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ethics.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
<script src="quarto_files/clipboard/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="quarto_files/quarto-html/tabby.min.js"></script>
<script src="quarto_files/quarto-html/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="quarto_files/quarto-html/tippy.umd.min.js"></script>
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/tippy.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/light-border.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/quarto-html.min.css" rel="stylesheet" data-mode="light">
<link href="quarto_files/quarto-html/quarto-syntax-highlighting-dark.css" rel="stylesheet" id="quarto-text-highlighting-styles"><meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.5.56">
<title>Ethics</title>
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, minimal-ui">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="quarto_files/revealjs/dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="quarto_files/revealjs/dist/reveal.css">
<style>
code{white-space: pre-wrap;}
span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;}
div.columns{display: flex; gap: min(4vw, 1.5em);}
div.column{flex: auto; overflow-x: auto;}
div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
ul.task-list{list-style: none;}
ul.task-list li input[type="checkbox"] {
width: 0.8em;
margin: 0 0.8em 0.2em -1em; /* quarto-specific, see https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/issues/4556 */
vertical-align: middle;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="quarto_files/revealjs/dist/theme/quarto.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="ics.css">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/quarto-line-highlight/line-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet">
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<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/quarto-menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/font-awesome/css/all.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="quarto_files/revealjs/plugin/quarto-support/footer.css" rel="stylesheet">
<style type="text/css">
.callout {
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
border-radius: .25rem;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple {
padding: 0em 0.5em;
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
display: flex;
}
.callout.callout-style-default {
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
}
.callout .callout-body-container {
flex-grow: 1;
}
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font-size: 1rem;
font-weight: 400;
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font-size: 0.9rem;
font-weight: 400;
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margin-top: 0.2em;
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padding-top: 0.2em;
margin-bottom: -0.2em;
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margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
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margin-top: 0.7em;
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border-left-color: #d9534f !important;
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background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
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div.callout-important.callout-style-default .callout-title {
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div.callout-warning {
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<div class="slides">
<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
<h1 class="title">CS 3710</h1>
<h2 class="subtitle">Introduction to Cybersecurity</h2>
<p class="titlep"> </p>
<div class="titlesmall"><p>
<a href="http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~asb">Aaron Bloomfield</a> ([email protected])<br>
<a href="http://github.com/aaronbloomfield/ccc">@github</a> | <a href="index.html">↑</a> | <a href="?print-pdf"><img class="print" width="20" src="../slides/images/print-icon.svg" style="top:0px;vertical-align:middle;background-color:transparent"></a>
</p></div>
<p class="titlep"> </p>
<h2 class="subtitle">Ethics</h2>
</section><section id="TOC">
<nav role="doc-toc">
<h2 id="toc-title">Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/sources" id="/toc-sources">Sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#/ethical-questions" id="/toc-ethical-questions">Ethical Questions</a></li>
<li><a href="#/ethical-issues" id="/toc-ethical-issues">Ethical Issues</a></li>
<li><a href="#/public-obligations" id="/toc-public-obligations">Public Obligations</a></li>
<li><a href="#/ethical-frameworks" id="/toc-ethical-frameworks">Ethical Frameworks</a></li>
<li><a href="#/best-practices" id="/toc-best-practices">Best Practices</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</section>
<section id="sources" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Sources</h1>
<p>Much of the material in this slide set came from <a href="https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/technology-ethics/resources/an-introduction-to-cybersecurity-ethics/">An Introduction to Cybersecurity Ethics</a>, a free online cybersecurity ethics module provided by the <a href="https://www.scu.edu/ethics/">Markkula Center for Applied Ethics</a> at <a href="https://www.scu.edu">Santa Clara University</a></p>
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</section>
<section>
<section id="ethical-questions" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Ethical Questions</h1>
</section>
<section id="question-1-what-if-google-were-out-to-get-you" class="slide level2">
<h2>Question 1: What if Google were out to get you?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Imagine that you were the mortal enemy of Larry Page or Sergey Brin
<ul>
<li>The founders of Google</li>
</ul></li>
<li>How much damage could they do to you?
