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QUADMOD.HTM
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<!doctype html>
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<h1>Quadratic modular equation solver</h1>
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<noscript><p><strong>The calculator does not work with Javascript disabled. Please check your browser settings.</strong></p></noscript>
<div class="applet" id="valueapp">
<div id="equation">
<var>a</var>⁢<var>x</var>² + <var>b</var>⁢<var>x</var> + <var>c</var> ≡ 0 (mod <var>n</var>)
</div>
<div id="inputs">
<label for="quad">a</label> <input type="text" id="quad" inputmode="numeric" value="" class="input" aria-label="Quadratic coefficient">
<div class="lf"></div>
<label for="lin">b</label> <input type="text" id="lin" inputmode="numeric" value="" class="input" aria-label="Linear coefficient">
<div class="lf"></div>
<label for="const">c</label> <input type="text" id="const" inputmode="numeric" value="" class="input" aria-label="Constant coefficient">
<div class="lf"></div>
<label for="mod">n</label> <input type="text" id="mod" inputmode="numeric" value="" class="input">
</div>
<fieldset id="actions"><legend>Actions</legend>
<div class="actbtn">
<button type="button" id="solve" title="Find the values of x">Solve</button>
<button type="button" id="stop" title="Stop calculation">Stop</button>
<button type="button" id="helpbtn" title="Read information about this calculator">Help</button>
<button type="button" id="config" title="Change parameters used in the application">Config</button>
<button type="button" id="clrinput" title="Erase input boxes contents">Clear<br>input</button>
</div>
</fieldset>
<fieldset id="functions"><legend>Functions</legend>
<div>
<label for="funccat">Category:</label>
<select id="funccat">
<optgroup label="Functions or operators">
<option value="0" selected>Basic Math</option>
<option value="1">Comparisons</option>
<option value="2">Logic</option>
<option value="3">Divisibility</option>
<option value="4">Recreational Math</option>
<option value="5">Number Theory</option>
<option value="6">Other</option>
</optgroup>
</select>
</div>
<div id="funcbtns" class="funcbtns">
<button type="button">(</button>
<button type="button">)</button>
<button type="button">+</button>
<button type="button">-</button>
<button type="button">*</button>
<button type="button">/</button>
<button type="button">%</button>
<button type="button">^</button>
<button type="button">ans</button>
<button type="button">sqrt(</button><button type="button">iroot(</button>
<button type="button">Random(</button>
<button type="button">Abs(</button>
<button type="button">Sign(</button>
</div>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div id="help" aria-live="polite">
<p>This Web application can solve equations of the form <strong><var>a</var>⁢<var>x</var>² + <var>b</var>⁢<var>x</var> + <var>c</var> ≡ 0 (mod <var>n</var>)</strong> where the integer unknown <var>x</var> is in the range 0 ≤ <var>x</var> < <var>n</var>. In particular, it can find modular square roots by setting <var>a</var> = -1, <var>b</var> = 0, <var>c</var> = <span class="i">number whose root we want to find</span> and <var>n</var> = <var>modulus</var>.</p>
<p>You can type numbers or numerical expressions on the input boxes at the left.</p>
<p>The calculator accepts numbers of up to 10000 digits but notice that the modulus <var>n</var> should be factored (some large numbers cannot be factored in a reasonable amount of time). The factorization engine is the one used in the <a href="ECM.HTM">Elliptic Curve Method factorization applet</a>, that uses the methods ECM and SIQS.</p>
<p>When <var>a</var> is not zero, the number of solutions depends on the number of distinct prime factor of the modulus, so if the modulus has many small prime factors (say more than 14), the program could run out of memory, and it will not show any solution.</p>
