diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/BUILD.bazel b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/BUILD.bazel
index 7e6f91cead61..f491309278f6 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/BUILD.bazel
@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@ go_library(
         "//pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/config",
         "//pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/state",
         "//pkg/roachpb",
+        "//pkg/settings/cluster",
         "//pkg/util/hlc",
         "//pkg/util/protoutil",
+        "//pkg/util/timeutil",
     ],
 )
 
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/gossip.go b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/gossip.go
index 36a923232863..4ef2b531a45b 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/gossip.go
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/gossip.go
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/config"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/state"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/roachpb"
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/settings/cluster"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/protoutil"
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/timeutil"
 )
 
 // Gossip collects and updates the storepools of the cluster upon capacity
@@ -52,7 +54,9 @@ type storeGossiper struct {
 	addingStore        bool
 }
 
-func newStoreGossiper(descriptorGetter func(cached bool) roachpb.StoreDescriptor) *storeGossiper {
+func newStoreGossiper(
+	descriptorGetter func(cached bool) roachpb.StoreDescriptor, clock timeutil.TimeSource,
+) *storeGossiper {
 	sg := &storeGossiper{
 		lastIntervalGossip: time.Time{},
 		descriptorGetter:   descriptorGetter,
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ func newStoreGossiper(descriptorGetter func(cached bool) roachpb.StoreDescriptor
 
 	desc := sg.descriptorGetter(false /* cached */)
 	knobs := kvserver.StoreGossipTestingKnobs{AsyncDisabled: true}
-	sg.local = kvserver.NewStoreGossip(sg, sg, knobs)
+	sg.local = kvserver.NewStoreGossip(sg, sg, knobs, &cluster.MakeTestingClusterSettings().SV, clock)
 	sg.local.Ident = roachpb.StoreIdent{StoreID: desc.StoreID, NodeID: desc.Node.NodeID}
 
 	return sg
@@ -123,7 +127,7 @@ func (g *gossip) addStoreToGossip(s state.State, storeID state.StoreID) {
 	g.storeGossip[storeID] = &storeGossiper{addingStore: true}
 	g.storeGossip[storeID] = newStoreGossiper(func(cached bool) roachpb.StoreDescriptor {
 		return s.StoreDescriptors(cached, storeID)[0]
-	})
+	}, s.Clock())
 }
 
 // Tick checks for completed gossip updates and triggers new gossip
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/gossip_test.go b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/gossip_test.go
index 830482aaceec..bc45af7d3ab3 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/gossip_test.go
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/gossip/gossip_test.go
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ package gossip
 import (
 	"context"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/kv/kvserver/allocator/storepool"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/config"
@@ -87,11 +88,17 @@ func TestGossip(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Len(t, gossip.exchange.pending, 0)
 	assertStorePool(assertSameFn)
 
+	// Tick state by a large duration to ensure the below capacity changes don't
+	// run into the max gossip frequency limit.
+	storeTick := tick
+
 	// Update the usage info leases for s1 and s2, so that it exceeds the delta
 	// required to trigger a gossip update. We do this by transferring every
 	// lease to s2.
 	for _, rng := range s.Ranges() {
 		s.TransferLease(rng.RangeID(), 2)
+		storeTick = storeTick.Add(3 * time.Second)
+		s.TickClock(storeTick)
 	}
 	gossip.Tick(ctx, tick, s)
 	// There should be just store 1 and 2 pending gossip updates in the exchanger.
@@ -108,6 +115,10 @@ func TestGossip(t *testing.T) {
 	// Assert that the lease counts are as expected after transferring all of
 	// the leases to s2.
 	require.Equal(t, int32(0), (*details[1])[1].Desc.Capacity.LeaseCount)
-	require.Equal(t, int32(100), (*details[1])[2].Desc.Capacity.LeaseCount)
+	// Depending on the capacity delta threshold, s2 may not have gossiped
+	// exactly when it reached 100 leases, as it earlier gossiped at 90+ leases,
+	// so 100 may be < lastGossip * capacityDeltaThreshold, not triggering
+	// gossip. Assert that the lease count gossiped is at least 90.
+	require.Greater(t, (*details[1])[2].Desc.Capacity.LeaseCount, int32(90))
 	require.Equal(t, int32(0), (*details[1])[3].Desc.Capacity.LeaseCount)
 }
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/state/impl.go b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/state/impl.go
index 35f67860e2b7..bfdbe0b8492d 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/state/impl.go
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/state/impl.go
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/spanconfig"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/spanconfig/spanconfigreporter"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/hlc"
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/timeutil"
 	"github.com/google/btree"
 	"go.etcd.io/raft/v3"
 	"go.etcd.io/raft/v3/tracker"
@@ -1058,6 +1059,10 @@ func (s *state) TickClock(tick time.Time) {
 	s.clock.Set(tick.UnixNano())
 }
 