<ul>
<li>Control the information that you see?</li>
<li>How much does Google know about you?</li>
<li>How much access to your private digital life does Google have, beyond Gmail?</li>
</ul></li>
<li>There are few laws that regulate any of this!</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="question-1-what-if-google-were-out-to-get-you-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Question 1: What if Google were out to get you?</h2>
<ul>
<li>So why doesn’t Google do this?
<ul>
<li>Well, Brin and Page are not evil (although this is debated: <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/21/google-seems-to-have-removed-most-mentions-of-dont-be-evil-from-its-code-of-conduct.html">1</a>, <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2018/05/24/google-will-always-do-evil/">2</a>, <a href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/2610434/cringely/google--evil--you-have-no-idea.html">3</a>, etc.)</li>
<li>Actually, they do <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/01/technology/china-google-censored-search-engine.html">do some of these things in other countries</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Beyond not being evil, few people would use their services if they were known to do these things</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="question-2-trolley-problem" class="slide level2">
<h2>Question 2: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_problem">Trolley Problem</a></h2>
<p><img alt="trolley problem" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Trolley_problem.png" style="height:200px"></p>
<ul>
<li>You see a run-away trolley moving toward five tied-up people lying on the tracks</li>
<li>You are next to a lever that controls a switch</li>
<li>If you pull the lever, the trolley will be redirected onto a side track and the five people on the main track will be saved</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="question-2-trolley-problem-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Question 2: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_problem">Trolley Problem</a></h2>
<p><img alt="trolley problem" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Trolley_problem.png" style="height:200px"></p>
<ul>
<li>However, there is a single person lying on the side track
<ul>
<li>Option 1: Do nothing and allow the trolley to kill the five people on the main track</li>
<li>Option 2: Pull the lever, diverting the trolley onto the side track where it will kill one person</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Which is the most ethical option?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="is-the-trolley-problem-realistic" class="slide level2">
<h2>Is the Trolley problem realistic?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Imagine you are writing self driving car software</li>
<li>The car, which has one passenger, is about to run over five people
<ul>
<li>It could continue straight, and kill those people</li>
<li>Or it could swerve and likely kill the “driver”</li>
</ul></li>
<li>This is the modern version of the trolley problem</li>
<li>Yes, this means your car could be programmed to kill you in the right circumstance…</li>
<li>A <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/in-a-crash-should-self-driving-cars-save-passengers-or-pedestrians-2-million-people-weigh-in">study</a> was even done on this…</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="trolley-problem-fun" class="slide level2">
<h2>Trolley Problem Fun</h2>
<ul>
<li>A variant take: <a href="https://neal.fun/absurd-trolley-problems/">Absurd Trolley Problems</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="question-3-another-variation" class="slide level2">
<h2>Question 3: Another variation</h2>
<ul>
<li>Imagine you somehow knew that an individual would inadvertently kill another person</li>
<li>Would you kill them to prevent this?
<ul>
<li>Assume that nobody would have this foreknowledge, and you would be branded a murderer
</li><li class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1">
What if the person would inadvertently kill 5 others? 10? 100? A million?
</li>
<li class="fragment" data-fragment-index="2">
What if this were inadvertent?
</li>
<ul>
<li class="fragment" data-fragment-index="2">
Meaning the individual would murder those other(s) by non-negligent accident
</li>
</ul>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="question-4-fbi-apple-encryption-dispute" class="slide level2">
<h2>Question 4: FBI & Apple Encryption Dispute</h2>
<ul>
<li>The 2 who caused the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack">2015 San Bernardino attack</a> that killed 14 used encryption on their iPhone 5C
<ul>
<li>The FBI was unable to crack it at the time</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The FBI ordered Apple to <em>write a program</em> to crack it, but Apple refused
<ul>
<li>It could allow mass surveillance and persecution of others
<ul>
<li>Especially if it leaked out of US control</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Apple refused, citing privacy and ethics</li>
<li>This is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute">FBI-Apple encryption dispute</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="question-4-fbi-apple-encryption-dispute-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Question 4: FBI & Apple Encryption Dispute</h2>
<ul>
<li>What were Apple’s ethical requirements?
