Commonwealth Club of California. At this meeting, César Chávez—a labor leader and civil rights activist—speaks to attendees about coordinating boycotts, the “savage conditions” under which farm workers must toil, his work through the United Farm Workers labor union, and [Collective](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Collectivity) action in farming. “All my life I have been driven by one dream, one goal, one vision,” says Chávez, “to overthrow a farm labor system in this nation that treats farm workers as if they were not important human beings. Farm workers are not agricultural implements. They are not beasts of burden to be used and discarded.” + +[***Crisis in Agriculture***, **“Farm Rally in Ames”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_37-01pg4hq7) **(Iowa Public Television, Johnston, IA, February 27, 1985).** + +This is the second in a two-part series covering a 1985 rally in Ames, Iowa, where speakers discuss the devastating effects of the farm crisis on the physical and mental health of farmers. Joan Blundall is among those who share stories about farmer depression, violence, and suicide, broaching topics that do not often receive attention in political and economic discussions about agriculture. In a 2022 article from *The Journal of Rural Health*, researchers found that “other countries have discovered that farmers have higher rates of suicide than individuals in other occupations.” Australian researchers, for example, identified the [Environmental](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment) impacts of climate change as potential stressors, while Indian studies identified “government apathy” as a contributing factor.[16](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#16) The speakers featured in the program utilize impassioned [Rhetorical](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric) appeals to push for [Policy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Policy) changes, demonstrating the emotional labor of farming that can go unacknowledged. + + + +### Movement + +**Featured Item** + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
Jose Ramirez Delgado reflects on how family’s his farming background impacted his experience in the 2006 program "Los Braceros: Strong Arms to Aid the USA” (item below).
+ +  + +[***NET Journal***, **episode 172, “What Harvest for the Reaper?”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-074tmqqp) **(dir. Morton Silverstein, National Educational Television and Radio Center, January 29, 1968).** + +Nearly ten years after Edward R. Murrow’s investigative coverage of migrant agricultural workers in *Harvest of Shame* (1960), this documentary from National Educational Television highlights the cruel and exploitative conditions of a farm labor camp in Long Island, as well as the vitriol and racism that Black workers faced from farm owners and processors. The program follows the laborers as they are bussed from Arkansas to New York to harvest strawberries, string beans, cauliflower, and potatoes under a [Labor](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Labor) system deeply entrenched in the “economics of exploitation.” + +[***The Oregon Story***, **“Agricultural Workers”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-153-655dvcgs) **(Oregon Public Broadcasting, July 12, 2001).** + +“Agriculture is very, very important to who we are as a country,” says Erasmo Gamboa, historian at the University of Washington. “Unfortunately, the public understands the importance of the farmer but not the farm worker.” Through commentary and interviews, this broadcast aims to center the stories of forgotten workers like Richard Salinas of Hubbard, Oregon, who began as a farm worker in Texas before moving with his family for the agricultural opportunities in the northwest. Ultimately, the broadcast considers how the migration of Latino farm workers has shaped the [Cultural](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture) landscape of Oregon even as workers reflect on how communities in different states have reacted to their presence with varying degrees of prejudice and welcome. + +[**“Hippie Jack and Friends”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_23-106wwrhk) **(WCTE, Cookeville, Tennessee, 2005)** + +This television program follows Jack and Lynne Stoddart as they recount their history in the Upper Cumberland region of Tennessee. The Stoddarts were a part of the Back to the Land countercultural movement of the 1970s and moved to the area from Miami, Florida. “It was a time when moving to the country, living off the land, and pursuing an alternate lifestyle was a reality,” says Jack. “It wasn’t something that people just dreamed about or, you know, thought about when they were tired.” The couple reflects on their experiences integrating into the neighborhood, the labor required after their move, and the locals who offered mentorship and knowledge about subsistence farming. + +[***ViewFinder***, **“Los Braceros: Strong Arms to Aid the USA”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-86-50gthzqh) **(KVIE, Sacramento, CA, July 26, 2006).** + +This television documentary features interviews with workers who participated in the [Bracero Program](https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/bracero-program), a work agreement between the United States and Mexico that permitted laborers to migrate across the border to fulfill short-term labor contracts on farms, ranches, canneries, and railroads in the wake of a workforce shortage during World War II. Braceros were required to return to Mexico after their work permits expired, and the program lasted from 1942 to 1964. This documentary calls attention to the labor of the braceros, which has been downplayed in historical accounts of the period, as well as the discrimination and harsh living conditions they were subjected to. By focusing on individual braceros—interviewing them, giving them space to tell their [Stories](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture#Story)—this program seeks to emphasize the human dimension of this government [Policy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Policy) + +### Additional Broadcasts Relating to “Work” + +- [An Interview with Cesar Chavez](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-w950g3hk5x) (KPFA, Berkeley, CA, July 15, 1970) +- [“Interview with Baldemar Velasquez”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_27-g15t727s9t) (WYSO, Yellow Springs, OH, May 19, 1973). +- [MPR News Feature, “Farm Machinery May Replace Migrant Workers”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-5t3fx7450c) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, MN, June 20, 1975). +- [*MacNeil/Lehrer Report*, “Migrant Workers”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-n872v2d61s) (WNET and WETA, November 25, 1976). +- [*MacNeil/Lehrer Report*, “Illinois Farmers Visit China”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-hm52f7kj9j) (WNET and WETA, April 21, 1978). +- [Spectrum Hawaii, “Kauai”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-225-504xh2zn) (KHET, Honolulu, HI, November 7, 1983). +- [*Kansas City Illustrated*, “Newcomers”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-384-12z34wtq?start=123.71&end=1083.71) (KCPT, Kansas City, MO, June 19, 1984). +- [*Carolina Journal*, “Farm Crisis”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_41-22v41r56) (South Carolina Educational Television Network, January 6, 1986). +- [“Farm Worker Series”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-207-773txjh8) (KUNM, Albuquerque, NM, September 1, 1986). +- [*Midday*, “Migrant Farm Workers”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-62f7mjcv) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, MN, October 17, 1988.) +- [*We Came to Grow: Japanese Americans in the Central Valley, 1869-1941*](/catalog/cpb-aacip_86-02c8679g) (KVIE, Sacramento, CA, 1999). +- [*Michigan at Risk*, “Farming on the Edge”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_217-45cc2kwx) (WKAR, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, May 31, 2000). +- [“The Farm Workers’ Movement”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-416sx64z1w) (Commonwealth Club of California, April 9, 2003). +- [*Return to the Valley*](/catalog/cpb-aacip_426-07gqnm60) (KEET, Eureka, CA, 2003). +- [WPLN News Archive, “Tennessee Pearls”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-dcb61c00e61) (WPLN News, Nashville, TN, June 30, 2003). +- [*Here and Now*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-29-89d51q0k) (Wisconsin Public Television, April 30, 2010). +- [*African Americans in California's Heartland*](/catalog?f%5Baccess_types%5D%5B%5D=digitized&f%5Bprogram_titles%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+In+California+Heartland&sort=title+asc) (KVIE, Sacramento, CA, June 17, 2013). +- [*Viewfinder*, “Little Manila: Filipinos in California’s Heartland"](/catalog?f%5Baccess_types%5D%5B%5D=digitized&f%5Bepisode_titles%5D%5B%5D=Little+Manila%3A+Filipinos+in+California+Heartland&sort=title+asc) (KVIE, Sacramento, CA, June 17, 2013). + +#### Next: [Environment](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment) + +## Resources + +- [History of the United Farm Workers](https://ufw.org/research/history/ufw-history/) +- [*The Farmer’s Wife*: a 1998 *Frontline* documentary (dir. David Sutherland)](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/farmerswife/) +- [40 maps that explain food in America (Vox)](https://www.vox.com/a/explain-food-america) + +## Cover + An image of a women whose face is out of frame tending to crops. + +## Gallery + +## Records + +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-127-98mcvsx7) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-90rr5zt9) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-50c34997d95) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-259-x05x9g5t) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-29-8380gkrz) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-s756d5qc89) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-01pg4hq7) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-074tmqqp) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-153-655dvcgs) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-23-106wwrhk) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-86-50gthzqh) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-27-g15t727s9t) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-dcb61c00e61) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-384-12z34wtq) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-426-07gqnm60) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-w950g3hk5x) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-207-773txjh8) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-41-22v41r56) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-62f7mjcv) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-5t3fx7450c) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-225-504xh2zn) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-416sx64z1w) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-217-45cc2kwx) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-n872v2d61s) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-86-07gqnmqw) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-86-60cvdvc6) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-86-02c8679g) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-86-569324xw) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-86-032281fk) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-86-06g1jxmm) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-hm52f7kj9j) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-29-89d51q0k) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-c132bb3bd83) diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment.md b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d7a3fbd538 --- /dev/null +++ b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment.md @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +# Environment + +4 + +## Summary + +## Extended + +## Main + +An image of a arid landscape that says Crisis, Soil, Weather. + +  + +>**Much of the world’s best farmland is now threatened because our species lacks commitment to a spiritual and ethical vision of our interconnectedness with the land. Farmland is primary human habitat, and black winds, dark rivers are carrying it away. Our good health, the smiles on the faces of our grandchildren are being carried to places beyond our reach.** +> +>            —*Soil and Survival: Land Stewardship and the Future of American Agriculture* (1986) [17](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#17) + +The intimate connections between agriculture and the environment make sense at a glance, not only because the industry is firmly embedded in the natural world but also because of its scale. According to a [2012 report](https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/84880/eib-178_summary.pdf?v=6294.7) on land use from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, of the nearly 2.3 billion acres of national territory, 29 percent is used for grassland pasture and 17 percent for cropland, totaling 46 percent for these traditional industries alone. The impacts of agricultural choices about [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land) management—the use of pesticides, controlled burning for farm land, crop rotation, and topsoil depletion—have been a topic of conversation for both rural and urban dwellers as new technical and [Industrial](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry) changes have developed over the last century. Public programming has responded to this conversation, unpacking the enduring (and sometimes fraught) connections between farming and nature. + +But how does environmental impact vary by region? By state? What issues are centered in conversations about climate and the future? What ecological concepts gain symbolic and cultural resonance? The programs and [Places](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Place) featured in this anchor—from the cattle ranches of Wyoming to the hydroponic farms of Florida—tackle these questions and more by focusing on ideas of [Crisis](#Crisis), [Soil](#Soil), and [Weather](#Weather). + +[**Crisis**](#Crisis) is a concept often writ large in broadcast coverage of agricultural news. Disasters, extreme weather, dwindling [Resources](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Resources)—it’s not difficult to see how these forces shape how we talk about farming. Some crises are framed as acts of God, from volcanic eruptions to sudden and devastating droughts. But some are acknowledged as man-made. The AAPB collection includes reports on the effects of air pollution and contamination on agricultural industry and practice. As scientists have reported for decades, climate change may lead to further crises on the farm: severe droughts and floods impacting production, carbon dioxide levels disturbing plant growth, and the growth of pests affecting both plants and livestock.[18](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#18) + +Perhaps one of the most significant agricultural crises of the twentieth century—the Dust Bowl of the 1930s—has been discussed as both a weather and man-made disaster. But at its heart, it was an issue of [**Soil**](#Soil): a component of agriculture that is rich with symbolic and practical significance. In this section, the programs demonstrate how farmers and agriculturalists talk about soil conditions and conservation, often with a sustainable future in mind. + +Those who work in farming, regardless of their location, know of the importance of paying attention to the [**Weather**](#Weather). Whether it’s a years-long drought or a seemingly light rain shower, the effects of changing weather conditions and patterns can have significant effects on day-to-day work. The programs featured in this section explore not only atmospheric conditions but also the seasonal rhythms of farm work. + + + +### Crisis + + + + +
Farmers and scientists speculate about the next volcanic eruption in the Pacific Northwest in A Year of Ash: Mount St. Helen’s Impact on Agriculture (1981).
