diff --git a/code/Demos/CMakeLists.txt b/code/Demos/CMakeLists.txt
index 84cf44e..b1e9b87 100644
--- a/code/Demos/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/code/Demos/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ if(DEFINED EMSCRIPTEN)
     
     # Asset embedding.
     file(COPY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/assets DESTINATION ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR})
-    file(GLOB_RECURSE ASSET_FILES "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/assets/*")
+    file(GLOB_RECURSE ASSET_FILES "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/assets/*")
     set(PRELOAD_FILES "")
     foreach(FILE ${ASSET_FILES})
-        file(RELATIVE_PATH REL_FILE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR} ${FILE})
+        file(RELATIVE_PATH REL_FILE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} ${FILE})
         set(PRELOAD_FILES "${PRELOAD_FILES} --preload-file ${REL_FILE}")
     endforeach()
     message(STATUS "PRELOAD FILES: \"${PRELOAD_FILES}\"")
diff --git a/code/Demos/src/Main.cpp b/code/Demos/src/Main.cpp
index 06020fd..274c218 100644
--- a/code/Demos/src/Main.cpp
+++ b/code/Demos/src/Main.cpp
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ struct SpinningTeapotLogic {
             .on_value([&](auto& id) {
                 data.ib_id = id;
             });
-        renderer.add_vertex_array(Model::StaticVertexLayout {}, data.vb_id)
+        renderer.add_vertex_array(Model::Vertex::VBL {}, data.vb_id)
             .on_error(Utily::ErrorHandler::print_then_quit)
             .on_value([&](auto& id) {
                 data.va_id = id;
diff --git a/code/Engine/include/AppRenderer.hpp b/code/Engine/include/AppRenderer.hpp
index 2f02e5d..6cd36b9 100644
--- a/code/Engine/include/AppRenderer.hpp
+++ b/code/Engine/include/AppRenderer.hpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class AppRenderer
             offset += element.count * element.type_size;
         }
         return 0;
-    }
+    }    
 
     void stop() noexcept;
 };
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/code/Engine/include/Model/Types.hpp b/code/Engine/include/Model/Types.hpp
index 4efd52b..aa612de 100644
--- a/code/Engine/include/Model/Types.hpp
+++ b/code/Engine/include/Model/Types.hpp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "Renderer/VertexBufferLayout.hpp"
 #include <array>
-#include <iostream>
 #include <glm/ext/quaternion_common.hpp>
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 #include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
-#include "Renderer/VertexBufferLayout.hpp"
+#include <iostream>
 
 namespace Model {
     using Vec2 = glm::vec2;
@@ -22,12 +22,30 @@ namespace Model {
             stream << "v(" << vertex.position.x << ',' << vertex.position.y << ',' << vertex.position.z << ") \t"
                    << "n(" << vertex.normal.x << ',' << vertex.normal.y << ',' << vertex.normal.z << ") \t"
                    << "uv(" << vertex.uv_coord.x << ',' << vertex.uv_coord.y << ")";
-
             return stream;
         }
+        using VBL = Renderer::VertexBufferLayout<glm::vec3, glm::vec3, glm::vec2>;
     };
 
-    using StaticVertexLayout = Renderer::VertexBufferLayout<glm::vec3, glm::vec3, glm::vec2>;
+    struct BatchingVertex {
+        Vec3 position;
+        Vec3 normal;
+        Vec2 uv_coord;
+        uint32_t texture_unit_index;
+        uint32_t model_transform_index;
+
+        friend auto operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const BatchingVertex& vertex) -> std::ostream& {
+            stream << "v(" << vertex.position.x << ',' << vertex.position.y << ',' << vertex.position.z << ") \t"
+                   << "n(" << vertex.normal.x << ',' << vertex.normal.y << ',' << vertex.normal.z << ") \t"
+                   << "uv(" << vertex.uv_coord.x << ',' << vertex.uv_coord.y << ") \t"
+                   << "tui(" << vertex.texture_unit_index << ") \t"
+                   << "mti(" << vertex.model_transform_index << ")";
+
+            return stream;
+        }
+
+        using VBL = Renderer::VertexBufferLayout<glm::vec3, glm::vec3, glm::vec2, uint32_t, uint32_t>;
+    };
 