+func (s *state) Clock() timeutil.TimeSource {
+	return s.clock
+}
+
 // UpdateStorePool modifies the state of the StorePool for the Store with
 // ID StoreID.
 func (s *state) UpdateStorePool(
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/state/state.go b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/state/state.go
index 9251da3c1f71..058071d64766 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/state/state.go
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/state/state.go
@@ -167,6 +167,8 @@ type State interface {
 	ClusterUsageInfo() *ClusterUsageInfo
 	// TickClock modifies the state Clock time to Tick.
 	TickClock(time.Time)
+	// Clock returns the state Clock.
+	Clock() timeutil.TimeSource
 	// UpdateStorePool modifies the state of the StorePool for the Store with
 	// ID StoreID.
 	UpdateStorePool(StoreID, map[roachpb.StoreID]*storepool.StoreDetail)
@@ -290,6 +292,8 @@ type ManualSimClock struct {
 	nanos int64
 }
 
+var _ timeutil.TimeSource = &ManualSimClock{}
+
 // Now returns the current time.
 func (m *ManualSimClock) Now() time.Time {
 	return timeutil.Unix(0, m.nanos)
@@ -300,6 +304,18 @@ func (m *ManualSimClock) Set(tsNanos int64) {
 	m.nanos = tsNanos
 }
 
+func (m *ManualSimClock) Since(t time.Time) time.Duration {
+	return m.Now().Sub(t)
+}
+
+func (m *ManualSimClock) NewTimer() timeutil.TimerI {
+	panic("unimplemented")
+}
+
+func (m *ManualSimClock) NewTicker(duration time.Duration) timeutil.TickerI {
+	panic("unimplemented")
+}
+
 // Keys in the simulator are 64 bit integers. They are mapped to Keys in
 // cockroach as the decimal representation, with 0 padding such that they are
 // lexicographically ordered as strings. The simplification to limit keys to
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_add_node b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_add_node
index 97ee13f8f0a6..ddb1c596b52d 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_add_node
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_add_node
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ plot stat=replicas sample=1
  261 ┤                                ╭╭──╯
  241 ┤                              ╭╭─╯
  221 ┤                           ╭───╯
- 201 ┤                        ╭╭─╯
- 181 ┤                      ╭──╯
- 161 ┤                   ╭──╯
+ 201 ┤                        ╭──╯
+ 181 ┤                     ╭──╯╯
+ 161 ┤                   ╭─╯─╯
  140 ┤                ╭──╯╯
  120 ┤              ╭─╯╯
  100 ┤           ╭──╯
-  80 ┤         ╭─╯╯
-  60 ┤      ╭──╯
+  80 ┤        ╭──╯╯
+  60 ┤      ╭─╯╯
   40 ┤    ╭─╯
   20 ┤ ╭──╯
    0 ┼─╯
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_fulldisk b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_fulldisk
index 6654796c7829..3ec34dc326e7 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_fulldisk
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_fulldisk
@@ -21,42 +21,43 @@ plot stat=replicas
 ----
 ----
 