A snowcapped volcano peak with blue skies and clouds in the distance.
+ +[***Hold Your Breath***, **“Agricultural Problems Caused by Air Pollution”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-3t9d8r5g) **(Michigan State University WKAR, East Lansing, October 9, 1963).** + +“Just hold your breath,” the narrator begins in this radio series. “Hold your breath as long as you can, and you’ll soon discover how vital this natural [Resource](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Resources) is.” This particular episode considers the agricultural and economic costs of air pollution. The 1963 program is a part of *Hold Your Breath*, a series from Michigan State University that was devoted to discussions of the dangers of air pollution, which anticipated the major [amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1970](https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/evolution-clean-air-act). As national concern about air quality heightened, local stations explored the multifaceted nature of this crisis. Here, for example, we learn more about how irradiated hydrocarbons (produced from vehicle exhaust) impact the [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land), [Harvest](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Harvest), and [Soil](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Soil) conditions from a county supervisor from Orange County, California. + +[***The MacNeil/Lehrer Report***, **“Forgotten Farms”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-rv0cv4cs8m) **(WNET/WETA, New York/Washington, April 10, 1980).** + +Not all environmental crises are natural. This episode of *The MacNeil/Lehrer Report* covers the 1973 contamination of cattle feed in Michigan, which resulted in human ingestion of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) through the consumption of meat and dairy products, causing a statewide health crisis. The crisis and coverage demonstrate how rural, agricultural issues can have devastating impacts on [Places](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Place) beyond the farm through interconnected food networks. + +[***A Year of Ash: Mount St. Helen's Impact on Agriculture***](/catalog/cpb-aacip_296-09j3tzq8) **(prod. Alison Hansel, Northwest Public Television, 1981).** + +This documentary explores how farmers, feed lot managers, and scientists responded in the wake of Mount St. Helen’s eruption in 1980. With the significant ash fall and changes to the mineral composition of the soil, concern rose from scientists and farmers about high-acidity dust, starving livestock, contaminated crops, and rusting equipment. Though some effects were mild, the discussion around the aftermath demonstrates how those working in the agricultural sector mitigate risk and attempt to anticipate future crises. As the narrator concludes, “There is no ending to this story. As long as the Cascade Mountains from Washington to northern California are dormant but not dead, the chance for another eruption is there.” + +[***New Mexico in Focus***, **episode 323, “Gray Wolf Reintroduction”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-191-257d805d) **(KNME-TV, Albuquerque, NM, March 17, 2000).** + +Agricultural work is not only about responding to the aftereffects of disasters or crises; oftentimes it’s about anticipating them. This program considers the controversy surrounding the reintroduction of the Mexican gray wolf population into New Mexico. Environmentalists were eager to reintroduce this indigenous at-risk species and restore the natural ecosystem of the area, but local ranchers pushed back vehemently out of concerns about potential violence against livestock and families. Here, differing environmental priorities were debated between conservationists and cattle growers as they heatedly discussed wolf recovery and agriculture. + + + +### Soil + +**Featured Item** + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
The host in this 1954 Science in Sight program discusses the erosion of farmland and the “good principles” of farming. Science in Sight, "Saving the Soil" (KETC-TV, 1954) (item below).
+ +  + +[***Science in Sight***, **“Saving the Soil”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-110-89d51nzq) **(KETC-TV, St. Louis, MO, 1954)** + +This early broadcast features a conversation between the series host, Bob Lemen, and a farmer from Eureka, Missouri, who promotes different farming [Practices](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice) and principles that support soil conservation. Lemen has incorporated a terrace system on his farm near the waters of the Mississippi River, and through contour plowing he’s able to mitigate the loss of precious, rich topsoil. The program also includes demonstrations of runoff and erosion processes that likely appealed to a [Youth](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture#Youth) audience. + +[***Illustrated Daily***, **episode 5100, “Soil Conservation”**]( /catalog/cpb-aacip-8cdf399c9a4) **(KNME-TV, Albuquerque, NM, March 21, 1985)** + +The environmental, cultural, and psychological impacts of the Dust Bowl [Crisis](#Crisis) gave rise to the soil conservation movement in the U.S. This program looks back on the formation and legacy of the Soil Conservation Service, specifically focusing on the state of New Mexico and its geographic history. Extension agents and government representatives discuss desertification (the formation of deserts), the state’s susceptibility to future soil crises, and what can be done to intervene. + +[***Our Kansas Heritage***](/catalog/cpb-aacip-469076b82f0) **(High Plains Public Radio, Garden City, KS, date unknown).** + +This broadcast tells the history of Kansas, called by some “the great American desert.” The host of *Our Kansas Heritage*, Leo Oliva, recounts the impact of cultivation and different agricultural [Methods](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Method) on the dichotomous character the state has taken on over time: “These were all reactions to the land which is now Kansas, and the controversy continues. Kansas is a desert. Kansas is a garden. Both images continue as themes in our history, literature, and folklore.” The broadcast also connects with cultural issues such as [Storytelling](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture#Story) and [Placemaking](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Place) practices, stories of [Movement](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Movement) and migration, and broader questions about environmental legacies. + + + +### Weather + + + +
The hydroponic farm featured in Florida Matters helps locals deal with the ongoing drought conditions in 2009.
A row of corn planted in white pots stacked on top of one another in a hydroponic system.
+ +[***One More Harvest***](/catalog/cpb-aacip_83-407wmf7g) **(PBS Utah, Salt Lake City, 1984).** + +This documentary follows Montana farmer Melvin Good during [Harvest](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Harvest) season as he cautiously watches the weather. Along with showing day-to-day tasks, the program situates the work of farming within networks of family, community, [Culture](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture), and [Labor](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Labor). Good practices an older approach to farming, and the narrator lingers on the idealized image of the farmer on his [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land): “His tall, lanky frame strides about this Montana prairie with ease and comfort. You get a sense that he belongs here almost as much as the wheat does.” This iconic imagery and [Rhetoric](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric) amplify a romantic conception of agrarian life. + +[***Main Street, Wyoming***, **“A Wyoming Ranch Family”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_260-04rjdgs3) **(Wyoming PBS, Riverton, November 22, 1994).** + +As we follow the Hampton family during their day-to-day work on the ranch in the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming, we see the impact of unexpected rain on cattle-market day and what support networks the family draws upon when the weather is against them. “We don’t battle with Mother Nature,” says Sam Hampton of Mahogany Butte Ranch. “We just try to get along with her.” + +[***Florida Matters***, **episode 11, “Drought”**]( /catalog/cpb-aacip_304-84zgn9j8) **(WUSF, Tampa, FL, May 1, 2009).** + +This news program considers how farmers, gardeners, and civilians responded to the three-year drought that the state experienced during this time. From a visit to a desalination plant to conversations with hydroponic farmers, broadcasters explore alternatives to traditional farming in light of the water [Crisis](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Crisis). “We don't feel that we're adversely affected by the drought,” says Cathy Hume, co-owner of the hydroponic farm Urban Oasis. “I think we thought well enough in advance. This is the type of system that I think more farmers need to consider and look forward to in order to continue to conserve the water that is becoming less and less abundant for us.” + +### Additional Broadcasts Relating to “Environment” + +- [*The Naturalists*, “John Burroughs”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_52-655dvb1d) (KRMA-TV, Denver, CO, March 11, 1973). +- [“Pesticides, Prices and Boycotts: An Urban View of Agriculture”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_514-pv6b27qr2z) (Commonwealth Club of California, April 27, 1973). +- [MPR News Feature, “Wet Weather Delays Grain Planting in Areas of Minnesota”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-s756d5pv4p) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, MN, June 10, 1974). +- [MPR News Feature, “Blizzard of the Century Aftermath in Rural Minnesota Livestock Farms”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-h98z892q38) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, MN, January 21, 1975). +- [MPR News Feature, “Low Minnesota Grain Crop Means Tragedy for Farmers”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-cf9j38kt2x) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, MN, ca. 1975). +- [MPR News Feature, “Record High Grain Crops in Midwest but Not Minnesota”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-dn3zs2kn0m) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, MN, ca. 1975). +- [*The MacNeil/Lehrer Report*, “Grain Glut”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-rv0cv4cn76) (Educational Broadcasting Corporation and GWETA, July 27, 1977). +- [*The MacNeil/Lehrer Report*, “Harvest Woes”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-dn3zs2m12h) (Educational Broadcasting Corporation and GWETA, October 5, 1982). +- [*Louisiana: The State We’re In*](/catalog/cpb-aacip_17-343r2xqd) (Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, LA, November 22, 1985). +- [*Carolina Journal*, “Interview with Tom Trantham – S. C. Dairy Farmer”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_41-870vts9w) (South Carolina ETV, Columbia, SC, January 28, 1987). +- [*American Experience, Surviving the Dust Bowl*, footage](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-0z70v89k98) (WGBH, Boston, MA, August 12, 1996). +- [*Journey to Planet Earth*, “After School Activity”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_41-18dfnf6w) (South Carolina ETV, Columbia, SC, February 19, 1999). +- [*The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer*, “Salmon Scare”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_153-547pvvgh) (MacNeil/Lehrer Productions, Oregon Public Broadcasting, January 26, 2004). +- [“Securing Our Future: From Farm to Fuel”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_41-05s7hc6m) (South Carolina ETV, Columbia, SC, February 28, 2007). +- [*Growing on the High Plains*, “Great Gardens”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-adfe1fb0c0f) (High Plains Public Radio, Garden City, KS, 2009). +- [*BirdNote*, “Wild Farm Alliance”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-e22f908aee0) (BirdNote, Seattle, WA, August 12, 2020). +- [Teachers’ Domain, “Alaska Native Perspectives on Earth and Climate; Engaging Alaska Natives in the Geosciences 2008; A Subsistence Culture Impacted by Climate Change”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-fb4wh2dg8c) (WGBH, Boston, no date). +- [Teachers’ Domain, “Can Organic Farms and Mosquito Control Coexist?”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-0r9m32n87t) (WGBH, Boston, no date). + +#### Next: [Culture](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture) + +## Resources + +- [*The Dust Bowl*, a film by Ken Burns](https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-dust-bowl/) +- [TED Talk: climate change and food systems](https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_little_climate_change_is_becoming_a_problem_you_can_taste) +- [Article on industrial agriculture and climate change](https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25012019/climate-change-agriculture-farming-consolidation-corn-soybeans-meat-crop-subsidies/)  + +## Cover + An image of a arid landscape. + +## Gallery + +## Records + +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-3t9d8r5g) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-rv0cv4cs8m) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-296-09j3tzq8) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-191-257d805d) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-110-89d51nzq) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-8cdf399c9a4) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-469076b82f0) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-83-407wmf7g) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-260-04rjdgs3) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-304-84zgn9j8) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-e8a41b890ec) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-41-18dfnf6w) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-fb4wh2dg8c) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-343r2xqd) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-s756d5pv4p) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-52-655dvb1d) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-e22f908aee0) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-pv6b27qr2z) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-41-870vts9w) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-41-05s7hc6m) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-h98z892q38) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-adfe1fb0c0f) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-153-547pvvgh) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-dn3zs2m12h) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-rv0cv4cn76) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-cf9j38kt2x) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-0z70v89k98) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-dn3zs2kn0m) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-0r9m32n87t) diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture.md b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5d0f7f20ff --- /dev/null +++ b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture.md @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +# Culture + +5 + +## Summary + +## Extended + +## Main + +An image of two people exhanging produce that says Story, Folklife, Youth. + +  + +>**Among the first things one learns from the practice of agriculture, whether one comes to it by birthright—raised in the country—or transplanted from the city, is that farming is not a mere mechanical, scientific, or even economic enterprise, but a social and thus cultural one.