diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b945325..6cd960f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -317,13 +317,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-trait"
-version = "0.1.80"
+version = "0.1.81"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c6fa2087f2753a7da8cc1c0dbfcf89579dd57458e36769de5ac750b4671737ca"
+checksum = "6e0c28dcc82d7c8ead5cb13beb15405b57b8546e93215673ff8ca0349a028107"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ checksum = "3c87f3f15e7794432337fc718554eaa4dc8f04c9677a950ffe366f20a162ae42"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -478,9 +478,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "blake3"
-version = "1.5.1"
+version = "1.5.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30cca6d3674597c30ddf2c587bf8d9d65c9a84d2326d941cc79c9842dfe0ef52"
+checksum = "3d08263faac5cde2a4d52b513dadb80846023aade56fcd8fc99ba73ba8050e92"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayref",
  "arrayvec",
@@ -637,9 +637,9 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.0.104"
+version = "1.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "74b6a57f98764a267ff415d50a25e6e166f3831a5071af4995296ea97d210490"
+checksum = "47de7e88bbbd467951ae7f5a6f34f70d1b4d9cfce53d5fd70f74ebe118b3db56"
 dependencies = [
  "jobserver",
  "libc",
@@ -1070,12 +1070,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "darling"
-version = "0.20.9"
+version = "0.20.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "83b2eb4d90d12bdda5ed17de686c2acb4c57914f8f921b8da7e112b5a36f3fe1"
+checksum = "6f63b86c8a8826a49b8c21f08a2d07338eec8d900540f8630dc76284be802989"
 dependencies = [
- "darling_core 0.20.9",
- "darling_macro 0.20.9",
+ "darling_core 0.20.10",
+ "darling_macro 0.20.10",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1094,15 +1094,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "darling_core"
-version = "0.20.9"
+version = "0.20.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "622687fe0bac72a04e5599029151f5796111b90f1baaa9b544d807a5e31cd120"
+checksum = "95133861a8032aaea082871032f5815eb9e98cef03fa916ab4500513994df9e5"
 dependencies = [
  "fnv",
  "ident_case",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1118,13 +1118,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "darling_macro"
-version = "0.20.9"
+version = "0.20.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "733cabb43482b1a1b53eee8583c2b9e8684d592215ea83efd305dd31bc2f0178"
+checksum = "d336a2a514f6ccccaa3e09b02d41d35330c07ddf03a62165fcec10bb561c7806"
 dependencies = [
- "darling_core 0.20.9",
+ "darling_core 0.20.10",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@ checksum = "5f33878137e4dafd7fa914ad4e259e18a4e8e532b9617a2d0150262bf53abfce"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1259,9 +1259,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "document-features"
-version = "0.2.8"
+version = "0.2.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ef5282ad69563b5fc40319526ba27e0e7363d552a896f0297d54f767717f9b95"
+checksum = "cb6969eaabd2421f8a2775cfd2471a2b634372b4a25d41e3bd647b79912850a0"
 dependencies = [
  "litrs",
 ]
@@ -1388,10 +1388,10 @@ version = "0.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e08b6c6ab82d70f08844964ba10c7babb716de2ecaeab9be5717918a5177d3af"
 dependencies = [
- "darling 0.20.9",
+ "darling 0.20.10",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1546,7 +1546,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "reqwest",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
  "toml 0.7.8",
  "walkdir",
 ]
@@ -1564,7 +1564,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "serde_json",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1590,7 +1590,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "strum",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
  "tempfile",
  "thiserror",
  "tiny-keccak",
@@ -1915,7 +1915,7 @@ checksum = "87750cf4b7a4c0625b1529e4c543c2182106e4dedc60a2a6455e00d212c489ac"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2239,9 +2239,9 @@ checksum = "df3b46402a9d5adb4c86a0cf463f42e19994e3ee891101b1841f30a545cb49a9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper"
-version = "0.14.29"
+version = "0.14.30"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f361cde2f109281a220d4307746cdfd5ee3f410da58a70377762396775634b33"
+checksum = "a152ddd61dfaec7273fe8419ab357f33aee0d914c5f4efbf0d96fa749eea5ec9"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "futures-channel",
@@ -2854,7 +2854,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro-crate 1.3.1",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2874,9 +2874,9 @@ checksum = "3fdb12b2476b595f9358c5161aa467c2438859caa136dec86c26fdd2efe17b92"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
-version = "11.1.3"
+version = "11.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0ab1bc2a289d34bd04a330323ac98a1b4bc82c9d9fcb1e66b63caa84da26b575"
+checksum = "b410bbe7e14ab526a0e86877eb47c6996a2bd7746f027ba551028c925390e4e9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "open-fastrlp"