<h2>Expressions</h2>
<p>You can also enter expressions that use the following operators and parentheses:</p>
<ul>
<li> + for addition</li>
<li> - for subtraction</li>
<li> * for multiplication</li>
<li> / for integer division</li>
<li> % for modulus (remainder of the integer division)</li>
<li> ^ or ** for exponentiation (the exponent must be greater than or equal to zero).</li>
<li> <strong><</strong>, <strong>==</strong>, <strong>></strong>; <strong><=</strong>, <strong>>=</strong>, != for comparisons. The operators return zero for false and -1 for true.</li>
<li> <strong>Ans</strong>: retrieves the last answer.</li>
<li> <strong>AND</strong>, <strong>OR</strong>, <strong>XOR</strong>, <strong>NOT</strong> for binary logic. The operations are done in binary (base 2). Positive (negative) numbers are prepended with an infinite number of bits set to zero (one).</li>
<li> <strong>SHL</strong> or <strong><<</strong>: When <var>b</var> ≥ 0, <var>a</var> SHL <var>b</var> shifts <var>a</var> left the number of bits specified by <var>b</var>. This is equivalent to <var>a</var> × 2<sup><var>b</var></sup>. Otherwise, <var>a</var> SHL <var>b</var> shifts <var>a</var> right the number of bits specified by −<var>b</var>. This is equivalent to floor(<var>a</var> / 2<sup>−<var>b</var></sup>). Example: 5 SHL 3 = 40.</li>
<li> <strong>SHR</strong> or <strong>>></strong>: When <var>b</var> ≥ 0, <var>a</var> SHR <var>b</var> shifts <var>a</var> right the number of bits specified by <var>b</var>. This is equivalent to floor(<var>a</var> / 2<sup><var>b</var></sup>). Otherwise, <var>a</var> SHR <var>b</var> shifts <var>a</var> left the number of bits specified by −<var>b</var>. This is equivalent to <var>a</var> × 2<sup>−<var>b</var></sup>. Example: -19 SHR 2 = -5.</li>
<li> <strong>n!</strong>: factorial (<var>n</var> must be greater than or equal to zero). Example: 6! = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 720.</li>
<li> <strong>n!! ... !</strong>: multiple factorial (<var>n</var> must be greater than or equal to zero). It is the product of <var>n</var> times <var>n</var> − <var>k</var> times <var>n</var> − <var>2k</var> ... (all numbers greater than zero) where <var>k</var> is the number of exclamation marks. Example: 7!! = 7 × 5 × 3 × 1 = 105.</li>
<li> <strong>p#</strong>: primorial (product of all primes less or equal than <var>p</var>). Example: 12# = 11 × 7 × 5 × 3 × 2 = 2310.</li>
<li> <strong>B(n)</strong>: Previous probable prime before <em>n</em>. Example: B(24) = 23.</li>
<li> <strong>F(n)</strong>: Fibonacci number F<sub>n</sub> from the sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, etc. where each element equals the sum of the previous two members of the sequence. Example: F(7) = 13.</li>
<li> <strong>L(n)</strong>: Lucas number L<sub>n</sub> = F<sub><var>n</var>-1</sub> + F<sub><var>n</var>+1</sub></li>
<li> <strong>N(n)</strong>: Next probable prime after <em>n</em>. Example: N(24) = 29.</li>
<li> <strong>P(n)</strong>: Unrestricted Partition Number (number of decompositions of <var>n</var> into sums of integers without regard to order). Example: P(4) = 5 because the number 4 can be partitioned in 5 different ways: 4 = 3+1 = 2+2 = 2+1+1 = 1+1+1+1.</li>
<li> <strong>Gcd(m,n, ...)</strong>: Greatest common divisor of these integers. Example: GCD(12, 16) = 4.</li>
<li> <strong>Lcm(m,n, ...)</strong>: Least common multiple of these integers. Example: LCM(12, 16, 24) = 48.</li>
<li> <strong>FloorDiv(m,n)</strong>: integer part of the quotient of <var>m</var> divided by <var>n</var>. Examples: floordiv(10, 7) = 1 and floordiv(-10, 7) = -2.</li>
<li> <strong>Mod(m,n)</strong>: value of <var>m</var> modulo the absolute value of <var>n</var>. Examples: Mod(10, 7) = 3 and Mod(-10, 7) = 4.</li>