** +> +>            —Thomas F. Pawlick, journalist [19](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#19) + +Here, we take in the cultural dimensions of agriculture: the art, the stories, and the social events that shape and are shaped by the occupational practices of farming. More than a science, more than an [Industry](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry), agriculture is deeply embedded in social life and historical memory. But there is no singular expression of agrarian culture in the United States. By exploring some of the [Stories](#Story), [Folklife](#Folklife), and [Youth](#Youth) activities showcased in public broadcasting throughout the decades, this Anchor invites you to consider how diverse stories can connect through shared issues of education, finance, opportunity, and remembrance. + +[**Stories**](#Story) play an intimate role in constructing and remembering the past. Stories about agriculture, specifically, can reflect shifting environmental concerns, philosophies of land stewardship, and perceptions of history. But in telling stories of the country’s agricultural past, we must contend with issues of slavery, land loss, and the immigrant experience. What do we prioritize in our storytelling? What do we gloss over? In this section, the featured programs examine how storytelling on the farm reflects certain mindsets about the past. + +“[**Folklife**](#Folklife) is community life and values, artfully expressed in myriad forms and interactions,” writes folklorist Mary Hufford. “Universal, diverse, and enduring, it enriches the nation and makes us a commonwealth of cultures.”[20](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#20) In the United States, agricultural folklife is often expressed vividly through festival: state and county fairs, food-themed cooking events, seasonal harvest shows. The programs in this section come from a variety of regions across the country, but many of them highlight the financial stakes of these events, demonstrating not only their cultural significance but also their ties to tourism and local economies. + +Many folklife and festival events are geared towards the younger generation, sharing knowledge through engaging cultural experiences. The [**Youth**](#Youth) section of this exhibit explores both programming for and about youth involvement in agriculture. Organizations such as 4-H clubs and Future Farmers of America (FFA) articulate their vested interest in providing for farming futures, but the realities of farm work aren’t always centered in broader conversations about youth education and development. What does opportunity mean for those families working on farms? What resources are available, and what activities are prioritized? + + + +### Story + +**Featured Item** + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
One of the hosts of “The Long Shadow of the Plantation” (2019) radio broadcast speaks with farmer Shirley Sherrod about how the history of slavery continues to impact contemporary agricultural realities. BackStory, "The Long Shadow of the Plantation: How a Weighted Past Creates a Complicated Present" (September 20, 2019) (item below).
+ +  + +[***Assignment Iowa Classics***, **episode 301, “Living History Farms”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_37-0644j1mb) **(Iowa Public Television, Johnston, IA, July 7, 1977).** + +This television episode illustrates how a [Place](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Place) can be constructed to express a particular vision of the past. While visiting the 500-acre farm museum in Clive, Iowa, attendees can witness multiple periods of agricultural history through a pioneer subsistence farm and a 1900s horse farm on the same property. Workers use old-fashioned equipment, machinery, and [Methods](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Method) to work the [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land) and provide for themselves. Those involved in the project say they’re telling the authentic story of Iowa’s past, but scholars would argue that it is an interpretation of the past, centering an agrarian lifestyle with a strictly gendered division of labor. In *Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage*, folklorist Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett discusses how such “heritage productions,” in asserting an all-encompassing vision of the past, can potentially “subsume prior and subsequent historical sites” and obscure the variety of historical experiences.[21](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#21) + +[***Farm Day***](/catalog/cpb-aacip_394-17crjj3g) **(Maryland Public Television, Owings Mills, February 3, 1986).** + +While the content of this particular episode tackles issues relating to [Policy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Policy) and [Industry](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry), *Farm Day* as a television series provides us with an example of twentieth-century broadcasting that was dedicated exclusively to sharing farm stories and news. Journalism scholars have noted the decline of agricultural reporting towards the end of the century, primarily in print media outlets.[22](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#22) But *Farm Day* shows what agricultural coverage often looked like during the heat of the 1980s farm crisis. This series was transmitted nationally through a network of public broadcasting stations—as illustrated in the special shout-out to WOSU viewers in Columbus, Ohio, at the close of this program—and was partially funded by the Farm Credit System, “the nation’s borrower-owned banks and associations that provide credit and related services to American agriculture.” + +[***Hit the Dirt***, **“Native Seed Search”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_301-61rfjd22) **(WERU Community Radio, East Orland, ME, date unknown).** + +Stories can be shared throughout a variety of mediums—even botanical, as exemplified in this short radio coverage of the Native Seed Search, a nonprofit seed conservation organization in Tucson, Arizona. Groups like Native Seed Search typically collect, preserve, and distribute at-risk seeds during times of [Crisis](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Crisis) through the publication of a catalog, but this group has an additional mission. “While the group is a seed conservation organization,” says the radio host, “they realize that in order for crops to be preserved, the cultural context in which they have been maintained has to be preserved as well.” Along with their conservation mission, Native Seed Search also offers their resources to Native American groups who wish to cultivate their own traditional crops. In this way, seeds can serve as a connection point as stories and knowledge from the past are shared in the present. + +[**“The Long Shadow of the Plantation: How a Weighted Past Creates a Complicated Present”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-d6ab26fd363) **(*BackStory*, September 20, 2019).** + +This radio broadcast from 2019 brings together three historians and their special guests to host a discussion about the legacies and impact of [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land) that is intimately connected to slavery: plantations. The first segment tells the story of Shirley Sherrod of [New Communities](https://www.newcommunitiesinc.com/) in Albany, Georgia: the struggle to acquire farmland, the [discrimination lawsuit](https://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RS20430.pdf) against the USDA, reclaiming an old plantation space, and reckoning with past historical violence and trauma through agricultural [Work](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work) and [Stewardship](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Stewardship). The second part critically evaluates how modern plantation museums historicize and tell stories of the past: what is centered, what is minimized, and the stakes of historical representation. There are over 300 plantation museums in the US, and this broadcast makes compelling points about how issues of history, heritage, and [Placemaking](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Place) are also issues of social justice. + + + +### Folklife + + + +
A sorority sells peaches at the 1996 Ruston Peach Festival in Taste of Louisiana with Chef John Folse (item below).
Customers line up at an outdoor tent with the sign “Peach Ice Cream / Beta Sigma Phi.
+ +[***Grass Roots Journal***, **episode 406, “Onion Festival”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_296-720cg59h) **(Northwest Public Television, Pullman, WA, 1983).** + +The segment from this television magazine covering the Walla Walla Sweet Onion Festival in Washington State demonstrates how festivals and events relating to agriculture can take on special meaning within tourism economies and [Placemaking](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Place) practices. “We’re trying to attract people to come in to Walla Walla,” says commission president Wes Colley. “To think of us as the Sweet Onion City, and quit thinking of us as the place where the state prison’s at, which we think’s a negative. And so we think it has a lot of public relations for the town.” The cultural and economic value of the sweet onion is shown here as festival attendees gather to cook, judge, and eat the dishes: salads, onion rings, even onion pie. + +[***North Carolina Now***](/catalog/cpb-aacip_129-203xsqdp) **(UNC-TV, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 16, 1995).** + +This live news coverage of the 128th North Carolina State Fair in 1995 explores what goes into this festival: the planning, setup, and events of the day—like pig races and other [Youth](#Youth) activities. But the special segments in this program highlight the significant changes in agricultural [Industry](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry) and [Practice](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice) that were happening at the time. “For centuries, farming has been the lifeblood of our state, and the family farm was at the heart and the soul of North Carolina,” says newscaster Marita Matray. “But even as the state fair honors the family farmer, there are fewer and fewer family farms left.” The interviews with farmers featured in this coverage concern issues of [Stewardship](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Stewardship), [Harvest](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Harvest), and [Crisis](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Crisis) even as they share their [Stories](#Story) of small-farm living. + +[***Taste of Louisiana with Chef John Folse & Company: Fairs & Festivals of Louisiana***, **“Peach Festival”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_17-48sbdc9d) **(Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, March 9, 1996).** + +John Folse’s series on the foodways and festivals of Louisiana revisits a number of local products that are important to the state, both economically and socially. In his coverage of the Peach Festival in Ruston, Louisiana, Folse goes into detail about how the peaches are cultivated, [Harvested](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Harvest), processed, and cooked for competitions, emphasizing the intimate connections between cooking, culture, and agricultural work. The majority of the program features cooking demonstrations by Folse, who utilizes the special product of the day, but the opening stories of fairs and food illustrate the cultural context of the produce. + +[***Minding Your Business***, **episode 391, “Whole Enchilada Festival”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-f3287b3bc78) **(KRWG, Las Cruces, New Mexico, October 3, 2008).** + +This series examines the economic and natural [Resources](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Resources) of southwest New Mexico. The festival began as Vaquero Days, run by the Las Cruces Chamber of Commerce, but it evolved to “The Whole Enchilada” festival in 1980 after the event showcased the Guinness World Record-holding enchilada that was made with produce that was locally significant. “I think it’s a very prided culture,” says Fiesta Board Vice-President Gary Perez, “showing the traditions, the flavor of the food in the southwest, and certainly celebrating one of our biggest cash crops in the state: the green chile. And of course, we all know that we have the best of it down here in the state.” + + + +### Youth + + + +
The young host of Gumbo Island visits a livestock show in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Two children sit on a metal fence inside a livestock arena.