@@ -2926,7 +2926,7 @@ checksum = "a948666b637a0f465e8564c73e89d4dde00d72d4d473cc972f390fc3dcee7d9c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3109,7 +3109,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "phf_shared 0.11.2",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3147,7 +3147,7 @@ checksum = "2f38a4412a78282e09a2cf38d195ea5420d15ba0602cb375210efbc877243965"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3231,7 +3231,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5f12335488a2f3b0a83b14edad48dca9879ce89b2edd10e80237e4e852dd645e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3617,7 +3617,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rkyv_derive",
  "seahash",
  "tinyvec",
- "uuid 1.9.1",
+ "uuid 1.10.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3826,7 +3826,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "serde_derive_internals",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3929,9 +3929,9 @@ checksum = "cd0b0ec5f1c1ca621c432a25813d8d60c88abe6d3e08a3eb9cf37d97a0fe3d73"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.203"
+version = "1.0.204"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7253ab4de971e72fb7be983802300c30b5a7f0c2e56fab8abfc6a214307c0094"
+checksum = "bc76f558e0cbb2a839d37354c575f1dc3fdc6546b5be373ba43d95f231bf7c12"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
@@ -3959,13 +3959,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.203"
+version = "1.0.204"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "500cbc0ebeb6f46627f50f3f5811ccf6bf00643be300b4c3eabc0ef55dc5b5ba"
+checksum = "e0cd7e117be63d3c3678776753929474f3b04a43a080c744d6b0ae2a8c28e222"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3976,7 +3976,7 @@ checksum = "18d26a20a969b9e3fdf2fc2d9f21eda6c40e2de84c9408bb5d3b05d499aae711"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4289,9 +4289,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.68"
+version = "2.0.71"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "901fa70d88b9d6c98022e23b4136f9f3e54e4662c3bc1bd1d84a42a9a0f0c1e9"
+checksum = "b146dcf730474b4bcd16c311627b31ede9ab149045db4d6088b3becaea046462"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -4344,9 +4344,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "target-lexicon"
-version = "0.12.14"
+version = "0.12.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e1fc403891a21bcfb7c37834ba66a547a8f402146eba7265b5a6d88059c9ff2f"
+checksum = "4873307b7c257eddcb50c9bedf158eb669578359fb28428bef438fec8e6ba7c2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
@@ -4481,9 +4481,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tinyvec"
-version = "1.6.1"
+version = "1.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c55115c6fbe2d2bef26eb09ad74bde02d8255476fc0c7b515ef09fbb35742d82"
+checksum = "445e881f4f6d382d5f27c034e25eb92edd7c784ceab92a0937db7f2e9471b938"
 dependencies = [
  "tinyvec_macros",
 ]
@@ -4521,7 +4521,7 @@ checksum = "630bdcf245f78637c13ec01ffae6187cca34625e8c63150d424b59e55af2675e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4617,7 +4617,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_spanned",
  "toml_datetime",
- "toml_edit 0.22.14",
+ "toml_edit 0.22.15",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4655,9 +4655,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.22.14"
+version = "0.22.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f21c7aaf97f1bd9ca9d4f9e73b0a6c74bd5afef56f2bc931943a6e1c37e04e38"
+checksum = "d59a3a72298453f564e2b111fa896f8d07fabb36f51f06d7e875fc5e0b5a3ef1"
 dependencies = [
  "indexmap 2.2.6",
  "serde",
@@ -4692,7 +4692,7 @@ checksum = "34704c8d6ebcbc939824180af020566b01a7c01f80641264eba0999f6c2b6be7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4902,9 +4902,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.9.1"
+version = "1.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5de17fd2f7da591098415cff336e12965a28061ddace43b59cb3c430179c9439"
+checksum = "81dfa00651efa65069b0b6b651f4aaa31ba9e3c3ce0137aaad053604ee7e0314"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "valuable"
@@ -5113,7 +5113,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
@@ -5147,7 +5147,7 @@ checksum = "e94f17b526d0a461a191c78ea52bbce64071ed5c04c9ffe424dcb38f74171bb7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
@@ -5874,7 +5874,7 @@ checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5894,7 +5894,7 @@ checksum = "ce36e65b0d2999d2aafac989fb249189a141aee1f53c612c1f37d72631959f69"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.68",
+ "syn 2.0.71",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5938,9 +5938,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zstd-sys"
-version = "2.0.11+zstd.1.5.6"
+version = "2.0.12+zstd.1.5.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75652c55c0b6f3e6f12eb786fe1bc960396bf05a1eb3bf1f3691c3610ac2e6d4"
+checksum = "0a4e40c320c3cb459d9a9ff6de98cff88f4751ee9275d140e2be94a2b74e4c13"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "pkg-config",
diff --git a/benches/groth16.rs b/benches/groth16.rs
index e18af15..51847c9 100644
--- a/benches/groth16.rs
+++ b/benches/groth16.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use ark_circom::{read_zkey, CircomReduction, WitnessCalculator};
 use ark_std::rand::thread_rng;
 