<ul>
<li>While one can agree or disagree with Apple, there are definitely arguments on both sides</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Ultimately, it was discovered that one can hack into these phones via booting it through the USB port
<ul>
<li>This “feature” has been removed on more recent iPhones</li>
</ul></li>
<li>However, Apple’s <a href="https://www.folio.ca/apple-vs-fbi-and-the-ethics-of-encryption/">appeal to public more about protecting market share than privacy, says UAlberta ethics professor</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="question-5-govt-leaks" class="slide level2">
<h2>Question 5: Gov’t Leaks</h2>
<ul>
<li>Are leaks from within the government unethical?
<ul>
<li>Such as leaks from within the White House, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Consider how partisan of a world we live in…</li>
<li>For members of the <em>same</em> party as the president:
<ul>
<li><em>Yes, they are unethical! Those perpetrators should be caught and thrown in jail!</em></li>
</ul></li>
<li>For members of the <em>opposite</em> party as the president:
<ul>
<li><em>No, they are not! They are revealing what an awful regime is running the country!</em></li>
</ul></li>
<li>This has happened to previous administrations as well, to varying degrees</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="lessons-learned" class="slide level2">
<h2>Lessons Learned</h2>
<ul>
<li>Question 1: Google
<ul>
<li>Companies with a lot of power can do greater damage with unethical choices</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Question 2: Trolley
<ul>
<li>Not all of these have correct answers (or even widely accepted answers)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Question 3: Stopping a murderer
<ul>
<li>All these questions have thresholds</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="lessons-learned-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Lessons Learned</h2>
<ul>
<li>Question 4: FBI & Apple
<ul>
<li>Allowing a “crack” on encryption can have unintended consequences</li>
<li>Companies that state they are making the ethical choice may only be making the best financial choice</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Question 5: Gov’t leaks
<ul>
<li>Reasonable people will have different views as to what is “ethical”</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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</section></section>
<section>
<section id="ethical-issues" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Ethical Issues</h1>
</section>
<section id="what-is-ethics" class="slide level2">
<h2>What is Ethics?</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>Ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics">Wikipedia</a></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>the most important thing is not life, but the good life</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Socrates</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="ethics-helps-stabilize-society" class="slide level2">
<h2>Ethics helps stabilize society</h2>
<ul>
<li>Obvious examples: don’t kill, don’t steal, etc.</li>
<li>As a result, all major religions and societies have these rules
<ul>
<li>Secular and sacred laws follow these ethics: don’t kill, don’t steal, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>They help us live a “good life”, as per Socrates</li>
<li>Separate from moral arguments, ethics is a matter of self-preservation
<ul>
<li>Keep others from harming you</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="with-great-power-comes-great-responsibility" class="slide level2">
<h2>With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility</h2>
<div class="right-float-img img-size-800">
<p><img data-src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/61yJKZIJqjL.jpg"></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Technology gives us great<br>power
<ul>
<li>To accomplish a lot,<br>to harm others</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The quote is <a href="https://quoteinvestigator.com/2015/07/23/great-power/">more likely<br>from the period of the<br>French Revolution</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="technological-dependence" class="slide level2">
<h2>Technological Dependence</h2>
<ul>
<li>We are increasingly becoming more dependent on technology</li>
<li>If it were used in ways that could harm us, then that would have a much greater effect than it would have decades ago
<ul>
<li>See: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_in_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2016">Facebook and the 2016 election</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="inability-to-keep-up" class="slide level2">
<h2>Inability to keep up</h2>
<ul>
<li>With the rapid change of technological advancement, it is not realistic to have laws force ethical behavior
<ul>
<li>Lawmakers don’t understand technology</li>
<li>Change is faster than laws can realistically be passed</li>
<li>Poor law wording can have wide-ranging negative effects</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Thus, various organizations have their own ethics policies, including the <a href="https://www.acm.org/code-of-ethics">ACM Code of Ethics</a> and <a href="https://techethics.ieee.org/">IEEE’s technological ethics division</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="ethics-and-cybersecurity" class="slide level2">