+ +[***Dr. Dad’s PH3***, **“Soil and Agriculture”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-8605rg3q) **(Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, 1995).** + +This broadcast from Louisiana Public Broadcasting was a part of *Dr. Dad’s PH3*: an educational series that introduced young audiences to scientific and historical concepts. This episode tackles [Soil](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Soil) composition through hands-on activities, demonstrations, and trips to important [Places](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Place) relating to farming. Here, Dr. Dad visits both a small-scale herb farmer as well as the McIlhenny Company’s commercial farm, showcasing very different agricultural [Practices](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice) with different conservation philosophies. + +[**“Wisconsin Farm Kids”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_29-rr1pg1j411) **(PBS Wisconsin, WHA-TV, Madison, 1999).** + +“This is the 90s,” says Wisconsin teen Haley in this 1999 special program on youth and agriculture. “And we’re not hicks and, like, old-time farmers. We’re very modern—we have all kinds of equipment, tractors.” The teens interviewed in this program address conceptions and misconceptions they’ve encountered while working on their family farms, while the agricultural reporter asks questions about day-to-day life and chores, special [Folklife]( #Folklife) events, farm prices and loans, urban development, and the futures they imagine in agriculture, both personally and for their state. As the teens discuss changing attitudes about farming, they share stories of early mornings, missing school events, visits to loan offices, and travel to [Rhetorically](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric) signal that they are hard-working, economically savvy, mobile, and conscientious. + +[***Gumbo Island***, **“Farm Families”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_17-47dr8qc9) **(Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, 1997).** + +This educational television series explores the cultures and histories of Louisiana, geared towards children from kindergarten through fourth grade. In this episode, the young host visits the Louisiana State University youth livestock show in Baton Rouge and speaks with 4-H and Future Farmers of America (FFA) members about their work, competitions, and growing up on farms. Jeremy Martin, one of the teens followed in the program, participates in a sheep-showing competition in hopes of winning a satin ribbon or plated belt buckle. + +[***Louisiana: The State We're In***, **episode 431**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-60cvfkgd) **(Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, August 15, 1980).** + +The first segment of this television news program considers the migrant education program in Evangeline Parish in Louisiana, which was designed to serve the children of farm workers in the state whose lives are often on the [Move](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Movement) according to the seasonal work available at the time. Around 9,000 children participated in the federally funded programs across the state while their parents worked in the fields and on crawfish farms in the area. The news coverage demonstrates the need for programs and funding to support those most vulnerable who may be constrained by systems of scarcity, need, and subjugation. + +### Additional Broadcasts Relating to “Culture” +- [*Jolie Louisiane*, “Travail a la Ferme”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_17-77fr079s) (Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, 1975). +- [*VPR Forum*, “Documentary on the failure of small ‘Hill Farms’ in Vermont”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_211-83xsjhsn) (prod. Kate Stiasni, Vermont Public Radio, Colchester, February 14, 1978). +- [*Growing Place*, episode 546](/catalog/cpb-aacip-9f7471f16e8) (KANZ-FM, High Plains Public Radio, Garden City, KS, ca. 1970s). +- [“Country Life: Stories and Recollections of 94 Year Old Earl Gregg from West Jefferson, Ohio”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_27-78gf23dn) (WYSO, Yellow Springs, OH, June 2, 1981). +- [*Venture*, “Ropers Mountain”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_41-98z8wmkv) (South Carolina Educational Network, Columbia, April 17, 1986). +- [*Journal*, “Animals at the Fair”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_41-24wh7398) (South Carolina Educational Television Network, Columbia, October 21, 1987). +- [*Robert Frost*, “In the Country of Milk and Sugar”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_298-515mkw9j) (New Hampshire Public Television, Durham, January 9, 1991). +- [*Hit the Dirt*, “Sing to the Crops”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_301-53jwt0cp) (WERU Community Radio, East Orland, ME, March 19, 1992). +- [*North Carolina Now*](/catalog/cpb-aacip_129-439zwchr) (UNC-TV, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 19, 1995). +- [*A Taste of Louisiana with Chef John Folse & Company: Fairs & Festivals of Louisisana*, “Rice Festival”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_17-39x0m3mg) (Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, June 22, 1996). +- [“The Farmer’s Wife”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_29-b27pn8xp8d) (PBS Wisconsin, Madison, September 28, 1998). +- [*Oregon Story*, “Farming”]( /catalog/cpb-aacip-153-06g1jz50) (Oregon Public Broadcasting, Portland, March 30, 1999). +- [*The Alabama Experience*, “The Story of Faunsdale Plantation”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-22aeb5a273d) (prod. Wendy Reed Bruce, University of Alabama Center for Public Television and Radio, April 20, 2000). +- [4-H National Conversation, raw footage](/catalog/cpb-aacip_398-66j1004d) (Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network, Hartford, March 1, 2002). +- [*Ag Basics 101*, “Compilation 2”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-106e85f3824) (High Plains Public Radio, Garden City, KS, ca. 2002). +- [*¡Colores!*, episode 1926, “Painter Eli Levin, ‘Art Farm,’ Playwright Terrance McNally, Child Prodigy Rachel Barton”]( /catalog/cpb-aacip-259f8bd86a6) (KNME-TV, Albuquerque, NM, July 26, 2013). +- [*Learning Across Kansas*, episode 105, “Middle School”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-3ab96e4fb8a) (KPTS Channel 8, Wichita, KS, 2020). + +#### Next: [Practice](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice) + +## Resources + +- [Folklore and agriculture (*AgWeek*)](https://www.agweek.com/opinion/agricultural-life-has-connections-to-folk-culture) +- [History of agricultural fairs (Arcadia Publishing)](https://yesterdaysamerica.com/american-traditions-a-short-history-of-agricultural-fairs/) +- [Teaching plantation history (*National Geographic*)](https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/plantation-system/) + +## Cover + An image of two people exhanging produce. + +## Gallery + +## Records + +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-0644j1mb) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-394-17crjj3g) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-301-61rfjd22) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-d6ab26fd363) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-296-720cg59h) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-129-203xsqdp) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-48sbdc9d) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-f3287b3bc78) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-8605rg3q) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-29-rr1pg1j411) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-47dr8qc9) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-60cvfkgd) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-41-98z8wmkv) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-106e85f3824) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-3ab96e4fb8a) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-29-b27pn8xp8d) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-211-83xsjhsn) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-301-53jwt0cp) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-106e85f3824) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-27-78gf23dn) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-259f8bd86a6) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-9f7471f16e8) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-298-515mkw9j) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-41-24wh7398) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-398-66j1004d) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-39x0m3mg) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-77fr079s) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-129-439zwchr) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-22aeb5a273d) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-153-06g1jz50) diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice.md b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..889bba2deb --- /dev/null +++ b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice.md @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +# Practice + +6 + +## Summary + +## Extended + +## Main + +An image of large containers of liquid that says Industry, Method, Philosophy. + +  + +>**In the daily lives of farmers, the act of calling someone a "good farmer" is an acknowledgement of appreciation and status within the community. It is not a title given lightly. Rather it bestows on the individual recognition of the cultural competences that make a farmer worthy of being sought out by others for assistance – knowledge, skills, or material assistance – the provision of which, in turn, forms bonds of mutual obligation within farming communities. It is the centre of the farming culture.** +> +>            —*The Good Farmer: Culture and Identity in Food and Agriculture* (2022)[23](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#23) + +How do we judge agricultural practice? What is “good farming”? What issues do we prioritize? Environmentalism? Productivity and food access? Oftentimes there is tension between industrial approaches and sustainable practices. Agricultural ethics offers some insight into how different stakeholders tackle these questions. This field is concerned with issues relating to the cultivation, production, and distribution of farmed goods and products, as discussed in philosopher Ronald Sandler’s work, “Virtue Theory, Food, and Agriculture.” “In agricultural ethics,” writes Sandler, “it is often claimed that farming promotes good character traits – e.g., self-reliance, fortitude, and patriotism – and that virtues such as diligence, ecological sensitivity, and patience are central to good agricultural practice.” [24](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#24) + +“Practice” ties together many of the other anchors in this exhibit: the [Environmental](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment) impacts of specific farming methods, the personal philosophies that inform ideas about [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land) and [Political](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics) action, the influence of industry on agricultural [Work](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work) and farming [Cultures](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture). Many of the programs in this anchor explore alternatives to large-scale agriculture through sustainable and organic practices, while others illuminate different industries and models of farming that develop in response to environmental and social conditions. Through the concepts of [Industry](#Industry), [Method](#Method), and [Philosophy](#Philosophy), this section demonstrates the varied practices involved in agriculture—and how agriculture as a practice is connected to larger ethical considerations. + +The radio and television broadcasts under [**Industry**](#Industry) highlight ongoing interests in and concerns about the modernization of agriculture. From discussions of aquacultural developments to debates concerning corporate agribusiness, the featured items demonstrate a diverse range of agricultural practices, many of which have developed out of mindsets formed in the early twentieth century.[25](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#25) + +Debates about industry ultimately lead to debates about [Method](#Method): how should farming be practiced on the ground? The broadcasts featured in this section reflect how public media, its audiences, and those involved in farm work have reacted over the past half century to new technological and scientific developments, exploring early organic farms as well as following a community shifting from subsistence to market agriculture. + +Agricultural practice is informed by [Philosophy](#Philosophy); ethical and value-driven decisions have considerably impacted how farming has evolved as an industry. The programs in this section consider a range of farming philosophies, from stewardship practices driven by a deep sense of community and tradition to ecologically conscious valuations of local resources. Philosophy also connects to the small family farm: a model often featured at the heart of agricultural debate as this way of life continues to diminish in the rural landscape. + + + +### Industry + + + + +
A 1972 episode of The Advocates shows images and video from a large factory farm before convening a debate on the place of large corporations in agriculture.
A large, white factory building with many rounded silos.