-use ark_bn254::Bn254;
+use ark_bn254::{Bn254, Fr};
 use ark_groth16::Groth16;
 use wasmer::Store;
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn bench_groth(c: &mut Criterion, num_validators: u32, num_constraints: u32) {
     )
     .unwrap();
     let full_assignment = wtns
-        .calculate_witness_element::<Bn254, _>(&mut store, inputs, false)
+        .calculate_witness_element::<Fr, _>(&mut store, inputs, false)
         .unwrap();
 
     let mut rng = thread_rng();
diff --git a/src/circom/builder.rs b/src/circom/builder.rs
index 2b1ab5d..f1842a0 100644
--- a/src/circom/builder.rs
+++ b/src/circom/builder.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use std::{fs::File, path::Path};
 use wasmer::Store;
 
+use ark_ff::PrimeField;
+
 use super::{CircomCircuit, R1CS};
 
 use num_bigint::BigInt;
@@ -14,21 +15,21 @@ use crate::{
 use color_eyre::Result;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct CircomBuilder<E: Pairing> {
-    pub cfg: CircomConfig<E>,
+pub struct CircomBuilder<F: PrimeField> {
+    pub cfg: CircomConfig<F>,
     pub inputs: HashMap<String, Vec<BigInt>>,
 }
 
 // Add utils for creating this from files / directly from bytes
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct CircomConfig<E: Pairing> {
-    pub r1cs: R1CS<E>,
+pub struct CircomConfig<F: PrimeField> {
+    pub r1cs: R1CS<F>,
     pub wtns: WitnessCalculator,
     pub store: Store,
     pub sanity_check: bool,
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> CircomConfig<E> {
+impl<F: PrimeField> CircomConfig<F> {
     pub fn new(wtns: impl AsRef<Path>, r1cs: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
         let mut store = Store::default();
         let wtns = WitnessCalculator::new(&mut store, wtns).unwrap();
@@ -56,10 +57,10 @@ impl<E: Pairing> CircomConfig<E> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> CircomBuilder<E> {
+impl<F: PrimeField> CircomBuilder<F> {
     /// Instantiates a new builder using the provided WitnessGenerator and R1CS files
     /// for your circuit
-    pub fn new(cfg: CircomConfig<E>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(cfg: CircomConfig<F>) -> Self {
         Self {
             cfg,
             inputs: HashMap::new(),
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ impl<E: Pairing> CircomBuilder<E> {
 