- 336 ┤                                       ╭╮   ╭╭╮╭╮─╭╮╭╭╮              ╭╮╭──╮╮╭╭─
- 325 ┤                            ╭╮╭────╮╭────────╯╰╯╰─╯╰─╯╰──────────────╮╭╯─╯╰──╯╯
- 314 ┤                   ╭╭╭╮╭─╭──╯╰╯╯╰╯╰╰╯             ╰╯       ╰╯ ╰╯╰╯╰╯ ╰╯
- 302 ┼───────────────╮─────────╯
- 291 ┤               ╰───╮
- 280 ┤                   ╰╮ ╭╮
- 269 ┤                    ╰─╯╰╮
- 258 ┤                        ╰╮
- 246 ┤                         ╰──╮
- 235 ┤                            ╰╮
- 224 ┤                             ╰╮
- 213 ┤                              ╰╮╭────╮                            ╭╮
- 202 ┤                               ╰╯    ╰╮                ╭──────────╯╰───╮
- 190 ┤                                      ╰─────╮   ╭───╮ ╭╯               │
- 179 ┤                                            ╰───╯   ╰─╯                ╰─╮ ╭──╮
- 168 ┤                                                                         ╰─╯  ╰
+ 342 ┤                                              ╭╮╭╮   ╭╮╭╮
+ 330 ┤                               ╭╭╮╭╭╭───────────╯╰───╯╰──────╮╭────────╮╭─╮╭───
+ 318 ┤                       ╭╮╭──────╯╰──╯─╯╰─╯╯     ╰╯     ╰╯ ╰╯ ╰╯╰─╯╰╯╯╰╯╰╯ ╰╯
+ 307 ┤╭────────────────────╭─╯╰╯╯╰╯
+ 295 ┼─────────────────╮───╯╰╯
+ 283 ┤                 ╰──╮╭─╮
+ 271 ┤                    ╰╯ ╰╮
+ 259 ┤                        │
+ 248 ┤                        ╰─╮
+ 236 ┤                          ╰─╮
+ 224 ┤                            ╰──╮
+ 212 ┤                               ╰───╮
+ 200 ┤                                   ╰──╮                      ╭──╮      ╭╮
+ 189 ┤                                      ╰───╮                ╭╮│  ╰─────╮│╰───╮ ╭
+ 177 ┤                                          ╰────╮╭────╮ ╭───╯╰╯        ╰╯    ╰─╯
+ 165 ┤                                               ╰╯    ╰─╯
                                           replicas
 ----
 ----
 
+
 # Plot the % of disk storage capacity used. We should see s5 hovering right
 # around 92.5-95% (the storage capacity threshold value).
 plot stat=disk_fraction_used
 ----
 ----
 
- 0.98 ┤              ╭─╮ ╭╮  ╭╮╭─╮╭──╮  ╭──────╮╭─╮    ╭───╮    ╭╮  ╭╮╭─╮  ╭───╮   ╭─╮
- 0.91 ┤      ╭───────╯ ╰─╯╰──╯╰╯ ╰╯  ╰──╯      ╰╯ ╰────╯   ╰────╯╰──╯╰╯ ╰──╯   ╰───╯ ╰
- 0.85 ┼──────╯
- 0.78 ┤
- 0.72 ┤
- 0.65 ┤
- 0.59 ┤
- 0.52 ┤
+ 0.99 ┤                      ╭─╮                           ╭╮                 ╭╮  ╭─╮╭
+ 0.93 ┤         ╭────────────╯ ╰───────────────────────────╯╰──────╮╭────────╮│╰──╯ ╰╯
+ 0.86 ┼╮╭───────╯                                                  ╰╯        ╰╯
+ 0.79 ┤╰╯
+ 0.73 ┤
+ 0.66 ┤
+ 0.60 ┤
+ 0.53 ┤
  0.46 ┤
- 0.39 ┤
+ 0.40 ┤
  0.33 ┤
  0.26 ┤
  0.20 ┤
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_multi_store b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_multi_store
index de8f4766e5da..50a65a544c49 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_multi_store
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_multi_store
@@ -27,20 +27,20 @@ plot stat=leases
 
