diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/dataset/file_parquet_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/dataset/file_parquet_test.cc
index 2c05dcd9be459..536fcdb21c107 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/dataset/file_parquet_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/dataset/file_parquet_test.cc
@@ -85,7 +85,6 @@ class ParquetFormatHelper {
   static Status WriteRecordBatch(const RecordBatch& batch,
                                  parquet::arrow::FileWriter* writer) {
     auto schema = batch.schema();
-    auto size = batch.num_rows();
 
     if (!schema->Equals(*writer->schema(), false)) {
       return Status::Invalid("RecordBatch schema does not match this writer's. batch:'",
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ class ParquetFormatHelper {
                              "'");
     }
 
-    RETURN_NOT_OK(writer->NewRowGroup(size));
+    RETURN_NOT_OK(writer->NewRowGroup());
     for (int i = 0; i < batch.num_columns(); i++) {
       RETURN_NOT_OK(writer->WriteColumnChunk(*batch.column(i)));
     }
diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc
index f8e639176aba3..9ea27b983131f 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ class ParquetIOTestBase : public ::testing::Test {
     ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(FileWriter::Make(::arrow::default_memory_pool(),
                                         MakeWriter(schema), arrow_schema,
                                         default_arrow_writer_properties(), &writer));
-    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->NewRowGroup(values->length()));
+    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->NewRowGroup());
     ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->WriteColumnChunk(*values));
     ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->Close());
     // writer->Close() should be idempotent
@@ -1053,7 +1053,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(TestParquetIO, SingleColumnRequiredChunkedWrite) {
                                       this->MakeWriter(schema), arrow_schema,
                                       default_arrow_writer_properties(), &writer));
   for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->NewRowGroup(chunk_size));
+    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->NewRowGroup());
     std::shared_ptr<Array> sliced_array = values->Slice(i * chunk_size, chunk_size);
     ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->WriteColumnChunk(*sliced_array));
   }
@@ -1126,7 +1126,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(TestParquetIO, SingleColumnOptionalChunkedWrite) {
                                       this->MakeWriter(schema), arrow_schema,
                                       default_arrow_writer_properties(), &writer));
   for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->NewRowGroup(chunk_size));
+    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->NewRowGroup());
     std::shared_ptr<Array> sliced_array = values->Slice(i * chunk_size, chunk_size);
     ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->WriteColumnChunk(*sliced_array));
   }
@@ -5128,7 +5128,7 @@ class TestIntegerAnnotateDecimalTypeParquetIO : public TestParquetIO<TestType> {
         ::arrow::default_memory_pool(),
         ParquetFileWriter::Open(this->sink_, schema_node, writer_properties),
         arrow_schema, default_arrow_writer_properties(), &writer));
-    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->NewRowGroup(values->length()));
+    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->NewRowGroup());
     ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->WriteColumnChunk(*values));
     ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(writer->Close());
   }
@@ -5460,7 +5460,7 @@ TEST(TestArrowReadWrite, OperationsOnClosedWriter) {
   // Operations on closed writer are invalid
   ASSERT_OK(writer->Close());
 
-  ASSERT_RAISES(Invalid, writer->NewRowGroup(1));
+  ASSERT_RAISES(Invalid, writer->NewRowGroup());
   ASSERT_RAISES(Invalid, writer->WriteColumnChunk(table->column(0), 0, 1));
   ASSERT_RAISES(Invalid, writer->NewBufferedRowGroup());
   ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto record_batch, table->CombineChunksToBatch());
diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.cc b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.cc
index 463713df1b1aa..c6d86648c1d63 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.cc
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ class FileWriterImpl : public FileWriter {
                                 default_arrow_reader_properties(), &schema_manifest_);
   }
 
-  Status NewRowGroup(int64_t chunk_size) override {
+  Status NewRowGroup() override {
     RETURN_NOT_OK(CheckClosed());
     if (row_group_writer_ != nullptr) {
       PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(row_group_writer_->Close());
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ class FileWriterImpl : public FileWriter {
     }
 
     auto WriteRowGroup = [&](int64_t offset, int64_t size) {
-      RETURN_NOT_OK(NewRowGroup(size));
+      RETURN_NOT_OK(NewRowGroup());
       for (int i = 0; i < table.num_columns(); i++) {
         RETURN_NOT_OK(WriteColumnChunk(table.column(i), offset, size));
       }
diff --git a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.h b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.h
index 4e1ddafd9a082..e36b8f252c750 100644
--- a/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.h
+++ b/cpp/src/parquet/arrow/writer.h
@@ -87,9 +87,14 @@ class PARQUET_EXPORT FileWriter {
   /// \brief Start a new row group.
   ///
   /// Returns an error if not all columns have been written.
+  virtual ::arrow::Status NewRowGroup() = 0;
+
+  /// \brief Start a new row group.
   ///
-  /// \param chunk_size the number of rows in the next row group.
-  virtual ::arrow::Status NewRowGroup(int64_t chunk_size) = 0;
+  /// \deprecated Deprecated in 19.0.0.
+  ARROW_DEPRECATED(
+      "Deprecated in 19.0.0. Use NewRowGroup() without the `chunk_size` argument.")
+  virtual ::arrow::Status NewRowGroup(int64_t chunk_size) { return NewRowGroup(); }
 
   /// \brief Write ColumnChunk in row group using an array.
   virtual ::arrow::Status WriteColumnChunk(const ::arrow::Array& data) = 0;