     /// Generates an empty circom circuit with no witness set, to be used for
     /// generation of the trusted setup parameters
-    pub fn setup(&self) -> CircomCircuit<E> {
+    pub fn setup(&self) -> CircomCircuit<F> {
         let mut circom = CircomCircuit {
             r1cs: self.cfg.r1cs.clone(),
             witness: None,
@@ -88,11 +89,11 @@ impl<E: Pairing> CircomBuilder<E> {
 
     /// Creates the circuit populated with the witness corresponding to the previously
     /// provided inputs
-    pub fn build(mut self) -> Result<CircomCircuit<E>> {
+    pub fn build(mut self) -> Result<CircomCircuit<F>> {
         let mut circom = self.setup();
 
         // calculate the witness
-        let witness = self.cfg.wtns.calculate_witness_element::<E, _>(
+        let witness = self.cfg.wtns.calculate_witness_element::<F, _>(
             &mut self.cfg.store,
             self.inputs,
             self.cfg.sanity_check,
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ impl<E: Pairing> CircomBuilder<E> {
         // sanity check
         debug_assert!({
             use ark_relations::r1cs::{ConstraintSynthesizer, ConstraintSystem};
-            let cs = ConstraintSystem::<E::ScalarField>::new_ref();
+            let cs = ConstraintSystem::<F>::new_ref();
             circom.clone().generate_constraints(cs.clone()).unwrap();
             let is_satisfied = cs.is_satisfied().unwrap();
             if !is_satisfied {
diff --git a/src/circom/circuit.rs b/src/circom/circuit.rs
index 32a0466..4954279 100644
--- a/src/circom/circuit.rs
+++ b/src/circom/circuit.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,21 @@
-use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use ark_relations::r1cs::{
     ConstraintSynthesizer, ConstraintSystemRef, LinearCombination, SynthesisError, Variable,
 };
 
+use ark_ff::PrimeField;
+
 use super::R1CS;
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct CircomCircuit<E: Pairing> {
-    pub r1cs: R1CS<E>,
-    pub witness: Option<Vec<E::ScalarField>>,
+pub struct CircomCircuit<F: PrimeField> {
+    pub r1cs: R1CS<F>,
+    pub witness: Option<Vec<F>>,
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> CircomCircuit<E> {
-    pub fn get_public_inputs(&self) -> Option<Vec<E::ScalarField>> {
+impl<F: PrimeField> CircomCircuit<F> {
+    pub fn get_public_inputs(&self) -> Option<Vec<F>> {
         match &self.witness {
             None => None,
             Some(w) => match &self.r1cs.wire_mapping {
@@ -25,11 +26,8 @@ impl<E: Pairing> CircomCircuit<E> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> ConstraintSynthesizer<E::ScalarField> for CircomCircuit<E> {
-    fn generate_constraints(
-        self,
-        cs: ConstraintSystemRef<E::ScalarField>,
-    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
+impl<F: PrimeField> ConstraintSynthesizer<F> for CircomCircuit<F> {
+    fn generate_constraints(self, cs: ConstraintSystemRef<F>) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
         let witness = &self.witness;
         let wire_mapping = &self.r1cs.wire_mapping;
 