  14.00 ┼╮
  13.07 ┤╰╮
- 12.13 ┤ ╰╮
- 11.20 ┤  │
+ 12.13 ┤ │
+ 11.20 ┤ ╰╮
  10.27 ┤  │
   9.33 ┤  │
   8.40 ┤  ╰╮
-  7.47 ┤   ╰╮
-  6.53 ┤    │
-  5.60 ┤    │
-  4.67 ┤    │
-  3.73 ┤    ╰───────────╮
-  2.80 ┤                │
-  1.87 ┤    ╭───────────╮──────────────╮
-  0.93 ┤╭╭╭────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-  0.00 ┼──╯─────────────╯──────────────╯
+  7.47 ┤   │
+  6.53 ┤   │
+  5.60 ┤   │
+  4.67 ┤   ╰╮
+  3.73 ┤    │
+  2.80 ┤    ╰───────────╮
+  1.87 ┤  ╭─────────────╮──────────────╮
+  0.93 ┤╭╭╮╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  0.00 ┼─╯╰╯╯───────────╯──────────────╯
                                              leases
 ----
 ----
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_rebalancing b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_rebalancing
index c8d99474b0d8..a7552e472751 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_rebalancing
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_rebalancing
@@ -75,6 +75,17 @@ setting gossip_delay=20s
 # assertion is reached due to how the system reacts to the long gossip delays.
 eval duration=5m samples=2 seed=42
 ----
+failed assertion sample 1
+  balance stat=qps threshold=(<1.15) ticks=6
+	max/mean=1.17 tick=0
+	max/mean=1.17 tick=1
+	max/mean=1.17 tick=2
+	max/mean=1.17 tick=3
+	max/mean=1.40 tick=4
+	max/mean=1.41 tick=5
+  steady state stat=qps threshold=(<0.05) ticks=6
+	store=1 min/mean=1.00 max/mean=6.00
+	store=4 min/mean=1.00 max/mean=0.76
 failed assertion sample 2
   balance stat=qps threshold=(<1.15) ticks=6
 	max/mean=2.00 tick=0
@@ -95,18 +106,18 @@ plot stat=qps sample=3
  6533 ┤ │   │
  6067 ┤ │   │
  5600 ┤ │   ╰╮
- 5133 ┤ │    │                ╭───╮
- 4667 ┤ │    │                │   │
- 4200 ┤ │    │ ╭───╮   ╭───╮  │   │
- 3733 ┤ │    │ │   │   │   │  │   │
- 3267 ┤ │    │ │   │   │   │  │   │
- 2800 ┤ │    │╭╭─────╮╭╯   │ ╭╯   ╰╮ ╭──╮       ╭─────╮
- 2333 ┤ │    │││    │││    │ │     │╭╯  │       │     │
- 1867 ┤ │    ╰││    │╰╮╭───╮╮│     ││╭──╰╮╭───────────╮╮╭─────────────╮
- 1400 ┤ │     ││    ││╭╯   │││     │││   ╭╯│  │       │││             │
-  933 ┤ │    ╭╭╯    ╰╮│╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-  467 ┤ │    ││      │││    ││    ││││   ││    │       ││               │
-    0 ┼────────────────╯────────────────────────────────╯───────────────╯
+ 5133 ┤ │    │
+ 4667 ┤ │    │
+ 4200 ┤ │    │ ╭────╮  ╭──╮                             ╭─────╮
+ 3733 ┤ │    │ │    │  │  │                             │     │
+ 3267 ┤ │    │ │    │  │  │                             │     │
+ 2800 ┤ │    │╭╭─────╮ │  │   ╭─╮        ╭─────╮        │     ╰───────╮
+ 2333 ┤ │    │││    ││╭╯  ╰╮  │ │        │     │        │             │
+ 1867 ┤ │    ╰││    ╰╰╮    ╭╭─────────╮───────────────╮ │      ╭──────╰╮╭──╮  ╭─────╮
+ 1400 ┤ │     ││     ││    ││    ││  │╰╮│      │ │    │ │      │       ││  │  │     │
+  933 ┤ │    ╭╭╯     ││╭──────────────────────────────╮╮│──╮──╭─────────╭─────────────
+  467 ┤ │    ││      ││││   ││    │ │  ││       ││    │││  │╰╮│    │ │  │    │       │
+    0 ┼────────────────╯──────────────────────────────╰─────────────────╯────╰───────╯
                                              qps
 ----
 ----
@@ -118,22 +129,22 @@ plot stat=replica_moves sample=3
 ----
 ----
 
