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From: <Saved by Blink>
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Subject: IP networks and subnets - Wireshark Revealed: Essential Skills for IT Professionals
Date: Sat, 23 Mar 2019 19:31:39 -0000
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<div id=3D"sbo-rt-content" style=3D"transform: none;"><div class=3D"annotat=
or-wrapper"><div class=3D"section"><div class=3D"titlepage"><div><div><h1 c=
lass=3D"title"><a id=3D"ch02lvl1sec12"></a>IP networks and subnets</h1></di=
v></div></div><p>Before moving<a id=3D"id124" class=3D"indexterm"></a> on, =
a short review of typical IP subnetting terms and typical applications shou=
ld help clarify the terms used in this book and will act as a refresher for=
those already versed in IP addressing.</p><p>A <code class=3D"literal">/24=
</code> designator placed after a network IP address in diagrams or device =
configurations is a <span class=3D"strong"><strong>Classless Inter-Domain R=
outing</strong></span> (<span class=3D"strong"><strong>CIDR</strong></span>=
) designator<a id=3D"id125" class=3D"indexterm"></a> that indicates the fol=
lowing:</p><div class=3D"itemizedlist"><ul class=3D"itemizedlist"><li class=
=3D"listitem" style=3D"list-style-type: disc">The first 24 out of the 32 bi=
ts in the 4-byte IP address represents the network portion of any IP addres=
s on this network. This network is designated as <code class=3D"literal">10=
.1.1.0</code> (the next <code class=3D"literal">/24</code> network would be=
<code class=3D"literal">10.1.2.0</code>, then <code class=3D"literal">10.1=
.3.0</code>, and so on).</li><li class=3D"listitem" style=3D"list-style-typ=
e: disc">The last 8 bits of the 32-bit address can be used to give workstat=
ions, hosts, and other devices an IP address, with the following exceptions=
:<div class=3D"itemizedlist"><ul class=3D"itemizedlist"><li class=3D"listit=
em" style=3D"list-style-type: disc">The first host address on this network =
is reserved as a network designator to build routing tables: <code class=3D=
"literal">10.1.1.0</code> (typically called the loopback address)</li><li c=
lass=3D"listitem" style=3D"list-style-type: disc">The last <span class=3D"e=
mphasis"><em>host</em></span> address on this network is reserved as an IP =
broadcast address: <code class=3D"literal">10.1.1.255</code></li></ul></div=
><p>The 8 bits binary is equal to 256 decimal, minus the preceding two exce=
ptions. This leaves 254 usable IP addresses for devices, starting with <cod=
e class=3D"literal">10.1.1.1</code>, <code class=3D"literal">10.1.1.2</code=
>, and so on up to <code class=3D"literal">10.1.1.254</code>.</p></li><li c=
lass=3D"listitem" style=3D"list-style-type: disc">Another way of expressing=
subnet masks is in a dotted decimal format, <code class=3D"literal">255.25=
5.255.0</code>, which again indicates that the first 24 bits of an IP addre=
ss is the network and the remaining 8 bits are for hosts.</li><li class=3D"=
listitem" style=3D"list-style-type: disc">There are Class A, Class B, and C=
lass C address ranges, as well as a subset of IP ranges reserved as private=
addresses to use within organizations.<p>The following table <a id=3D"id12=
6" class=3D"indexterm"></a>shows the IP address ranges in the three major c=
lasses:</p><div class=3D"informaltable"><table border=3D"1"><colgroup><col =
style=3D"text-align: left"><col style=3D"text-align: left"><col style=3D"te=
xt-align: left"></colgroup><thead><tr><th style=3D"text-align: left" valign=
=3D"bottom">
<p>Class of IP address</p>
</th><th style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"bottom">
<p>Starting IP address</p>
</th><th style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"bottom">
<p>Ending IP address</p>
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>A</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">1.0.0.0</code>
</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">126.255.255.255</code>
</p>
</td></tr><tr><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>B</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">128.0.0.0</code>
</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">191.255.255.255</code>
</p>
</td></tr><tr><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>C</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">192.0.0.0</code>
</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">223.255.255.255</code>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The following table shows the <a id=3D"i=
d127" class=3D"indexterm"></a>private IP address ranges:</p><div class=3D"i=
nformaltable"><table border=3D"1"><colgroup><col style=3D"text-align: left"=
><col style=3D"text-align: left"><col style=3D"text-align: left"></colgroup=
><thead><tr><th style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"bottom">
<p>Class of private IP addresses</p>
</th><th style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"bottom">
<p>Starting IP address</p>
</th><th style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"bottom">
<p>Ending IP address</p>
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>A</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">10.0.0.0</code>
</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">10.255.255.255</code>
</p>
</td></tr><tr><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>B</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">172.16.0.0</code>
</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">172.32.255.255</code>
</p>
</td></tr><tr><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>C</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">192.168.0.0</code>
</p>
</td><td style=3D"text-align: left" valign=3D"top">
<p>
<code class=3D"literal">192.168.255.255</code>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li class=3D"listitem" style=3D"list-s=
tyle-type: disc">Subnet <a id=3D"id128" class=3D"indexterm"></a>masks can b=
e configured to allow more or fewer hosts per subnet with a corresponding t=
radeoff in having fewer or greater network addresses with which to build mu=
ltiple networks within larger organizations.</li></ul></div><p>A deeper rev=
iew of IP addressing and subnetting is beyond the scope of this book. If yo=
u're not familiar with these concepts, some additional study would be advis=
able as a solid understanding of IP subnetting is essential for most analys=
is activities.</p></div><div class=3D"annotator-outer annotator-viewer view=
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