@@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ impl<E: Pairing> ConstraintSynthesizer<E::ScalarField> for CircomCircuit<E> {
         for i in 1..self.r1cs.num_inputs {
             cs.new_input_variable(|| {
                 Ok(match witness {
-                    None => E::ScalarField::from(1u32),
+                    None => F::from(1u32),
                     Some(w) => match wire_mapping {
                         Some(m) => w[m[i]],
                         None => w[i],
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ impl<E: Pairing> ConstraintSynthesizer<E::ScalarField> for CircomCircuit<E> {
         for i in 0..self.r1cs.num_aux {
             cs.new_witness_variable(|| {
                 Ok(match witness {
-                    None => E::ScalarField::from(1u32),
+                    None => F::from(1u32),
                     Some(w) => match wire_mapping {
                         Some(m) => w[m[i + self.r1cs.num_inputs]],
                         None => w[i + self.r1cs.num_inputs],
@@ -65,12 +63,10 @@ impl<E: Pairing> ConstraintSynthesizer<E::ScalarField> for CircomCircuit<E> {
                 Variable::Witness(index - self.r1cs.num_inputs)
             }
         };
-        let make_lc = |lc_data: &[(usize, E::ScalarField)]| {
+        let make_lc = |lc_data: &[(usize, F)]| {
             lc_data.iter().fold(
-                LinearCombination::<E::ScalarField>::zero(),
-                |lc: LinearCombination<E::ScalarField>, (index, coeff)| {
-                    lc + (*coeff, make_index(*index))
-                },
+                LinearCombination::<F>::zero(),
+                |lc: LinearCombination<F>, (index, coeff)| lc + (*coeff, make_index(*index)),
             )
         };
 
@@ -90,12 +86,12 @@ impl<E: Pairing> ConstraintSynthesizer<E::ScalarField> for CircomCircuit<E> {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::{CircomBuilder, CircomConfig};
-    use ark_bn254::{Bn254, Fr};
+    use ark_bn254::Fr;
     use ark_relations::r1cs::ConstraintSystem;
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn satisfied() {
-        let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+        let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
             "./test-vectors/mycircuit.wasm",
             "./test-vectors/mycircuit.r1cs",
         )
diff --git a/src/circom/mod.rs b/src/circom/mod.rs
index 6ad7fd0..080eb2d 100644
--- a/src/circom/mod.rs
+++ b/src/circom/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
-
 pub mod r1cs_reader;
 pub use r1cs_reader::{R1CSFile, R1CS};
 
@@ -12,5 +10,5 @@ pub use builder::{CircomBuilder, CircomConfig};
 mod qap;
 pub use qap::CircomReduction;
 
-pub type Constraints<E> = (ConstraintVec<E>, ConstraintVec<E>, ConstraintVec<E>);
-pub type ConstraintVec<E> = Vec<(usize, <E as Pairing>::ScalarField)>;
+pub type Constraints<F> = (ConstraintVec<F>, ConstraintVec<F>, ConstraintVec<F>);
+pub type ConstraintVec<F> = Vec<(usize, F)>;
diff --git a/src/circom/r1cs_reader.rs b/src/circom/r1cs_reader.rs
index b5db104..95d3336 100644
--- a/src/circom/r1cs_reader.rs
+++ b/src/circom/r1cs_reader.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 //! R1CS circom file reader
 //! Copied from <https://github.com/poma/zkutil>
 //! Spec: <https://github.com/iden3/r1csfile/blob/master/doc/r1cs_bin_format.md>
+use ark_ff::PrimeField;
 use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ReadBytesExt};
 use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
 
-use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
-use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, SerializationError, SerializationError::IoError};
+use ark_serialize::{SerializationError, SerializationError::IoError};
 use ark_std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom};
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ type IoResult<T> = Result<T, SerializationError>;
 use super::{ConstraintVec, Constraints};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct R1CS<E: Pairing> {
+pub struct R1CS<F> {
     pub num_inputs: usize,
     pub num_aux: usize,
     pub num_variables: usize,
-    pub constraints: Vec<Constraints<E>>,
+    pub constraints: Vec<Constraints<F>>,
     pub wire_mapping: Option<Vec<usize>>,
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> From<R1CSFile<E>> for R1CS<E> {
-    fn from(file: R1CSFile<E>) -> Self {
+impl<F: PrimeField> From<R1CSFile<F>> for R1CS<F> {
+    fn from(file: R1CSFile<F>) -> Self {
         let num_inputs = (1 + file.header.n_pub_in + file.header.n_pub_out) as usize;
         let num_variables = file.header.n_wires as usize;
         let num_aux = num_variables - num_inputs;
@@ -38,20 +38,20 @@ impl<E: Pairing> From<R1CSFile<E>> for R1CS<E> {
     }
 }
 