+ +[***The Advocates***, **episode 98, “Should large corporations be driven out of farming?”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-6w96688q7b) **(WGBH, Boston, MA, March 28, 1972).** + +[*The Advocates*](https://openvault.wgbh.org/exhibits/advocates/article) was a public affairs television show that featured a modified debate format: a question would be argued from two sides, with advocates and witnesses testifying in favor of or against a proposal, and the viewing audience would submit their votes on the decision. This episode covers the issue of corporate agribusiness, which was fast becoming one of the dominant forces in the agricultural sector as family farmers were leaving their farms by choice or by force. “Large financial conglomerates are farming rural America for a harvest of dollars,” argues advocate Howard Miller,” “and leaving behind them enormous human costs which we all pay for.” The opposition, led by William Rusher, contends that pushing corporations out of farming would “turn back the clock of American agriculture fifty years.” In the debate that follows, senators, watchdogs, farmers, economists, and professors debate the very nature of agriculture: Should we prioritize human capital or economic productivity? + +[***Montana Medicine Show***, **“Thomas Campbell”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_309-33rv18qt) **(KGLT, Bozeman, Montana, date unknown).** + +This brief radio broadcast tells the story of Thomas Campbell, “the Wheat King of America,” who was one of the leading proponents of large-scale industrial agriculture in the early twentieth century—quoting Campbell: “Mechanization is the farmer’s answer to the [Weather](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Weather).” Through Campbell’s story—developing the world’s largest wheat farm in Hardin, Montana; leasing arid land on the Crow Reservation for development; advising agriculturalists in Russia, England, and France—and through his own words, the program demonstrates the [Rhetorical](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric) appeals of industrial agriculture, invoking the ideals of efficiency, scale, and abundance. Critics, however, would note that “Campbell single-handedly killed the family farm,” according to the broadcast, forever impacting the small-scale [Philosophy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Philosophy). + +[***Focus 580***, **“Aquaculture”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-16-8p5v698m4n) **(WILL Illinois Public Media, Urbana, May 15, 2001).** +The topic of this Champaign, Illinois, call-in radio program, the aquaculture industry or "fish farming," might not often come to mind when thinking about examples of agriculture. Host David Inge speaks with biologist Dr. Rebecca Goldberg about different aquaculture systems—tank-raised fish housed in barns, net pens in marine coastal waters, catfish ponds in the southeast, oyster beds in the Long Island Sound—emphasizing the diverse practices, species, and environments that make up aquaculture. They also discuss the [Environmental](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment) conditions affecting the industry, from the world-wide depletion of wild fish stocks to animal waste and oceanic pollution. + +[**“Marijuana Economics: The Pros and Cons of California’s Cash Crop”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_514-gh9b56f09v) **(Commonwealth Club of California, Hoover Institution Library & Archives, July 30, 2009).** + +This radio broadcast is a record of a 2009 meeting of Inforum, a division of the Commonwealth Club of California that hosts events and discussions for people in their 20s and 30s. This panel presentation and Q&A focused on the issue of the marijuana industry—specifically highlighting the “fiscal aspects” of the crop rather than moral or ethical questions about marijuana use. Panelists include a local police chief, psychiatrist, and a civil liberties organizer who frame their [Rhetorical ](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric) debate around a discussion of cost standpoints, potential lawsuits, and tax revenues. + + + +### Method + + + + +
Panelists take calls from Iowa farms requesting information on sustainable agriculture in this Alternatives in Agriculture Call-In broadcast (1989).
Six panelists sit in a semicircle with the text “Alternatives in Agriculture” in blue and white font in the center of the shot.
+ +[**“Bush Farming - An Alternative”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-127-91fj720q) **(KYUK, Bethel, AK, date unknown).** + +This special program examines alternative farming methods in communities around Aniak, Alaska. Known as an area with especially rich [Soil](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Soil), the farmland along the river is the site of many projects promoted by the Kuskokwim Native Association (KNA). Lowell Lambert, a KNA project director, discusses some of those upcoming plans: hog rearing, solar greenhouses, dairying, climate-controlled potato and seed storage, and more. With dwindling game and other [Resources](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Resources) in the area, local communities struggled to support themselves through subsistence hunting and farming methods. The KNA ultimately promotes new farming practices as a means of supporting local markets and access to food. + +[***MPR News Feature***, **“Minnesota Organic Farmer Gives a Tour of His Fields”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-736m03z448) **(Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, October 2, 1975).** + +This radio program follows Earl Cunningham as he leads journalists, an agricultural economist, and a citizen member of a pesticide task force on a tour of his property to highlight the natural farming methods he’s incorporated over the years: crop rotation, the application of mineral-based [Soil](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Soil) conditioner, and more. Cunningham discusses how these methods have become a part of his personal [Philosophy](#Philosophy), using particularly evocative language and religious [Rhetoric](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric) to emphasize his belief in the need for organic, natural farming methods and his deep concern about a potential [Crisis](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Crisis) involving chemical agriculture: “You can’t worship the Creator on Sunday and go out and prostitute His soil on Monday.” + +[***Alternatives in Agriculture Call-In***](/catalog/cpb-aacip_37-49g4fc0m) **(Iowa Public Television, Johnston, March 3, 1989).** + +In this television broadcast, viewers from around Iowa call in to a live panel with questions for agriculturalists, rural program directors, organic farmers, organizers, and [Soil](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Soil) scientists. The program includes conversations about potential drought responses and [Weather](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment#Weather) conditions, weed management, orchard maintenance, and more. Ultimately, the host asserts that sustainable alternatives should be thought about as “improving the bottom line,” using the [Rhetoric](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric) of [Industry](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry) to make a case for why alternative methods actually are more viable than chemical treatments and pesticides. + +[**“GMO: Label or Not?”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_514-4746q1t69x) **(Commonwealth Club of California, Hoover Institution Library & Archives, Stanford, CA, October 25, 2012).** + +“Until we have more resolution there, it’s the least we can do—is to give people the right to know, let them look at a label.” So says Ken Cook, director of the Environmental Working Group out of Washington, D.C. Cook was one of four panelists discussing California Proposition 37, which would require food to carry a label if it included genetically altered products. Cook’s argument is that, since the long-term impact of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) hasn’t been tested, consumer awareness is an important step in food production. Opponents of the proposition argued that labels would lead to increased food prices, cause undo public confusion given a lack of scientific evidence of harm, and aren’t necessary since the products have been reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration. Ultimately, the panelists consider the broader question: What are the [Environmental](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment) consequences of the cultivation and [Harvest](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Harvest) of genetically modified products? + + + +### Philosophy + +**Featured Item** + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
Residents of San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico, discuss their agricultural philosophy and connections to tradition in this radio broadcast from KUNM-Albuquerque. "San Juan Pueblo - Rio Grande Famers Version" (KUNM, 1994) (item below).
+ +  + +[***Local Issue***, **“Death of a Small Farm”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-183416tt1k) **(KUON-TV, Lincoln, Nebraska, National Educational Television, September 10, 1967).** + +As far back as the mid-twentieth century, media broadcasts have speculated about the fate of the family farm. More than a model of agriculture, the family farm is a lifestyle often tied to philosophical ideas of [Stewardship](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Stewardship), self-sufficiency, and a locally-focused perspective. The 1967 broadcast out of Lincoln, Nebraska, adds to that [Rhetoric](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric), calling the family farm an “institution,” the “King of American Agriculture,” and connecting it to the social and economic health of rural communities. Reporter R. Neale Copple focuses on the shift towards larger, consolidated, and specialized farming while lamenting the [Movement](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Movement) of workers from farms to cities. Later broadcasts in this collection explore how family farms became subsumed by larger agribusiness and corporate farming, but the “uprooting” and “exodus” of the [Youth](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture#Youth) (to use the [Rhetoric](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric) of this broadcast) seems to be one of the prime anxieties at this stage in the industry’s history. Copple ends on a note of optimism: just as the “shiny, powerful tractor” replaced the horse, so, too, will the old style of farming be replaced by a more productive, prosperous model, confirming an [Industrial](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Industry) mindset even as he mourns the decline of the family farm. + +[**“San Juan Pueblo – Rio Grande Farmers Version”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-207-58bg7gmc) **(KUNM, Albuquerque, New Mexico, ca. 1994).** + +This radio broadcast considers the [Methods](#Method) and philosophy of farmers living in the San Juan Pueblo of New Mexico as they navigate the balance between traditional agricultural practice and new [Methods](#Method) and technology. The San Juan Agricultural Cooperative, formed in part to support tribal income, has incorporated new technology such as a solar dryer and dehydrator in their green chili production, while others in the community have sought to preserve old melon seeds: heirlooms that had been passed down through generations. “We look back at the old ways and say: What was it that we used to do that built a lot of the harmony and the value system what our tribe was based on?“ says Joe Garcia, governor of the Pueblo. “So we looked back and said farming was one of them. And that’s the down-to-earth thing—we’re working our hands; we’re forming communal groups.” + +[***Tobacco Blues***](/catalog/cpb-aacip-359-655dvdvw) **(dir. Christine Fugate, Café Sisters Productions and KET, 1997).** + +More than a program on the tobacco [Industry](#Industry), this documentary, which was broadcast on the PBS series *POV*, is an exploration of the lives of Kentucky tobacco farmers as issues of public health, financial stability, morality, family tradition, and [Politics](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics) collide. It underscores the differences between corporate tobacco and the farmers who are often the ones to feel the unequal economic impact of regulation. But behind these conversations is the shifting social perception of smoking as well as the broader question: Who is ethically implicated in the cultivation of potentially harmful substances? + +[***Florida Matters***, **episode 3, “Going Green in Florida”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_304-97xkt66p) **(WUSF, Tampa, FL, February 13, 2009).