     using Index = uint32_t;
 
diff --git a/code/Engine/include/Renderer/BatchDrawer.hpp b/code/Engine/include/Renderer/BatchDrawer.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2787d1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/code/Engine/include/Renderer/BatchDrawer.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Components/Components.hpp"
+#include "Model/Static.hpp"
+#include "Renderer/IndexBuffer.hpp"
+#include "Renderer/Shader.hpp"
+#include "Renderer/Texture.hpp"
+#include "Renderer/VertexArray.hpp"
+#include "Renderer/VertexBuffer.hpp"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <ranges>
+#include <tuple>
+
+namespace Renderer {
+    class BatchDrawer
+    {
+    public:
+        static auto to_3_digit(uint32_t num) noexcept -> std::array<char, 3> {
+            assert(num < 1000);
+            // via stack overflow: https://stackoverflow.com/a/1861020
+            std::array<char, 3> result = { '0', '0', '0' };
+            for (int i = result.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                result[i] = static_cast<char>(num % 10) + '0';
+                num /= 10;
+            }
+            // could use std::from_chars but that requires a rotate so no thanks.
+            return result;
+        }
+        using TexturedStaticModel = std::tuple<Model::Static&, Components::Transform&, Renderer::Texture&>;
+#if 1
+        template <size_t N>
+        void batch(VertexBuffer& vb, IndexBuffer& ib, VertexArray& va, Shader& shader, std::array<TexturedStaticModel, N>& textured_models) {
+            static std::vector<Model::BatchingVertex> vertices_buffer;
+            static std::vector<Model::Index> indices_buffer;
+
+            // Predetermine size for only one alloc.
+            const size_t total_vertex_count = std::reduce(
+                textured_models.begin(),
+                textured_models.end(),
+                size_t(0),
+                [](const size_t& agg, const auto& tm) { return agg + std::get<0>(tm).vertices.size(); });
+            const size_t total_index_count = std::reduce(
+                textured_models.begin(),
+                textured_models.end(),
+                size_t(0),
+                [](const size_t& agg, const auto& tm) { return agg + std::get<0>(tm).indices.size(); });
+            vertices_buffer.resize(total_vertex_count);
+            indices_buffer.resize(total_index_count);
+
+            shader.bind();
+            va.bind();
+            vb.bind();
+            ib.bind();
+
+            // Move replacement info to compile time.
+            constexpr static std::string_view mm_uniform_string = "u_model_transfrom[$$$]";
+            constexpr static size_t mm_unifrom_string_size = mm_uniform_string.size();
+            constexpr static std::ptrdiff_t mm_uniform_replacement_offset = std::distance(mm_uniform_string.begin(), std::ranges::find(mm_uniform_string, '$'));
+
+            // Copy and ensure null ended string.
+            std::array<char, mm_unifrom_string_size + 1> mm_uniform = { mm_uniform_string.begin(), mm_uniform_string.end() };
+            mm_uniform.back() = '\0';
+
+            uint32_t i = 0;
+            auto vert_iter = vertices_buffer.begin();
+            auto indi_iter = vertices_buffer.begin();
+            for (auto& [model, transform, texture] : textured_models) {
+                const auto tex_unit = texture.bind(true).on_error(Utily::ErrorHandler::print_then_quit).value();
+                const auto index_offset = static_cast<Model::Index>(std::distance(vertices_buffer.begin(), vert_iter));
+
+                // Pass model transform as uniform.
+                auto i_chars = BatchDrawer::to_3_digit(i);
+                std::ranges::copy(i_chars, mm_uniform.data() + mm_uniform_replacement_offset);
+                shader.set_uniform(std::string_view { mm_uniform.data() }, transform.calc_transform_mat());
+
+                // Account for index offset
+                auto add_index_offset = [&](Model::Index index) { return index + index_offset; };
+                auto indi_iter = std::ranges::copy(model.indices | add_index_offset, indi_iter);
+
+                // Add texture index and model transform index
+                auto add_tex_unit = [&](const Model::Vertex& v) { return Model::BatchingVertex { v.position, v.normal, v.uv_coord, tex_unit, i }; };
+                auto vert_iter = std::ranges::copy(model.vertices | add_tex_unit, vert_iter);
+
+                ++i;
+            }
+
+            // upload and draw.
+            ib.load_indices(indices_buffer);
+            vb.load_vertices(vertices_buffer);
+            glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, ib.get_count(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, (void*)0);
+
+            // unlock the locked-bound textures.
+            for (auto& [model, texture] : textured_models) {
+                auto tex_unit = texture.bind(false).on_error(Utily::ErrorHandler::print_then_quit).value();
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+    };
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/code/Engine/include/Renderer/IndexBuffer.hpp b/code/Engine/include/Renderer/IndexBuffer.hpp
index d0bc069..f14f379 100644
--- a/code/Engine/include/Renderer/IndexBuffer.hpp
+++ b/code/Engine/include/Renderer/IndexBuffer.hpp
@@ -26,7 +26,12 @@ namespace Renderer {
         void load_indices(const Range& indices) noexcept {
             this->bind();
             size_t size_in_bytes = indices.size() * sizeof(uint32_t);
+#if defined(CONFIG_TARGET_NATIVE)
             glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, size_in_bytes, &(*indices.begin()), GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+#elif defined(CONFIG_TARGET_WEB)
+            // for some reason, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW has a very small buffer capacity.
+            glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, size_in_bytes, &(*indices.begin()), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+#endif
             _count = indices.size();
         }
 