-pub struct R1CSFile<E: Pairing> {
+pub struct R1CSFile<F: PrimeField> {
     pub version: u32,
     pub header: Header,
-    pub constraints: Vec<Constraints<E>>,
+    pub constraints: Vec<Constraints<F>>,
     pub wire_mapping: Vec<u64>,
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> R1CSFile<E> {
+impl<F: PrimeField> R1CSFile<F> {
     /// reader must implement the Seek trait, for example with a Cursor
     ///
     /// ```rust,ignore
     /// let reader = BufReader::new(Cursor::new(&data[..]));
     /// ```
-    pub fn new<R: Read + Seek>(mut reader: R) -> IoResult<R1CSFile<E>> {
+    pub fn new<R: Read + Seek>(mut reader: R) -> IoResult<R1CSFile<F>> {
         let mut magic = [0u8; 4];
         reader.read_exact(&mut magic)?;
         if magic != [0x72, 0x31, 0x63, 0x73] {
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl<E: Pairing> R1CSFile<E> {
 
         reader.seek(SeekFrom::Start(*constraint_offset?))?;
 
-        let constraints = read_constraints::<&mut R, E>(&mut reader, &header)?;
+        let constraints = read_constraints::<&mut R, F>(&mut reader, &header)?;
 
         let wire2label_offset = sec_offsets.get(&wire2label_type).ok_or_else(|| {
             Error::new(
@@ -200,29 +200,29 @@ impl Header {
     }
 }
 
-fn read_constraint_vec<R: Read, E: Pairing>(mut reader: R) -> IoResult<ConstraintVec<E>> {
+fn read_constraint_vec<R: Read, F: PrimeField>(mut reader: R) -> IoResult<ConstraintVec<F>> {
     let n_vec = reader.read_u32::<LittleEndian>()? as usize;
     let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(n_vec);
     for _ in 0..n_vec {
         vec.push((
             reader.read_u32::<LittleEndian>()? as usize,
-            E::ScalarField::deserialize_uncompressed(&mut reader)?,
+            F::deserialize_uncompressed(&mut reader)?,
         ));
     }
     Ok(vec)
 }
 
-fn read_constraints<R: Read, E: Pairing>(
+fn read_constraints<R: Read, F: PrimeField>(
     mut reader: R,
     header: &Header,
-) -> IoResult<Vec<Constraints<E>>> {
+) -> IoResult<Vec<Constraints<F>>> {
     // todo check section size
     let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(header.n_constraints as usize);
     for _ in 0..header.n_constraints {
         vec.push((
-            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, E>(&mut reader)?,
-            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, E>(&mut reader)?,
-            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, E>(&mut reader)?,
+            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, F>(&mut reader)?,
+            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, F>(&mut reader)?,
+            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, F>(&mut reader)?,
         ));
     }
     Ok(vec)
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ fn read_map<R: Read>(mut reader: R, size: u64, header: &Header) -> IoResult<Vec<
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use ark_bn254::{Bn254, Fr};
+    use ark_bn254::Fr;
     use ark_std::io::{BufReader, Cursor};
 
     #[test]
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
 
         let reader = BufReader::new(Cursor::new(&data[..]));
-        let file = R1CSFile::<Bn254>::new(reader).unwrap();
+        let file = R1CSFile::<Fr>::new(reader).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(file.version, 1);
 
         assert_eq!(file.header.field_size, 32);
diff --git a/src/witness/witness_calculator.rs b/src/witness/witness_calculator.rs
index ce73edc..3f00560 100644
--- a/src/witness/witness_calculator.rs
+++ b/src/witness/witness_calculator.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use super::{fnv, CircomBase, SafeMemory, Wasm};
+use ark_ff::PrimeField;
 use color_eyre::Result;
 use num_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_traits::Zero;
@@ -284,17 +285,16 @@ impl WitnessCalculator {
     }
 
     pub fn calculate_witness_element<
-        E: ark_ec::pairing::Pairing,
+        F: PrimeField,
         I: IntoIterator<Item = (String, Vec<BigInt>)>,
     >(
         &mut self,
         store: &mut Store,
         inputs: I,
         sanity_check: bool,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<E::ScalarField>> {
-        use ark_ff::PrimeField;
+    ) -> Result<Vec<F>> {
+        let modulus = F::MODULUS;
         let witness = self.calculate_witness(store, inputs, sanity_check)?;
-        let modulus = <E::ScalarField as PrimeField>::MODULUS;
 