- 22.00 ┤                                        ╭──────────────────────────────────────
- 20.53 ┤                                  ╭────╭───────────────────────────────────────
- 19.07 ┤                                 ╭╯    │
- 17.60 ┤                      ╭─────╭──────────╯
- 16.13 ┤                     ╭╯     │
- 14.67 ┤                    ╭╯     ╭╯     ╭────────────────────────────────────────────
- 13.20 ┤                    │      │      │
- 11.73 ┤                    │      │     ╭╯
- 10.27 ┤              ╭─────╭──────╯ ╭───╯
-  8.80 ┤             ╭╭─────╯       ╭╯
-  7.33 ┤       ╭─────╭╯╭────────────╯           ╭───────╭──────────────────────────────
-  5.87 ┤      ╭╯     │╭╯                       ╭────────╯
-  4.40 ┤      │  ╭───╭╯       ╭─────╭──────────╯         ╭─────────────────────────────
-  2.93 ┤     ╭╯ ╭╯  ╭╯      ╭─╯    ╭╯                  ╭─╯
-  1.47 ┤     │╭─╭───╯      ╭╭──────╯───────────────────╯╭──────────────────────────────
-  0.00 ┼────────────────────╯───────────────────────────╯
+ 23.00 ┤                                                                              ╭
+ 21.47 ┤                                                            ╭─────────────────╯
+ 19.93 ┤                                                     ╭──────╯
+ 18.40 ┤                                        ╭────────────╯
+ 16.87 ┤                                       ╭╯
+ 15.33 ┤                     ╭─────────────────╯
+ 13.80 ┤                   ╭─╯
+ 12.27 ┤                 ╭─╯                     ╭──────────────────────────╭──────────
+ 10.73 ┤              ╭─╭────────────────────────╯    ╭─────────────────────╯       ╭╭─
+  9.20 ┤             ╭╯╭╯               ╭─────────────╯                     ╭╭───────╭─
+  7.67 ┤       ╭─────╭─╯         ╭──────╯              ╭─────────────────────────────╯
+  6.13 ┤      ╭╯     │ ╭─────────╯              ╭─────╭╯╯────╯       │
+  4.60 ┤      │  ╭───╯╭╯             ╭─╭──────────────╯       ╭──────╯
+  3.07 ┤     ╭╯ ╭╯   ╭╯          ╭─────╯                     ╭╯
+  1.53 ┤     │╭─╭────╯     ╭─────╯╯                          │
+  0.00 ┼───────────────────╯─╯───────────────────────────────╯
                                          replica_moves
 ----
 ----
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_zone_config b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_zone_config
index 14e8d6753460..7d714291303f 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_zone_config
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/non_rand/example_zone_config
@@ -55,22 +55,22 @@ plot stat=replicas
 ----
 ----
 