<h2>Ethics and Cybersecurity</h2>
<ul>
<li>Design of cybersecurity systems seeks to protect:
<ul>
<li>Integrity</li>
<li>Functionality</li>
<li>Reliability</li>
<li>Etc.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>As designers, we want to ensure that we are designing systems that:
<ul>
<li>Are as safe as possible</li>
<li>Do not have intentional backdoors or means for improper surveillance</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="how-can-harm-result" class="slide level2">
<h2>How can harm result?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Beyond intentional backdoors and such…</li>
<li>From poor programming or deliberate unethical choices
<ul>
<li>Note that the poor design choices are considered unethical when people depend on the system in some way</li>
<li>People have gone to jail for poor design of systems, both computer and otherwise, in these situations</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Can you go to jail for coding?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="how-can-harm-result-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>How can harm result?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Can you go to jail for coding?</li>
<li>Note that this is poor programming to the point of being <em>negligent</em>
<ul>
<li>Not just a coding mistake</li>
</ul></li>
<li>However, it is ethical to ensure that your system works via tests and testing suites</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="ethical-issues-in-cybersecurity" class="slide level2">
<h2>Ethical Issues in Cybersecurity</h2>
<ul>
<li>Harm to privacy</li>
<li>Harm to property</li>
<li>Cybersecurity costs</li>
<li>Transparency and disclosure</li>
<li>Roles, duties, and interests</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="harm-to-privacy" class="slide level2">
<h2>Harm to privacy</h2>
<ul>
<li>Beyond just embarrassment at your porn viewing history, that is…</li>
<li>Consider:
<ul>
<li>Identity theft, including financial account theft
<ul>
<li>The most common of these, since there is money to be obtained through this</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Social ostracisation</li>
<li>Blackmail</li>
<li>Extortion</li>
<li>Theft of state secrets</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="harm-to-property" class="slide level2">
<h2>Harm to property</h2>
<ul>
<li>Loss of funds from a financial account</li>
<li>Perhaps digital property (loss of data)</li>
<li>Some machines can be damaged via malware; this happened as early as 1999 via the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIH_virus">Chernobyl virus</a></li>
<li>Connected weapon systems can damage property (and people!)
<ul>
<li>Think of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynet_%28Terminator%29">Skynet</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_%28franchise%29">Terminator franchise</a></li>
<li>Luckily not many exist (yet)…</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="cybersecurity-costs" class="slide level2">
<h2>Cybersecurity costs</h2>
<ul>
<li>Too much security, and the system becomes unusable
<ul>
<li>Consider a system that needs to be accessed quickly: emergency response systems</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Too little, and the system is too insecure</li>
<li>This decision is an ethical one, balancing between these two factors
<ul>
<li>Companies hire <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics">business ethicists</a> for this purpose</li>
</ul></li>
<li>There is no one-size-fits-all correct answer to this!</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="transparency-and-disclosure" class="slide level2">
<h2>Transparency and disclosure</h2>
<ul>
<li>If a vulnerability is found, how soon to notify?
<ul>
<li>Perhaps not all that soon if it’s hard to find, or if no patch yet exists</li>
<li>Otherwise, notify right away</li>
</ul></li>
<li>This decision is an ethical one, balancing between these two factors</li>
<li>There is no one-size-fits-all correct answer to this!</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="roles-duties-and-interests" class="slide level2">
<h2>Roles, duties, and interests</h2>
<ul>
<li>Consider conflicts of interest:
<ul>
<li>Wanting to release an encryption vulnerability to help promote a better algorithm</li>
<li>Hiring an ethically deficient person to try to turn them to the light side of the Force</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Are these ethically allowed?</li>
<li>This decision is an ethical one, balancing between these two factors</li>
<li>There is no one-size-fits-all correct answer to this!</li>
</ul>
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</section></section>
<section>
<section id="public-obligations" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Public Obligations</h1>
</section>
<section id="legal-responsibility" class="slide level2">
<h2>Legal Responsibility</h2>
<ul>
<li>Outside of cybersecurity…</li>
<li>If you see somebody that is dying, and you have the ability to save them, are you <em>legally</em> required to help?
