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Subject: Switching and routing packets - Wireshark Revealed: Essential Skills for IT Professionals
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<div id=3D"sbo-rt-content" style=3D"transform: none;"><div class=3D"annotat=
or-wrapper"><div class=3D"section"><div class=3D"titlepage"><div><div><h1 c=
lass=3D"title"><a id=3D"ch02lvl1sec13"></a>Switching and routing packets</h=
1></div></div></div><p>So far, we've <a id=3D"id129" class=3D"indexterm"></=
a>covered the topics required to discuss how packets of<a id=3D"id130" clas=
s=3D"indexterm"></a> data get routed from computer A to host B across LANs =
and/or WANs over distances that may range from across a room to across the =
globe. The important concepts to remember are that Ethernet frames work wit=
h switches and IP packets work with routers to accomplish this feat, which =
we'll cover in the next section.</p><div class=3D"section"><div class=3D"ti=
tlepage"><div><div><h2 class=3D"title"><a id=3D"ch02lvl2sec16"></a>Ethernet=
frames and switches</h2></div></div></div><p>To reiterate<a id=3D"id131" c=
lass=3D"indexterm"></a> what was outlined in the layer 2 (the data-link lay=
er) discussion, Ethernet frames are switched from the entry port to the app=
ropriate destination port based on the destination MAC address. Network swi=
tches build tables of which MAC addresses belong to each port, compare a fr=
ame's destination MAC address to these tables, and switch the frame to the =
appropriate egress port if the destination is on the same switch or out a t=
runk port to another switch or router otherwise.</p><p>Note that the first =
time a switch sees a destination MAC address it doesn't recognize, it sends=
the packet (which will usually be an ARP packet) out all the ports until a=
device answers and it can add the new MAC address to its <span class=3D"st=
rong"><strong>content addressable memory</strong></span> (<span class=3D"st=
rong"><strong>CAM</strong></span>) table<a id=3D"id132" class=3D"indexterm"=
></a> that maps MAC addresses to specific ports.</p><p>Frames carrying <a i=
d=3D"id133" class=3D"indexterm"></a>packets destined for remote networks ar=
e sent to the default gateway port MAC address. If you look at a list of MA=
C addresses in the <span class=3D"strong"><strong>Ethernet</strong></span> =
tab of a <span class=3D"strong"><strong>Conversations</strong></span> table=
in Wireshark and see an address with a drastically higher volume of traffi=
c than the other stations, this is likely a default gateway (router) port M=
AC address. This port is the pathway into/out of this LAN from/to other net=
works.</p><p>On any given LAN, you'll see workstations, servers, and router=
s generating<a id=3D"id134" class=3D"indexterm"></a> ARP and <span class=3D=
"strong"><strong>Domain Name Service</strong></span> (<span class=3D"strong=
"><strong>DNS</strong></span>)<a id=3D"id135" class=3D"indexterm"></a> requ=
ests:</p><div class=3D"itemizedlist"><ul class=3D"itemizedlist"><li class=
=3D"listitem" style=3D"list-style-type: disc"><span class=3D"strong"><stron=
g>ARP</strong></span>: This is used to resolve IP addresses to MAC addresse=
s</li><li class=3D"listitem" style=3D"list-style-type: disc"><span class=3D=
"strong"><strong>DNS</strong></span>: This is used to resolve hostnames to =
IP addresses</li></ul></div><p>In the following diagram, there are two user=
workstations and a server that are connected together in a LAN residing on=
the <code class=3D"literal">10.1.1.0/24</code> IP network. A router is att=
ached to this network, which has a WAN link to another location.</p><div cl=
ass=3D"mediaobject"><img src=3D"https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/w=
ireshark-revealed-essential/9781788833226/graphics/4638OS_02_09.jpg" alt=3D=
"Ethernet frames and switches" width=3D"700" height=3D"433" data-mfp-src=3D=
"/library/view/wireshark-revealed-essential/9781788833226/graphics/4638OS_0=
2_09.jpg"></div><p>The following two scenarios leverage this drawing to sho=
w how MAC addresses are utilized to switch Ethernet frames around local are=
a networks:</p><div class=3D"itemizedlist"><ul class=3D"itemizedlist"><li c=
lass=3D"listitem" style=3D"list-style-type: disc">The workstation with MAC =
address B wants to use an application on the server Venus, which is unknown=
to all the network devices as it was just powered up. The workstation know=
s the IP address of Venus as the IP address was <a id=3D"id136" class=3D"in=
dexterm"></a>preconfigured in the client application, but it doesn't know t=
he server's MAC address.<p>The workstation broadcasts an ARP packet with it=
s own MAC and IP address as the sender, the IP address of the Venus server,=
and all the zeros for the MAC address in the <span class=3D"strong"><stron=