diff --git a/code/Engine/include/Renderer/VertexBuffer.hpp b/code/Engine/include/Renderer/VertexBuffer.hpp
index cef09c9..75e9553 100644
--- a/code/Engine/include/Renderer/VertexBuffer.hpp
+++ b/code/Engine/include/Renderer/VertexBuffer.hpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace Renderer {
         void bind() noexcept;
         void unbind() noexcept;
 
-        ~VertexBuffer();
+        ~VertexBuffer() noexcept;
 
         template <typename Range>
             requires std::ranges::range<Range>
diff --git a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Framebuffer.cpp b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Framebuffer.cpp
index 8ef959e..3d3a9fb 100644
--- a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Framebuffer.cpp
+++ b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Framebuffer.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,9 @@ namespace Renderer {
 
     FrameBuffer::FrameBuffer(FrameBuffer&& other) noexcept
         : _id(std::exchange(other._id, std::nullopt))
-        , _colour_attachment_index(std::exchange(other._id, std::nullopt)) { }
+        , _colour_attachment_index(std::exchange(other._id, std::nullopt)) {
+        last_bound = nullptr;
+    }
 
     auto FrameBuffer::init(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) noexcept -> Utily::Result<void, Utily::Error> {
         if (_id) {
diff --git a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/IndexBuffer.cpp b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/IndexBuffer.cpp
index 821bf59..803e08d 100644
--- a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/IndexBuffer.cpp
+++ b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/IndexBuffer.cpp
@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@
 
 namespace Renderer {
     constexpr static uint32_t INVALID_BUFFER_ID = 0;
+    static IndexBuffer* last_bound = nullptr;
 
     IndexBuffer::IndexBuffer(IndexBuffer&& other) noexcept
         : _id(std::exchange(other._id, std::nullopt))
-        , _count(std::exchange(other._count, 0)) { }
+        , _count(std::exchange(other._count, 0)) {
+        last_bound = nullptr;
+    }
 
     auto IndexBuffer::init() noexcept -> Utily::Result<void, Utily::Error> {
         if (_id.has_value()) {
@@ -22,21 +25,18 @@ namespace Renderer {
         }
         return {};
     }
-    
-    static IndexBuffer* last_bound = nullptr;
-    
+
     void IndexBuffer::stop() noexcept {
         if (_id.value_or(INVALID_BUFFER_ID) != INVALID_BUFFER_ID) {
             glDeleteBuffers(1, &_id.value());
         }
         _id = std::nullopt;
         _count = 0;
-        if(last_bound == this) {
+        if (last_bound == this) {
             last_bound = nullptr;
         }
     }
 