** + +The first segment of this episode explores urban approaches to sustainability through small-scale agriculture. Here, sustainability is tied to a local philosophy: relying on food and other [Resources](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Resources) that are close to home in order to minimize global shipping and transport emissions. Jim Kovaleski lives in the suburbs of New Port Richey, Florida, and has transformed his yard into productive farmland, albeit on a smaller scale. In his interview for the program, Kovaleski couches his project as “farming” rather than just gardening, expanding ideas about [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land) use and sustainability while exploring new applications of permaculture, natural pesticides, and local foraging and [Harvest](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Harvest) in unexpected [Places](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Place). + +### Additional Broadcasts Relating to “Practice” + +- [*Wisconsin on the Move*, “How Now Cow”]( /catalog/cpb-aacip_30-58pc90jf) (Wisconsin Public Radio, Madison, June 30, 1966). +- [*MPR News Feature*, “Organic farming promoted”]( /catalog/cpb-aacip_43-3j3901zp1j) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, November 22, 1974). +- [*MPR News Feature*, “Sleepy Eye farmer advocates for organic practices”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-9w08w38c5t) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, October 1, 1975). +- [*En Francais*, “Sugar Cane Farming in Louisiana (1981)”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_17-97kpstj1) (Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, December 20, 1981). +- [*Talk of Alaska*](/catalog/cpb-aacip_235-63strpsw) (KAKM Alaska Public Media, Anchorage, October 30, 1984). +- [*Midday*, “Blessings of the Field”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-21ghx8dp) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, November 28, 1985). +- [“Farm Families in Transition”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_37-375tb687) (Iowa Public Television, Johnston, December 4, 1986). +- [*The Wisconsin Magazine*, episode 1522, “It Pays to Grow Corn”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_29-128933s1) (Wisconsin Public Television, Madison, March 29, 1989). +- [*Emphasis*, “Sustainable Agriculture: Growing Awareness”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_61-70msbp78) (WSIU, Carbondale, IL, November 17, 1992). +- [*Midday*, “Hog farming”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-24wh7czf) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, June 21, 1995). +- [*Talking Point*, “Industrial Agriculture”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_16-76rxwt3w) (WILL Illinois Public Media, Urbana, 1997). +- [“Bob Scowcroft on Organic Agriculture Trends and Challenges (at Washington State University)”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_296-46qz65jv) (Northwest Public Broadcasting, Pullman, WA, September 20, 2004). +- [“Slow Money: Investing as if Food, Farms and Fertility Mattered”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_514-sj19k46t2p) (Commonwealth Club of California, San Francisco, August 27, 2009). +- [“Farm Together Now: Portraits of a New Food Movement”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_514-dn3zs2m397) (Commonwealth Club of California, San Francisco, June 30, 2011). +- [“Alpacas in Paradise”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_309-78tb306f) (KGLT, Bozeman, MT, date unknown). +- [*Connecticut Journal*, “Interview with an Organic Farmer”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_398-956djw5h) (Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network, date unknown). +- [“Subsistence: A Yup’ik Perspective”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-127-9995xkvh) (KYUK, Bethel, AK, date unknown). +- [*Teachers’ Domain*, “Factory Farms and Organic Alternatives”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-j96057d192) (WGBH Educational Foundation, Boston, MA, date unknown). + +#### Next: [Politics](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics) + +## Resources + +- [Timeline of agricultural history (USDA)](https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/history-american-agriculture.pdf) +- [Urban aquaponics (TEDx)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zwnjfeYAOs) +- [Native American farming and sustainability (*The Washington Post*)](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/interactive/2021/native-americans-farming-practices-may-help-feed-warming-world/) + +## Cover + An image of large containers of liquid. + +## Gallery + +## Records + +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-6w96688q7b) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-309-33rv18qt) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-16-8p5v698m4n) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-gh9b56f09v) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-127-91fj720q) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-736m03z448) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-49g4fc0m) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-4746q1t69x) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-516-183416tt1k) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-207-58bg7gmc) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-304-97xkt66p) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-398-956djw5h) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-30-58pc90jf) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-29-128933s1) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-127-9995xkvh) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-21ghx8dp) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-235-63strpsw) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-9w08w38c5t) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-dn3zs2m397) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-sj19k46t2p) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-375tb687) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-16-76rxwt3w) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-309-78tb306f) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-296-46qz65jv) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-97kpstj1) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-24wh7czf) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-3j3901zp1j) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-j96057d192) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-61-70msbp78) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-359-655dvdvw) + diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics.md b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2d31ead09a --- /dev/null +++ b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics.md @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +# Politics + +7 + +## Summary + +## Extended + +## Main + +An image of a microphone in the foregorund and a blurred crowd in the background. The image says Policy, Collectivity, Rhetoric. + +  + +>**In the depressed 1930s, when times were even harder for farmers than they are today, American political leaders took counsel. They listened to ranchers, growers, sharecroppers, agronomists, soil experts, and marketing specialists; a few of those leaders raised questions of value. What, they asked, is agriculture for? What is the ultimate moral reason behind the pursuit of abundance, new farm technology, and an expanding economy—or is there one?** +> +>            —Donald Worster, environmental historian[26](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes#26) + +As the nature of agriculture has changed over the last two hundred years—moving away from small-scale family farming and towards larger, consolidated, and industrial models—so, too, have political discussions about agricultural issues. “A common point in the debate over U.S. farm programs,” states a [2005 report from the USDA](https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/44197/13566_eib3_1_.pdf), “has been that current policies were tailored for a time in American agriculture that no longer exists.” The report considers how technological efficiency, productivity, and consumer influence have shaped the realities of the industry in both positive and negative ways—as seen in the public broadcasting programs included in this anchor. + +Public broadcasting can provide records of how these significant changes were discussed, through coverage of farmers' meetings and opening events at the local level as well as through the national coverage of political events. While many of the programs in this anchor explore how politicians and officials engaged with agricultural workers through [Policy](#Policy) and [Rhetorical](#Rhetoric) appeals, many others demonstrate how workers [Collectively](#Collectivity) engaged with their representatives and shaped political discourse around their vested interests. + +Decisions about farm [**Policy**](#Policy) have been a matter of public debate since before the [first Depression-era farm bill in 1933](https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2021/03/history-of-the-united-states-farm-bill/). The broadcasts featured in this section explore the legislation, regulations, and government programs affecting the industry as well as their reception by farmers and the public. Several questions are centered in these debates: Should the government support farms during unstable times through crop insurance and/or subsidies? Should product prices and supply quotas be regulated at the federal level? And, more broadly: What should be the government’s role in supporting and overseeing an agricultural economy? + +Though agriculture can seem like an isolating activity—especially in rural areas—the broadcasts in the [**Collectivity**](#Collectivity) section illustrate what can be accomplished through organized political action. From protest marches to sponsored events supporting sustainable agriculture, the stories in this section mark how cooperatives, organizations, and coalitions of agricultural workers can capture attention and potentially effect change. + +In the late nineteenth century, farmers began to be imagined and discussed as a collective political force. This force continued to grow, adapt, splinter, and change in the new century—as evidenced in the [**Rhetoric**](#Rhetoric) section, with broadcasts as far back as 1957. These programs showcase political commentary and speeches that frame those working in farming both as a voting block and as a potential political base. In doing so, the speakers reduce diverse agricultural experience into a singular vision of “the farmer,” and we can see how the effects of this mentality continue to prioritize certain visions of farmers and farming today. + + + +### Policy + +**Featured Item** + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
Reverend Jesse Jackson proposes policies for Black farmers in this 1988 Broadcast of “Election 88: Prairie Fire Presidential Candidates Agricultural Debate” (Iowa Public Television, January 23, 1988). (item below). Jackson’s proposal continues in the second part of the event coverage. https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-343r26z7
+ +  + +[**“Up on the Farm”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_394-5370s59p) **(Maryland Public Television, Owings Mills, December 6, 1982).** + +This agricultural news series includes coverage of events relating to farm policy, notably the 1982 Maryland Farm Bureau Convention and the Maryland Agricultural Pesticides Conference. Debates about government support/interference in farm issues happen alongside discussions of what to do with the state’s dairy surplus (proposed answer: make milkshakes available in schools). The conference on pesticide use, in particular, deals with issues of [Practice](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice) and [Environment](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment) as attendees learn how to avoid chemical barn fires and the dangers of skin exposure. “Many times that people have used a chemical over and over, they feel secure with it that they know how to use it,” says Jacquelyn Lucy of the Maryland Poison Center. “It’s important that farmers and farm families be aware—that every member of their family use them properly.” + +[**“Clem Tillion on Halibut, Salmon Treaty”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-116-35gb5qnc) **(KDLG, Dillingham, Alaska, April 26, 1983).** + +This radio broadcast covers the intricacies of Alaskan aquaculture in the midst of political maneuverings, as politicians attempt to stay in control of the state’s aquatic [Resource](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Resources) management. Recently ousted Clem Tillion (former chairman of the North Pacific Fisheries Management Council) speaks on the halibut moratorium, which would greatly limit those able to lawfully harvest halibut. “We need to have some way to spread the take a bit over a longer period of the year,” Tillion asserts. Of the contested salmon treaty between the United States and Canada, he proclaims: “That’s a pickle slicer, I think.” With a potential “fish war” between North American fisheries, Tillion’s analysis of the situation illustrates the political stakeholders in waterway and [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land) access. + +[**“Election 88: Prairie Fire Presidential Candidates Agricultural Debate”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_37-17qnkdss) **(Iowa Public Television, Johnston, January 23, 1988).** + +In this debate, sponsored by the three rural activist groups, Democratic candidates—Gary Hart, Bruce Babbitt, Michael Dukakis, Richard Gephardt, Rev. Jesse Jackson, and Paul Simon—answered questions relating to the 1980s farm crisis, global markets, and the Harkin-Gephardt farm bill in advance of the Iowa Caucus. This broadcast not only demonstrates the [Rhetorical](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Rhetoric) and political moves made by candidates but also the ways in which [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land) and [Stewardship](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Stewardship) involve issues of class and race. “I think the question about Black land loss deserves at least a different answer,” Rev. Jackson said in response to Dukakis’s proposed plan to support minority farmers by helping small family farms more broadly. “They have a double burden: they’re not only ‘small’ and ‘family,’ but they’re also Black, which means often they cannot get loans—often they cannot get access to markets.” + +[***WPLN News Archive***, **“Tobacco Buyout Legislation”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-7623ccecfc0) **(WPLN/Nashville Public Radio, March 8, 2004).** + +“The tobacco buyout made it back in the headlines the moment the Speaker of the House started campaigning in Kentucky last month for a Republican race for a vacant House seat.” So begins this radio broadcast coverage of proposed buyout legislation, which would cover farmers’ financial losses if the tobacco market was deregulated and farmers lost government funding. But at the center of the debate is the question of tobacco regulation through FDA oversight. In this debate, we can see how morality and the ethics of substance cultivation motivated political policy, a point further emphasized in the documentary feature *Tobacco Blues* (see [Philosophy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Philosophy)). + + + +### Collectivity + + + + +
Farm workers march for the right to unionize, as highlighted in The MacNeil/Lehrer Report on “Texas Farm Workers” (1977).
A large group of farm workers marching down a city road with colorful banners and flags.