         // convert it to field elements
         use num_traits::Signed;
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ impl WitnessCalculator {
                 } else {
                     w.to_biguint().unwrap()
                 };
-                E::ScalarField::from(w)
+                F::from(w)
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
diff --git a/src/zkey.rs b/src/zkey.rs
index 1df9cc4..db5a439 100644
--- a/src/zkey.rs
+++ b/src/zkey.rs
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut file = File::open(path).unwrap();
         let (params, _matrices) = read_zkey(&mut file).unwrap(); // binfile.proving_key().unwrap();
 
-        let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+        let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
             "./test-vectors/mycircuit.wasm",
             "./test-vectors/mycircuit.r1cs",
         )
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ mod tests {
         let s = ark_bn254::Fr::rand(rng);
 
         let full_assignment = wtns
-            .calculate_witness_element::<Bn254, _>(&mut store, inputs, false)
+            .calculate_witness_element::<Fr, _>(&mut store, inputs, false)
             .unwrap();
         let proof = Groth16::<Bn254, CircomReduction>::create_proof_with_reduction_and_matrices(
             &params,
diff --git a/tests/groth16.rs b/tests/groth16.rs
index 5d9400c..e90fa54 100644
--- a/tests/groth16.rs
+++ b/tests/groth16.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use ark_circom::{CircomBuilder, CircomConfig};
 use ark_std::rand::thread_rng;
 use color_eyre::Result;
 
-use ark_bn254::Bn254;
+use ark_bn254::{Bn254, Fr};
 use ark_crypto_primitives::snark::SNARK;
 use ark_groth16::Groth16;
 
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ type GrothBn = Groth16<Bn254>;
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn groth16_proof() -> Result<()> {
-    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit.wasm",
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit.r1cs",
     )?;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ async fn groth16_proof() -> Result<()> {
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn groth16_proof_wrong_input() {
-    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit.wasm",
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit.r1cs",
     )
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ async fn groth16_proof_wrong_input() {
 #[tokio::test]
 #[cfg(feature = "circom-2")]
 async fn groth16_proof_circom2() -> Result<()> {
-    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
         "./test-vectors/circom2_multiplier2.wasm",
         "./test-vectors/circom2_multiplier2.r1cs",
     )?;
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ async fn groth16_proof_circom2() -> Result<()> {
 #[tokio::test]
 #[cfg(feature = "circom-2")]
 async fn witness_generation_circom2() -> Result<()> {
-    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
         "./test-vectors/circom2_multiplier2.wasm",
         "./test-vectors/circom2_multiplier2.r1cs",
     )?;
diff --git a/tests/solidity.rs b/tests/solidity.rs
index c183709..bd7235d 100644
--- a/tests/solidity.rs
+++ b/tests/solidity.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use ark_circom::{ethereum, CircomBuilder, CircomConfig};
 use ark_std::rand::thread_rng;
 use color_eyre::Result;
 
-use ark_bn254::Bn254;
+use ark_bn254::{Bn254, Fr};
 use ark_crypto_primitives::snark::SNARK;
 use ark_groth16::Groth16;
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use std::{convert::TryFrom, sync::Arc};
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn solidity_verifier() -> Result<()> {
-    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit.wasm",
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit.r1cs",
     )?;
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ async fn solidity_verifier() -> Result<()> {
 // the ones expected by the abigen'd types. Could we maybe provide a convenience
 // macro for these, given that there's room for implementation error?
 abigen!(Groth16Verifier, "./tests/verifier_artifact.json");
-use groth_16_verifier::{G1Point, G2Point, Proof, VerifyingKey};
 impl From<ethereum::G1> for G1Point {
     fn from(src: ethereum::G1) -> Self {
         Self { x: src.x, y: src.y }