-
     void IndexBuffer::bind() noexcept {
         if constexpr (Config::DEBUG_LEVEL != Config::DebugInfo::none) {
             if (_id.value_or(INVALID_BUFFER_ID) == INVALID_BUFFER_ID) {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace Renderer {
                 assert(false);
             }
         }
-        if(last_bound != this) {
+        if (last_bound != this) {
             glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _id.value_or(INVALID_BUFFER_ID));
             last_bound = this;
         }
diff --git a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Shader.cpp b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Shader.cpp
index 52b7a02..c37e0da 100644
--- a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Shader.cpp
+++ b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Shader.cpp
@@ -7,9 +7,14 @@
 using namespace std::literals;
 
 namespace Renderer {
+
+    static Shader* last_bound = nullptr;
+
     Shader::Shader(Shader&& other)
         : _program_id(std::exchange(other._program_id, std::nullopt))
-        , _cached_uniforms(std::move(other._cached_uniforms)) { }
+        , _cached_uniforms(std::move(other._cached_uniforms)) {
+        last_bound = nullptr;
+    }
 
     auto Shader::compile_shader(Type type, const std::string_view& source) -> Utily::Result<uint32_t, Utily::Error> {
         constexpr static auto shader_verison =
@@ -103,7 +108,6 @@ namespace Renderer {
     }
 
     // cache it so we dont query the GPU over already bound stuff.
-    static Shader* last_bound = nullptr;
 
     void Shader::bind() noexcept {
         if constexpr (Config::DEBUG_LEVEL != Config::DebugInfo::none) {
diff --git a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Texture.cpp b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Texture.cpp
index 57c321b..d108c41 100644
--- a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Texture.cpp
+++ b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/Texture.cpp
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ namespace Renderer {
         }
         return {};
     }
+    
     auto Texture::upload_image(
         Media::Image& image,
         Filter filter,
diff --git a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/VertexArray.cpp b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/VertexArray.cpp
index 9b6c5f2..7183871 100644
--- a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/VertexArray.cpp
+++ b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/VertexArray.cpp
@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@
 
 namespace Renderer {
     constexpr static uint32_t INVALID_ARRAY_OBJECT_ID = 0;
+    static VertexArray* last_bound = nullptr;
 
     VertexArray::VertexArray(VertexArray&& other)
-        : _id(std::exchange(other._id, std::nullopt)) { }
+        : _id(std::exchange(other._id, std::nullopt)) {
+        last_bound = nullptr;
+    }
 
     auto VertexArray::init() noexcept -> Utily::Result<void, Utily::Error> {
         if (_id) {
@@ -21,14 +24,12 @@ namespace Renderer {
         return {};
     }
 
-    static VertexArray* last_bound = nullptr;
-    
     void VertexArray::stop() noexcept {
         if (_id.value_or(INVALID_ARRAY_OBJECT_ID) == INVALID_ARRAY_OBJECT_ID) {
             glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &_id.value());
         }
         _id = std::nullopt;
-        if(last_bound == this) {
+        if (last_bound == this) {
             last_bound = nullptr;
         }
     }
diff --git a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/VertexBuffer.cpp b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/VertexBuffer.cpp
index 7a3dbe2..549bb6d 100644
--- a/code/Engine/src/Renderer/VertexBuffer.cpp
+++ b/code/Engine/src/Renderer/VertexBuffer.cpp
@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@
 
 namespace Renderer {
     constexpr static uint32_t INVALID_BUFFER_ID = 0;
+    static VertexBuffer* last_bound = nullptr;
 