<ul>
<li>We are ignoring <em>moral</em> or <em>ethical</em> concerns here…
</li></ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment">
The answer is no, unless you have a legal responsibility to act (on duty lifeguard, on duty police officer, etc.)
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="legal-responsibility-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Legal Responsibility</h2>
<ul>
<li>What about within a computational context?</li>
<li>As the quality of the code that we write can have consequences on things of value…
<ul>
<li>money, privacy, lives, etc…</li>
</ul></li>
<li>…we do, in fact, have an <em>ethical</em> responsibility to act
<ul>
<li>Here ‘to act’ means do a sufficient job and ensure the quality of our code</li>
</ul></li>
<li>But there is limited <em>legal</em> responsibility
<ul>
<li>Mostly due to the laws not keeping up</li>
</ul></li>
<li>This excludes outright negligence, though</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="the-public-good" class="slide level2">
<h2>The Public Good</h2>
<ul>
<li>Cybersecurity professionals certainly serve the public good:
<ul>
<li>Help create cryptosystems to secure data</li>
<li>Ensure safety of online systems</li>
<li>Protect privacy</li>
<li>Etc.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="affecting-the-public" class="slide level2">
<h2>Affecting the public…</h2>
<iframe class="stretch" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yZjCQ3T5yXo?rel=0" data-autoplay="">
</iframe>
<p>(courtesy of Mark Sherriff’s CS 3240 slides; direct link is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yZjCQ3T5yXo?rel=0">here</a>)</p>
</section>
<section id="stakeholders" class="slide level2">
<h2>Stakeholders</h2>
<ul>
<li>There are many stakeholders involved, but the primary ones are:
<ul>
<li>The users of the system, who want it to be secure</li>
<li>The entity paying for the development, who wants to keep costs down</li>
</ul></li>
<li>These create conflicting goals: security versus low cost
<ul>
<li>It is a balancing act to find the right balance between the two</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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</section></section>
<section>
<section id="ethical-frameworks" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Ethical Frameworks</h1>
</section>
<section id="so-where-are-we" class="slide level2">
<h2>So where are we?</h2>
<ul>
<li>We can assume that we now understand the issues involved, who the public is, the stakeholders, etc.</li>
<li>How, then, do we make ethical decisions?</li>
<li>There are no clear guidelines for how to balance these things</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="so-where-are-we-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>So where are we?</h2>
<ul>
<li>We’ll have to make decisions on a case-by-case basis</li>
<li>We see four frameworks to help us make these decisions
<ul>
<li>Virtue Ethics</li>
<li>Consequentialist Ethics</li>
<li>Utilitarian Ethics</li>
<li>Deontological ethics</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="virtue-ethics" class="slide level2">
<h2>Virtue Ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li>Rather than right or wrong…
<ul>
<li>Or good actions and bad actions…</li>
</ul></li>
<li>…this focuses on what a virtuous person would do</li>
<li>So what would a ‘morally excellent person’ do?
<ul>
<li>Examples: habit of moderation, virtue of prudence, practical wisdom, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>This is a <em>thought experiment</em> to be considered</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="virtue-ethics-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Virtue Ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li>How does this help?</li>
<li>Three ways:
<ul>
<li>Help us understand if we have a moral and ethical obligation, and if so, then to who</li>
<li>Help us determine which (moral and ethical) standards to follow</li>
<li>Helps us cultivate practical wisdom and good judgment</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="virtue-ethics-2" class="slide level2">
<h2>Virtue Ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li>These can be culturally relative</li>
<li>Consider a benign example of this cultural relativity:
<ul>
<li>Aristotle proposed nine important virtues: wisdom, prudence, justice, fortitude, courage, liberality, magnificence, magnanimity, and temperance</li>
<li>A modern ethicist proposed four: ambition/humility, love, courage, and honesty</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="virtue-ethics-3" class="slide level2">
<h2>Virtue Ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li>These can be culturally relative</li>
<li>Consider a non-benign example of this cultural relativity:
<ul>
<li>Sexism or racism: in the past, this was accepted as an accepted part of society
<ul>
<li>Think of societies where slavery exists, or women are second-class citizens</li>
<li>They exist today! They are not all in the past!</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="consequentialist-ethics" class="slide level2">
<h2>Consequentialist Ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li>Consider what the consequences of our actions will be
<ul>
<li>Also called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li>“<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialism">A morally right action is one that will produce a good outcome or consequence</a>”</li>
<li>Do the ends justify the means?