g>Target</strong></span> fields. Venus responds to the workstation with an =
ARP response that includes its MAC address of C in the sender MAC address.<=
/p><p>The workstation then sends a session initiation packet to the server =
using the server's MAC address as the destination MAC in the Ethernet frame=
.</p><p>These Ethernet frames traversed switch 3, which learned both device=
s' MAC addresses from observing the ARP conversations. The rest of the swit=
ches in the LAN network learned workstation C's MAC address when it broadca=
sted its ARP packet (because switch 3 sent this ARP packet out all ports), =
but not the server's MAC as the server responded directly to C.</p></li><li=
class=3D"listitem" style=3D"list-style-type: disc">The workstation with MA=
C address A now wants to use an application on the server Venus. It doesn't=
know the server's MAC address either, so it sends an ARP request as well, =
which switch 2 broadcasts out all its ports, as does switch 1 and switch 3 =
as the switches only look at MAC addresses and the destination MAC address =
of any ARP request is <span class=3D"strong"><strong>ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff</str=
ong></span>, so each switch is obliged to send the broadcast frame out all =
ports.<p>However, when the server Venus responds to A's ARP packet, using A=
's MAC address, each switch in the path has learned which ports it saw A's =
MAC address come in on. So, each switch only sends Venus' response out the =
appropriate port back to workstation A. The same is true for learned non-br=
oadcast frames. If a switch doesn't recognize a destination MAC address of =
a nonbroadcast frame, these are sent out all ports the first time as well.<=
/p><p>As switch CAM tables get populated with MAC addresses and their assoc=
iated ports, the number of frames that must be sent to every device in the =
LAN as well as the workload on all these devices is reduced significantly.<=
/p></li></ul></div></div><div class=3D"section"><div class=3D"titlepage"><d=
iv><div><h2 class=3D"title"><a id=3D"ch02lvl2sec17"></a>IP addresses and ro=
uters</h2></div></div></div><p>When <a id=3D"id137" class=3D"indexterm"></a=
>packets need to leave the LAN to get to a remote IP network, routers are r=
equired to route the packets based on their destination IP addresses. The f=
ollowing scenario (still referring to the preceding screenshot) illustrates=
some of the details involved in one possible situation.</p><p>Workstation =
A now wants to use an application on the server Mars, which resides on a di=
fferent network than in the previous scenarios. And in this case, workstati=
on A doesn't know the IP address of the server; it only needs its name. Wor=
kstation A will send a DNS request packet to the DNS server IP address conf=
igured in its network settings (the DNS server isn't shown here) with the h=
ostname Mars; the DNS server will return the IP address of Mars 10.1.2.25. =
Workstation A calculates that this host isn't on its own network from a com=
parison of its IP address and subnet mask with Mars' IP address, so it send=
s the session initiation packet to router 1, which was configured as its de=
fault gateway in its network settings. We'll assume that Workstation A alre=
ady knows the MAC address of router 1's port from a previous ARP exchange t=
o find router 1's MAC address from the given IP address.</p><p>When the rou=
ter receives A's frame, which was sent to the router port's MAC address, it=
inspects the destination IP address inside the IP header and looks up the =
appropriate port to forward the packet to. This routing process is supporte=
d by routing table entries the router builds from route information broadca=
sted by other routers; each router tells all the others what networks it kn=
ows a route to.</p><p>In this case, the Ethernet frame surrounding A's pack=
et is stripped off and the remaining payload (packet) is sent across the WA=
N link to router 2, which also inspects the IP header destination IP addres=
s and looks up the correct port to forward the packet to. Router 2 wraps th=
e packet in a new Ethernet frame with its own MAC address X as the source a=
nd the Mars server's Y address as the destination MAC (assuming the router =
already has the server in its MAC table), and transmits the packet out onto=
the LAN to get switched to the Mars server, as shown in the following diag=
ram:</p><div class=3D"mediaobject"><img src=3D"https://learning.oreilly.com=
/library/view/wireshark-revealed-essential/9781788833226/graphics/4638OS_02=
_10.jpg" alt=3D"IP addresses and routers" width=3D"700" height=3D"578" data=
-mfp-src=3D"/library/view/wireshark-revealed-essential/9781788833226/graphi=
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