     VertexBuffer::VertexBuffer(VertexBuffer&& other) noexcept
-        : _id(std::exchange(other._id, std::nullopt)) { }
+        : _id(std::exchange(other._id, std::nullopt)) {
+        last_bound = nullptr;
+    }
 
     auto VertexBuffer::init() noexcept -> Utily::Result<void, Utily::Error> {
         if (_id) {
@@ -21,16 +24,13 @@ namespace Renderer {
         return {};
     }
 
-    static VertexBuffer* last_bound = nullptr;
-
-
     void VertexBuffer::stop() noexcept {
         if (_id.value_or(INVALID_BUFFER_ID) != INVALID_BUFFER_ID) {
             glDeleteBuffers(1, &_id.value());
         }
         _id = std::nullopt;
-        
-        if(last_bound == this) {
+
+        if (last_bound == this) {
             last_bound = this;
         }
     }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ namespace Renderer {
         }
     }
 
-    VertexBuffer::~VertexBuffer() {
+    VertexBuffer::~VertexBuffer() noexcept {
         stop();
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/code/Test/CMakeLists.txt b/code/Test/CMakeLists.txt
index 4e69048..9cfa9f1 100644
--- a/code/Test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/code/Test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ if(DEFINED EMSCRIPTEN)
     set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -s EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS='_main' --closure 1") 
         
     # Asset embedding.
-    file(COPY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/assets DESTINATION ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})
-    file(GLOB_RECURSE ASSET_FILES "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/assets/*")
+    file(COPY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/assets DESTINATION ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR})
+    file(GLOB_RECURSE ASSET_FILES "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/assets/*")
     set(PRELOAD_FILES "")
     foreach(FILE ${ASSET_FILES})
-        file(RELATIVE_PATH REL_FILE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR} ${FILE})
+        file(RELATIVE_PATH REL_FILE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} ${FILE})
         set(PRELOAD_FILES "${PRELOAD_FILES} --preload-file ${REL_FILE}")
     endforeach()
     message(STATUS "PRELOAD FILES: \"${PRELOAD_FILES}\"")
diff --git a/code/Test/assets/text.txt b/code/Test/assets/text.txt
index e69de29..95d09f2 100644
--- a/code/Test/assets/text.txt
+++ b/code/Test/assets/text.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+hello world
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/code/Test/include/Integration/BasicApps.hpp b/code/Test/include/Integration/BasicApps.hpp
index 455c50f..38b88a0 100644
--- a/code/Test/include/Integration/BasicApps.hpp
+++ b/code/Test/include/Integration/BasicApps.hpp
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ struct SpinningTeapotLogic {
             .on_value([&](auto& id) {
                 data.ib_id = id;
             });
-        renderer.add_vertex_array(Model::StaticVertexLayout {}, data.vb_id)
+        renderer.add_vertex_array(Model::Vertex::VBL {}, data.vb_id)
             .on_error(Utily::ErrorHandler::print_then_quit)
             .on_value([&](auto& id) {
                 data.va_id = id;
diff --git a/code/Test/include/Unit/UnitBenchDrawer.hpp b/code/Test/include/Unit/UnitBenchDrawer.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6dcc6ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/code/Test/include/Unit/UnitBenchDrawer.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Renderer/BatchDrawer.hpp"
+#include "Utily/Utily.hpp"
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <App.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+using namespace std::literals;
+
+TEST(Unit, Renderer_batch_drawer_to_3_digits) {
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= 999; ++i) {
+        auto result = Renderer::BatchDrawer::to_3_digit(i);
+        auto expected = std::to_string(i);
+        while (expected.size() < 3) {
+            expected = '0' + expected;
+        }
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(result[0], expected[0]);
+        EXPECT_EQ(result[1], expected[1]);
+        EXPECT_EQ(result[2], expected[2]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/code/Test/src/Main.cpp b/code/Test/src/Main.cpp
index 2e32f6a..c01acb6 100644
--- a/code/Test/src/Main.cpp
+++ b/code/Test/src/Main.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "Unit/UnitModelStatic.hpp"
+#include "Unit/UnitBenchDrawer.hpp"
 #include "Integration/AssetLoading.hpp"
 #include "Integration/BasicApps.hpp"