+ +[***The MacNeil/Lehrer Report***, **“Texas Farm Workers”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-xk84j0bx6z) **(WNET/WETA, New York/Washington, April 4, 1977).** + +This national news segment on the Texas Farm Workers movement follows seventeen demonstrators who walked over 400 miles to Austin in order to push for legislation that would affirm the right for farm workers to unionize in the state. Commenting on the event, Jack Angell, speaking on behalf of growers and the American Farm Bureau, suggested that the movement was driven by outsiders: intellectuals, professional organizers, clergy. But the interviews with the Texas Farm Workers union members contradict these assertions. When demonstrators arrived in the city, they were met with supporters and food as they gathered to celebrate and called attention to the cause. Here, [Folklife](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/5-culture#Folklife), [Labor](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Labor), and activism intersect as cultural touchstones (food, music, and dance) serve to strengthen resolve and commitment in the community. + +[**“Farm Workers Center”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-207-69z08sth) **(KUNM, Albuquerque, NM, 1994).** + +This radio program covers the opening of the Centro de los Trabajadores Agrícolas Fronterizos in El Paso, Texas, which was a 1994 project completed by the Sin Fronteras Border Agricultural Workers Project. It was designed to be one of the first buildings that farm workers might see upon crossing the U.S./Mexico border, a [Place](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Place) embedded with meaning, and it is a demonstration of the collective work of labor activists for over ten years. “Nothing was given to us by the own will of the city,” says director Carlos Marentes. “Everything was the result of struggle: protest, blocking the international bridges, taking over city buildings.” Marentes’s mission didn’t end with the formation of the center; [NPR reported](https://texasnewsroom2021.nextgenradio.org/meet-the-el-paso-man-fighting-for-farmworkers-during-covid-19/) on his work—now as a 70-year-old—to protect farm workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. + +[***The Wisconsin Magazine***, **episode 1522, “Farmers Going It Alone”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_29-73pvmn5t) **(Wisconsin Public Television, Madison, date unknown).** + +This segment from a weekly television magazine examines how some farmers have shifted towards more sustainable agricultural [Practices](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice). Several farmers were featured for their work to educate others through onsite demonstrations on their own [Land](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land). But, as Dick Thompson of Boone, Iowa, points out, this requires not just a shift in [Method](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Method) but also in [Philosophy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Philosophy): “The problem has to be solved on the inside. There has to be regeneration on the inside—that we're concerned about the land the community and people. And when that gets solved, then we'll take care of the land right, and we'll get out of the greed and ease syndromes.” Thompson hosted hundreds of visitors each summer, taking them out into his fields while discussing [Stewardship](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/2-land#Stewardship) and the [Environmental](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/4-environment) impacts of industrial farming and pesticides. + + + +### Rhetoric + + + +
This map from The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour on “Farm Politics” (1985) indicates open senate seats in the upcoming election (yellow) and states with open seats and a sizeable farm population (orange).
A brown and blue map of the U.S. states with 10 yellow states and 11 orange states.
+ +[***Politics in the Twentieth Century***, **“Divided We Plow”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip_500-9k45vb6d) **(San Bernadino Valley College, CA, January 1, 1957).** + +This political commentary from the 1950s demonstrates how public media talked about farmers in the decades following the Great Depression, as agricultural [Practice](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice) became more and more industrialized and embedded in global economic systems. We hear from journalists, political scientists, sociologists, and farm organization leaders, all commenting on the potential political power of a farming base that was often tricky to pin down. “Since the end of World War II,” says Samuel Lubell, an author and political journalist of the time, “farmers have become perhaps the most roughly shifting voting element in the whole country.” + +[***The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour***, **“Farm Politics.”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-dr2p55f39j?start=1926.79&end=3224.79) **WNET/WETA, New York/Washington, October 10, 1985).** + +In a segment of this national news program, Norman Ornstein of the American Enterprise Institute reports on the Reagan-era farm crisis and its impact on the political landscape, with interviews from incumbent congresspeople as well as prospective candidates, many of them called “farm state Republicans.” The episode includes clips from congressional sessions, with senators and representatives reacting to Reagan’s farm program and considering its impacts on their agricultural constituents. The report aired in advance of the 1986 midterm elections, and much of the discussion is framed around partisan divides and how farm issues complicate party lines. By attending to the language and ideas invoked by politicians, we can better understand what rhetorical appeals were utilized to bring together and mobilize a [Collective](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Collectivity) farming base. + +[**“Green Acres: A History of Farming in America”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-532-qv3bz62p4f) **(*BackStory*, Charlottesville, VA, 2013).** + +“Farmers have always been a big part of the American identity,” begins historian Peter Onuf, the host of this [*BackStory*](/special_collections/backstory) radio episode. “But in the early twentieth century, farmers became something else: a powerful political lobby.” In this broadcast, the entanglement of farming and politics is explored through the work of historians, political scientists, and other scholars. This program provides useful historical context for many other items in this anchor, discussing some of the landmark political moves and legislation of the twentieth century as well as the enduring idea of the small family farm [Philosophy](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/6-practice#Philosophy) and its rhetorical significance in political discourse. + +[***The Advocates***, **episode 322, “Should We Support the National Lettuce Boycotts”**](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-53wsv2nt) **(WGBH, Boston, MA, March 8, 1973).** + +This audio recording of an episode from the PBS television series *The Advocates* presents a debate between those supporting a national boycott of iceberg lettuce and those opposed. Those speaking in favor of the boycott represent a coalition of farm-worker support, most notably Chicano activists and leaders of the United Farm Workers. Those against it include a state senator, California lettuce growers, and a representative from the Teamsters, who continue to deny that farm workers actually want union representation. Clergy spoke on both sides of the debate. Farm workers had been excluded from the 1930s labor legislation meant to protect workers in the United States, and leaders such as César Chávez worked to organize in order to protect agricultural workers through [Collective](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/7-politics#Collectivity) action and striking power. These debates exemplify the rhetorical appeals—specifically to public consumers—on both sides of the [Labor](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/3-work#Labor) debate. + + + +### Additional Broadcasts Relating to “Politics" + +- [*Muni*, “VP Henry A. Wallace’s Inauguration of the School of Pan American Agriculture”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_80-03228hdk) (WNYC, New York, October 10, 1944). +- [*Grassroots Voter 1960*, episode 4](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-kd1qf8kg92) (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1960). +- [“Agriculture: The Need Is Now”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_75-11kh19bz) (KUON, Lincoln, NB, April 28, 1961). +- [*MPR News Feature*, “Migrant conference interviewee talks about United Farm Workers Strike and the Teamsters”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-sb3ws8j08b) (Minnesota Public Radio, April 20, 1973). +- [“Cesar Chavez Speaks at the University of Dayton, Dayton Ohio”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_27-4x54f1mv12) (WYSO, Yellow Springs, OH, July 1, 1973). +- [*Realidades*, “Otro Paso”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-06a9b1062aa) (WNET, New York, September 2, 1977). +- [*The MacNeil/Lehrer Report*, “American Agriculture”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-mp4vh5d854) (WNET/WETA, New York/Washington, November 7, 1977). +- [*The MacNeil/Lehrer Report*, “Farmers Talk”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-3f4kk94x18) (WNET/WETA, New York/Washington, March 9, 1978). +- [*The MacNeil/Lehrer Report*, “Farm Depression”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-bc3st7fj11) (WNET/WETA, New York/Washington, May 5, 1982). +- [*Midday*, “Troubles facing the farm economy”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_43-63fxq4k7) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, May 23, 1982). +- [*MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour*, “Farm Crisis”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-h12v40km19?start=608.53&end=2565.12) (Educational Broadcasting Corp. & GWETA, February 14, 1985). +- [*Iowa Press*, “Farm Crisis,”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-05fbgbt3) (Iowa Public Television, Johnston, February 17, 1985). +- [*Firing Line with William F. Buckley, Jr.* “Are We Coddling the Farmers?”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_514-8p5v69916t) (South Carolina Educational Television Network, February 26, 1985). +- [*Crisis in Agriculture*, “Program on Farm Rally in Ames (Iowa)”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_37-870vtg28) (Iowa Public Television, Johnston, February 27, 1985). +- [*WHA-TV Close Up*, “Farm Crisis ’85: Strategies on Survival”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-29-ww76t0hg9n) (WHA-TV, Madison, April 18, 1985). +- [*MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour*, “Anatomy of a Crisis”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-vq2s46hz6t?start=2061.27&end=3453.07) (WNET/WETA & MacNeil/Lehrer Gannett Productions, November 22, 1985). +- [*Buenas Noches*, “Boycat de Esparrago -Centro Campesino”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-199-7634tvhs) (KDNA, Granger WA, April 14, 1986). +- [*Forum: Institute of Politics*, episode 3, “American Farm Crisis”](/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-46d25gxt) (WGBH Educational Foundation, Boston, MA, 1986). +- [*Louisiana: The State We’re In*, “Farmers in Louisiana”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-386hfkfs) (Louisiana Public Broadcasting, Baton Rouge, ca. 1980s). +- [*Focus 580*, “Agricultures Social Contract”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-16-q52f766q6m) (WILL Illinois Public Media, Urbana, April 7, 1992). +- [*Midday: Mainstreet Farm Crisis*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-71ngf9kp) (Minnesota Public Radio, St. Paul, November 10, 1995). +- [*Focus 580*, “How the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Redefinition of the Word Organic Changed the Industry”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-16-pn8x92203x) (WILL Illinois Public Media, May 24, 2005). +- [*Minding Your Business*, episode 399, “Agroterrorism”](/catalog/cpb-aacip-c405c96a752) (KRWG, Las Cruces, NM, December 5, 2008). + +#### Next: [Additional Readings](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/8-additional-reading) + +## Resources + +- [Social justice in agriculture (*AgDaily*)](https://www.agdaily.com/insights/agriculture-and-race-the-complexities-of-rhetoric-and-reaction/) +- [Farm workers and the COVID-19 pandemic (*Vice News*)](https://www.vice.com/en/article/akw9j5/essential-farm-workers-are-putting-food-on-your-table-with-no-insurance-no-sick-pay-and-few-safety-regulations) +- [StoryMap of the U.S. Farm Bill (Library of Congress)](https://www.loc.gov/ghe/cascade/index.html?appid=1821e70c01de48ae899a7ff708d6ad8b) + +## Cover + An image of a microphone in the foregorund and a blurred crowd in the background. + +## Gallery + +## Records + +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-394-5370s59p) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-116-35gb5qnc) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-17qnkdss) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-343r26z7) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-7623ccecfc0) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-xk84j0bx6z) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-207-69z08sth) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-29-73pvmn5t) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-dr2p55f39j) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-9k45vb6d) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-532-qv3bz62p4f) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-53wsv2nt) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-17-386hfkfs) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-c405c96a752) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-63fxq4k7) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-199-7634tvhs) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-27-4x54f1mv12) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-43-sb3ws8j08b) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-16-q52f766q6m) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-16-pn8x92203x) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-mp4vh5d854) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-3f4kk94x18) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-06a9b1062aa) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-80-03228hdk) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-kd1qf8kg92) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-3f4kk94x18) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-46d25gxt) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-8p5v69916t) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-870vtg28) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-bc3st7fj11) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-75-11kh19bz) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-h12v40km19) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-37-05fbgbt3) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-29-ww76t0hg9n) +- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-vq2s46hz6t) + diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/8-additional-reading.md b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/8-additional-reading.