diff --git a/object_store/src/aws/client.rs b/object_store/src/aws/client.rs
index 51c917723ee..47249685b7b 100644
--- a/object_store/src/aws/client.rs
+++ b/object_store/src/aws/client.rs
@@ -290,6 +290,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Request<'a> {
     payload: Option<PutPayload>,
     use_session_creds: bool,
     idempotent: bool,
+    retry_on_conflict: bool,
     retry_error_body: bool,
 }
 
@@ -317,6 +318,13 @@ impl<'a> Request<'a> {
         Self { idempotent, ..self }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn retry_on_conflict(self, retry_on_conflict: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            retry_on_conflict,
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn retry_error_body(self, retry_error_body: bool) -> Self {
         Self {
             retry_error_body,
@@ -412,6 +420,7 @@ impl<'a> Request<'a> {
         self.builder
             .with_aws_sigv4(credential.authorizer(), sha)
             .retryable(&self.config.retry_config)
+            .retry_on_conflict(self.retry_on_conflict)
             .idempotent(self.idempotent)
             .retry_error_body(self.retry_error_body)
             .payload(self.payload)
@@ -448,6 +457,7 @@ impl S3Client {
             config: &self.config,
             use_session_creds: true,
             idempotent: false,
+            retry_on_conflict: false,
             retry_error_body: false,
         }
     }
diff --git a/object_store/src/aws/mod.rs b/object_store/src/aws/mod.rs
index 81511bad7b0..832173da9e8 100644
--- a/object_store/src/aws/mod.rs
+++ b/object_store/src/aws/mod.rs
@@ -199,7 +199,25 @@ impl ObjectStore for AmazonS3 {
                 match put {
                     S3ConditionalPut::ETagPutIfNotExists => Err(Error::NotImplemented),
                     S3ConditionalPut::ETagMatch => {
-                        request.header(&IF_MATCH, etag.as_str()).do_put().await
+                        match request
+                            .header(&IF_MATCH, etag.as_str())
+                            // Real S3 will occasionally report 409 Conflict
+                            // if there are concurrent `If-Match` requests
+                            // in flight, so we need to be prepared to retry
+                            // 409 responses.
+                            .retry_on_conflict(true)
+                            .do_put()
+                            .await
+                        {
+                            // Real S3 reports NotFound rather than PreconditionFailed when the
+                            // object doesn't exist. Convert to PreconditionFailed for
+                            // consistency with R2. This also matches what the HTTP spec
+                            // says the behavior should be.
+                            Err(Error::NotFound { path, source }) => {
+                                Err(Error::Precondition { path, source })
+                            }
+                            r => r,
+                        }
                     }
                     S3ConditionalPut::Dynamo(d) => {
                         d.conditional_op(&self.client, location, Some(&etag), move || {
diff --git a/object_store/src/client/retry.rs b/object_store/src/client/retry.rs
index 601bffdec15..e6a6e8f6226 100644
--- a/object_store/src/client/retry.rs
+++ b/object_store/src/client/retry.rs
@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@ pub(crate) struct RetryableRequest {
 
     sensitive: bool,
     idempotent: Option<bool>,
+    retry_on_conflict: bool,
     payload: Option<PutPayload>,
 
     retry_error_body: bool,
@@ -217,6 +218,14 @@ impl RetryableRequest {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Set whether this request should be retried on a 409 Conflict response.
+    pub(crate) fn retry_on_conflict(self, retry_on_conflict: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            retry_on_conflict,
+            ..self
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Set whether this request contains sensitive data
     ///
     /// This will avoid printing out the URL in error messages
@@ -340,7 +349,8 @@ impl RetryableRequest {
                         let status = r.status();
                         if retries == max_retries
                             || now.elapsed() > retry_timeout
-                            || !status.is_server_error()
+                            || !(status.is_server_error()
+                                || (self.retry_on_conflict && status == StatusCode::CONFLICT))
                         {
                             return Err(match status.is_client_error() {
                                 true => match r.text().await {
@@ -467,6 +477,7 @@ impl RetryExt for reqwest::RequestBuilder {
             idempotent: None,
             payload: None,
             sensitive: false,
+            retry_on_conflict: false,
             retry_error_body: false,
         }
     }