<ul>
<li>An extreme interpretation of Consequentialism</li>
<li>Like how terrorism is an extreme interpretation of religion</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="utilitarian-ethics" class="slide level2">
<h2>Utilitarian ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li>Consider what the ‘greatest good’ is
<ul>
<li>Here, ‘good’ is happiness, pleasure, or absence of pain (emotional, physical, etc.)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Many utilitarians believe that a society that maximizes individual rights and justice leads to the greatest common good (in the long run)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="utilitarian-ethics-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Utilitarian ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>Gross National Happiness: a real-world application of Utilitarian ethics</p></li>
<li><p>A philosophy that guides the government of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness">Bhutan</a> > [Gross National Happiness is] an index which is used to measure the collective happiness and well-being of a population</p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness">Wikipedia</a></p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="utilitarian-ethics-2" class="slide level2">
<h2>Utilitarian ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li>Would an action that hurt one person but helped society be valid ethically?
<ul>
<li>Consider eminent domain seizure of property to build a highway</li>
</ul></li>
<li>What if it were a great injustice to an individual?
<ul>
<li>All these frameworks can be abused in the extreme</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="deontological-ethics" class="slide level2">
<h2>Deontological ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li>A rule-based or principle-based system
<ul>
<li>Some set of rules or principles inform us of our moral obligations</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Examples:
<ul>
<li>The ten commandments of the Abrahamic religions</li>
<li>A set of (secular) laws in a modern society</li>
<li>The idea of universal human rights</li>
<li>Kant’s Categorical imperative
<ul>
<li>Only act in a way that everybody else should act</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="deontological-ethics-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Deontological ethics</h2>
<ul>
<li>But what if the laws are immoral?
<ul>
<li>Again, consider societies where slavery or sexism exists
<ul>
<li>Or other forms of discrimination</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="abuses-of-ethical-frameworks" class="slide level2">
<h2>Abuses of ethical frameworks</h2>
<ul>
<li>All these frameworks can be abused in the extreme
<ul>
<li>Virtue ethics: can be culturally relative</li>
<li>Consequentialist ethics: do the ends justify the means?</li>
<li>Utilitarian ethics: sacrifice one individual’s rights for the good of the many</li>
<li>Deontological ethics: what if the laws are immoral?</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="how-to-proceed" class="slide level2">
<h2>How to proceed</h2>
<ul>
<li>Consider multiple frameworks
<ul>
<li>An abuse of one framework is likely not permissible in another framework</li>
</ul></li>
<li>These things will take time to figure out!</li>
</ul>
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</section></section>
<section>
<section id="best-practices" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Best Practices</h1>
</section>
<section id="cybersecurity-not-compliance" class="slide level2">
<h2>Cybersecurity, not compliance</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong><em>Keep Cybersecurity Ethics in the Spotlight – and Out of the Compliance Box</em></strong></li>
<li>Don’t think of ethics as a compliance issue
<ul>
<li>Instead, make these decisions an integral part of what you do</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Compliance indicates following the legal framework, which often does not keep up
<ul>
<li>It is often that what is legal is unethical</li>
<li>Less often, what is ethical is illegal</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="consider-interests-involved" class="slide level2">
<h2>Consider interests involved</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong><em>Consider the Human Lives and Interests Behind the Systems</em></strong></li>