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..875fc2267b --- /dev/null +++ b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/8-additional-reading.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +# Additional Readings + +8 + +## Summary + +## Extended + +## Main + +Baszile, Natalie. *We Are Each Other’s Harvest: Celebrating African American Farmers, Land, and Legacy*. New York: HarperCollins, 2021. + +Brown, David. *Rural People and Communities in the 21st Century: Resilience and Transformation*. Medford, MA: Polity Press, 2019. + +Burton, Rob. *The Good Farmer: Culture and Identity in Food and Agriculture*. New York: Routledge, 2021. + +Carlisle, Liz. *Healing Grounds: Climate, Justice, and the Deep Roots of Regenerative Farming*. Washington: Island Press, 2022. + +Daniel, Jaster. *Bygone Utopias and Farm Protest in the Rural Midwest: Returning Home*. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. + +Daniel, Pete. *Dispossession: Discrimination against African American Farmers in the Age of Civil Rights*. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. + +Dawson, Julie C., and Alfonso Morales. *Cities of Farmers: Urban Agricultural Practices and Processes*. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2016. + +Eldredge, Charles C. *We Gather Together: American Artists and the Harvest*. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. + +Fitzgerald, Deborah. *Every Farm a Factory: The Industrial Ideal in American Agriculture*. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. + +Foner, Eric. *Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877*. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 1988. + +Gardner, Bruce L. *American Agriculture in the Twentieth Century: How It Flourished and What It Cost*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006. + +Jackson, Wes, Wendell Berry, and Bruce Colman, editors. *Meeting the Expectations of the Land: Essays in Sustainable Agriculture and Stewardship*. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984. + +Laidlaw, Zoë, and Alan Lester, editors. *Indigenous Communities and Settler Colonialism: Land Holding, Loss and Survival in an Interconnected World*. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillon, 2015. + +Martin, Phillip L. *Promise Unfulfilled; Unions, Immigration and the Farm Workers*. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003. + +Minkoff-Zern, Laura-Anne. *The New American Farmer: Immigration, Race, and the Struggle for Sustainability*. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2019. + +Motter, Jeff, Stephanie Houston, and Ross Singer. *Rooted Resistance: Agrarian Myth in Modern America*. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2020. + +Paddock, Joe, Nancy Paddock, and Carol Bly. *Soil and Survival: Land Stewardship and the Future of American Agriculture*. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1986. + +Pawlick, Thomas F. *The Invisible Farm: The Worldwide Decline of Farm News and Agricultural Journalism Training*. Chicago: Burnham, 2001. + +Peterson, Bo. *Washing Our Hands in the Clouds: Joe Williams, His Forebears, and Black Farms in South Carolina*. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015. + +Reid, Debra A., and Evan P. Bennett, editors. *Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families Since Reconstruction*. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012. + +Strange, Marty. *Family Farming: A New Economic Vision*. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008. + +Ward, William B. *Reporting Agriculture Through Newspapers, Magazines, Radio, Television*. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing, 1959. + +#### Next: [Notes](/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes) + +## Resources + +- [National Agriculture Library (USDA)](https://www.nal.usda.gov/) +- [TED Talks: Agriculture](https://www.ted.com/topics/agriculture) +- [Harvest Public Media (KOSU-Oklahoma)](https://www.kosu.org/people/harvest-public-media) +- [PBS NewsHour: Agriculture](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/tag/agriculture) +- [Article by Liz Carlisle on Critical Agrarianism](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271934582_Critical_agrarianism) +- [Article by Specht & Rutherford on media portrayals of agriculture](https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1130&context=jac) diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes.md b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5f66efdae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/app/views/exhibits/stories-of-the-land/notes.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +# Notes + +9 + +## Summary + +1 Eric Foner, *Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877* (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 1988). + +2 Monica Richmond Gisolfi, “From Crop Lien to Contract Farming: The Roots of Agribusiness in the American South, 1929-1939,” *Agricultural History* 80, no. 2 (Spring 2006): 167-89, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3744805; Michael D. Thompson, “This Little Piggy Went to Market: The Commercialization of Hog Production in Eastern North Carolina from William Shay to Wendell Murphy,” *Agricultural History* 74, no. 2 (Spring 2000): 581, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3744872. + +3 Deborah Fitzgerald, *Every Farm a Factory: The Industrial Ideal in American Agriculture* (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 12. + +4 Fitzgerald, *Every Farm a Factory*, 7-8. + +5 David M. Kennedy, *Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945* (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 208-9. + +6 Laura-Anne Minkoff-Zern, *The New American Farmer: Immigration, Race, and the Struggle for Sustainability* (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019). + +7 Ross Singer, Stephanie Grey, and Jeff Motter, *Rooted Resistance: Agrarian Myth in Modern America* (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2020), 191. + +8 Josh Shepperd, “Public Broadcasting,” in *A Companion to the History of American Broadcasting*, ed. Aniko Bodroghkozy (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2018), 231. + +9 N. Scott Momaday, “A First American Views His Land,” *National Geographic Magazine*, vol. 150, no. 1 (1976): 13-18. + +10 Kent C. Ryden, *Mapping the Invisible Landscape: Folklore, Writing, and Sense of Place* (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993), 59. + +11 Walter L. Hixson, “Adaptation, Resistance, and Representation in the Modern US Settler State,” in *The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism*, eds. Lorenzo Veracini and Edward Cavanagh (New York: Routledge, 2017), 174. + +12 Analena Hope Hassberg, “Introduction,” in Natalie Baszile, ed., *We Are Each Other’s Harvest: Celebrating African American Farmers, Land, and Legacy* (New York: Amistad, 2021), 8. + +13 Gerald W. Creed and Barbara Ching, “Recognizing Rusticity: Identity and the Power of Place,” in *Knowing Your Place: Rural Identity and Cultural Hierarchy*, ed. Gerald W. Creed and Barbara Ching (New York: Routledge, 1997), 19-31. + +14 The Cesar E. Chavez Foundation, “Education of the Heart: Cesar Chavez in His Own Words,” United Farm Workers, https://ufw.org/research/history/education-heart-cesar-chavez-words. + +15 Minkoff-Zern, *New American Farmer*, 31-32. + +16 Sara Kohlbeck, Andrew Schramm, Terri deRoon-Cassini, Stephen Hargarten, and Katherine Quinn, “Farmer Suicide in Wisconsin: A Qualitative Analysis,” *The Journal of Rural Health* 38, no.3 (2022): 547, https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12622. + +17 Joe Paddock, Nancy Paddock, and Carol Bly, *Soil and Survival: Land Stewardship and the Future of American Agriculture* (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1986) 4. + +18 Richard M. Adams, Brian H. Hurd, Stephanie Lenhart, and Neil Leary, “Effects of Global Climate Change on Agriculture: An Interpretive Review,” *Climate Research* 11, no. 1 (1998): 19. + +19 Thomas F. Pawlick, *The Invisible Farm: The Worldwide Decline of Farm News and Agricultural Journalism Training* (Chicago: Burnham, 2001), 11. + +20 Mary Hufford, *American Folklife: A Commonwealth of Cultures* (Washington, DC: American Folklife Center, 1991), 1, https://maint.loc.gov/folklife/cwc/ + +21 Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, *Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage* (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 9. + +22 Pawlick, *Invisible Farm*. + +23 Rob J. F. Burton, Jérémie Forney, Paul Stock, and Lee-Ann Sutherland, *The Good Farmer: Culture and Identity in Food and Agriculture* (New York: Routledge, 2021), 1. + +24 Ronald Sandler, “Virtue Theory, Food, and Agriculture,” in *Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics*, ed. David M. Kaplan (Springer, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1179-9. + +25 Fitzgerald, *Every Farm a Factory*. + +26 Donald Worster, “Good Farming and the Public Good,” in *Meeting the Expectations of the Land: Essays in Sustainable Agriculture and Stewardship*, ed. Wes Jackson, Wendell Berry, and Bruce Colman (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984), 33. + +## Main diff --git a/app/views/exhibits/watergate.md b/app/views/exhibits/watergate.md index 2474a516ad..6c7a0e12e5 100644 --- a/app/views/exhibits/watergate.md +++ b/app/views/exhibits/watergate.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ In February 1973, James Karayn, the president of the National Public Affairs Cen ## Resources - [The final report of the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011697870;view=1up;seq=15) -- [Bill Moyers' *Essay on Watergate*](https://vimeo.com/44242486) +- [Bill Moyers' *Essay on Watergate*](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-0662bb05ff5) - ["Covering Watergate: 40 Years Later With MacNeil And Lehrer (Video)"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxCASPRMZb8) - ["Covering Watergate: 40 Years Later With MacNeil And Lehrer (Transcript)"](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/covering-watergate-40-years-later-with-macneil-and-lehrer) - ["The Watergate Files," online exhibit at the Gerald R. Ford Library & Museum](https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/museum/exhibits/Watergate_files/index.html) diff --git a/app/views/forms/volunteer.html.erb b/app/views/forms/volunteer.html.erb deleted file mode 100644 index 0a645657fd..0000000000 --- a/app/views/forms/volunteer.html.erb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5 +0,0 @@ -
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Volunteer Form

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Sign-up to receive email notifications about virtual volunteer opportunities hosted by AAPB staff and/or contributing organizations! These events, such as Transcript-a-thons and Wikipedia Edit-a-thons, focus on gathering community around improving the searchability and accessibility of historic programs in the AAPB. If you have further questions, please email aapb_notifications@wgbh.org.

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+ +<%= javascript_include_tag "/data/map.js" %> diff --git a/app/views/home/_orgs_map.html.erb b/app/views/home/_orgs_map.html.erb index 72326eb281..719cafe8a0 100644 --- a/app/views/home/_orgs_map.html.erb +++ b/app/views/home/_orgs_map.html.erb @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@

Participating Organizations

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Learn about the history, significant productions, and archive contributions of more than 120 public media stations and archives. <%= link_to "View all participating organizations", organizations_path %>.

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Learn about the history, significant productions, and archive contributions of more than 200 public media stations and archives. <%= link_to "View all participating organizations", organizations_path %>.

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We are a collaboration between GBH and the Library of Congress with a long-term vision to preserve and make accessible significant historical content created by public media, and to coordinate a national effort to save at-risk public media before its content is lost to posterity.

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