<li> <strong>Modinv(m,n)</strong>: inverse of <var>m</var> modulo <var>n</var>, only valid when <var>m</var> and <var>n</var> are coprime, meaning that they do not have common factors. Example: Modinv(3,7) = 5 because 3 × 5 ≡ 1 (mod 7)</li>
<li> <strong>Modpow(m,n,r)</strong>: finds <var>m</var><sup><var>n</var></sup> modulo <var>r</var>. Example: Modpow(3, 4, 7) = 4, because 3<sup>4</sup> ≡ 4 (mod 7).</li>
<li> <strong>Totient(n)</strong>: finds the number of positive integers less than <var>n</var> which are relatively prime to <var>n</var>. Example: Totient(6) = 2 because 1 and 5 do not have common factors with 6.</li>
<li> <strong>Jacobi(m,n)</strong>: obtains the Jacobi symbol of <var>m</var> and <var>n</var>. When the second argument is prime, the result is zero when <var>m</var> is multiple of <var>n</var>, it is one if there is a solution of <var>x</var>² ≡ <var>m</var> (mod <var>n</var>) and it is equal to −1 when the mentioned congruence has no solution.</li>
<li> <strong>Random(m,n)</strong>: integer random number between <var>m</var> and <var>n</var>.</li>
<li> <strong>Abs(n)</strong>: absolute value of <var>n</var>.</li>
<li> <strong>Sign(n)</strong>: returns zero if <var>n</var> is zero, −1 if negative or 1 if positive.</li>
<li> <strong>IsPrime(n)</strong>: returns zero if <var>n</var> is not probable prime, −1 if it is. Example: IsPrime(5) = −1.</li>
<li> <strong>Sqrt(n)</strong>: Integer part of the square root of the argument.</li>
<li> <strong>Iroot(n,r)</strong>: Integer r-root of the first argument. Example: Iroot(8, 3) = 2.</li>
<li> <strong>NumDigits(n,r)</strong>: Number of digits of <var>n</var> in base <var>r</var>. Example: NumDigits(13, 2) = 4 because 13 in binary (base 2) is expressed as 1101.</li>
<li> <strong>SumDigits(n,r)</strong>: Sum of digits of <var>n</var> in base <var>r</var>. Example: SumDigits(213, 10) = 6 because the sum of the digits expressed in decimal is 2+1+3 = 6.</li>
<li> <strong>RevDigits(n,r)</strong>: finds the value obtained by writing backwards the digits of <var>n</var> in base <var>r</var>. Example: RevDigits(213, 10) = 312.</li>
</ul>
<p>You can use the prefix <em>0x</em> for hexadecimal numbers, for example 0x38 is equal to 56.</p>
<p>The exponentiation symbol is not present in some mobile devices, so two asterisks ** can by typed as the exponentiation operator.</p>
<div class="noand">
<h2>Configuration</h2>
<p>You can change settings for this application by pressing the Config button when a factorization is not in progress. A new window will pop up where you can select different settings:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Digits per group</strong>: In order to improve readability, big numbers are separated by spaces forming groups of a fixed number of digits. With this input box, you can determine the number of digits in a group.</li>
<li><strong>Keyboard</strong>: This enables the user to select between numeric or complete (alphanumeric) virtual keyboard. The virtual keyboard appears on the screen when the user selects an input box on touch screens.
</ul>
<p>The configuration is saved in your device, so when you start again the calculator, all settings remain the same.</p>
<h2>Source code</h2>
<p>You can download the source of the current program and the old quadratic modular equation applet from <a href="https://github.com/alpertron/calculators">GitHub</a>. Notice that the source code is in C language and you need the <a href="https://emscripten.org/docs/getting_started/downloads.html">Emscripten</a> environment in order to generate JavaScript.</p>
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<p>Written by Dario Alpern. Last updated 10 November 2024.</p>
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