- 52.00 ┤                 ╭╭────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
- 48.53 ┤            ╭╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
- 45.07 ┤          ╭╮││─╯╯
- 41.60 ┤         ╭│╭─╯╯
- 38.13 ┤         │││╯
- 34.67 ┤         ╭╭╯
- 31.20 ┤        ╭╭╯
- 27.73 ┤        ││╯
- 24.27 ┤        ││
- 20.80 ┤       ╭╭╯
- 17.33 ┼────────╮╮
- 13.87 ┤       ╰╰╮╮╮
- 10.40 ┤        ╰╰─╮╮
-  6.93 ┤         ╰╰╰──╮
-  3.47 ┤         ╰╰╰╰─╰────╮
-  0.00 ┤          ╰╰─╰╰────╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ 52.34 ┤              ╭╮  ╭────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ 48.85 ┤           ╭╮╭╮╭╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ 45.36 ┤        ╭╮ │╭│╰─╯─╯╯
+ 41.87 ┤        │╰╭╭╮│╯
+ 38.38 ┤        │ ││╰╯
+ 34.89 ┤        │ ││
+ 31.41 ┤        ╭╭─╯
+ 27.92 ┤        │││
+ 24.43 ┤        ╭│╯
+ 20.94 ┤       ╭╭╯
+ 17.45 ┼────────╮╮
+ 13.96 ┤       ╰╰╮╮
+ 10.47 ┤        ╰╰─╮╮
+  6.98 ┤        ╰╰─╰╮╮
+  3.49 ┤         ╰╰─╰────╮─╮─╮
+  0.00 ┤          ╰──╰╰──╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                             replicas
 ----
 ----
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/rand/rand_ranges b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/rand/rand_ranges
index 783671ee4bf1..8ea93e94fdd4 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/rand/rand_ranges
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/rand/rand_ranges
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ configurations generated using seed 2643318057788968173
 	basic load with rw_ratio=0.00, rate=0.00, skewed_access=false, min_block_size=1, max_block_size=1, min_key=1, max_key=200000
 	number of mutation events=0, number of assertion events=0
 initial state at 2022-03-21 11:00:00:
-	stores(15)=[s1n1=(replicas(65)),s2n2=(replicas(64)),s3n3=(replicas(66)),s4n4=(replicas(63)),s5n5=(replicas(63)),s6n6=(replicas(63)),s7n7=(replicas(63)),s8n8=(replicas(62)),s9n9=(replicas(64)),s10n10=(replicas(64)),s11n11=(replicas(62)),s12n12=(replicas(63)),s13n13=(replicas(63)),s14n14=(replicas(64)),s15n15=(replicas(64))]
+	stores(15)=[s1n1=(replicas(68)),s2n2=(replicas(66)),s3n3=(replicas(67)),s4n4=(replicas(67)),s5n5=(replicas(66)),s6n6=(replicas(67)),s7n7=(replicas(65)),s8n8=(replicas(70)),s9n9=(replicas(69)),s10n10=(replicas(65)),s11n11=(replicas(69)),s12n12=(replicas(68)),s13n13=(replicas(65)),s14n14=(replicas(64)),s15n15=(replicas(68))]
 topology:
 US
   US_1
@@ -190,17 +190,68 @@ US
 no events were scheduled
 sample2: failed assertion
   conformance unavailable=0 under=0 over=0 violating=0 
-  actual unavailable=0 under=0, over=9 violating=0
+  actual unavailable=0 under=0, over=60 violating=0
 over replicated:
-  r120:000001{8921-9080} [(n8,s8):2, (n15,s15):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
-  r133:000002{0988-1147} [(n3,s3):2, (n5,s5):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
-  r138:0000021{783-942} [(n3,s3):2, (n12,s12):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
-  r156:0000024{645-804} [(n3,s3):2, (n2,s2):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
-  r243:0000038{478-637} [(n3,s3):2, (n12,s12):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
-  r322:0000051{039-198} [(n1,s1):2, (n3,s3):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
-  r567:00000{89994-90153} [(n3,s3):2, (n5,s5):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
-  r605:0000096{036-195} [(n3,s3):3, (n8,s8):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
-  r875:000013{8966-9125} [(n3,s3):3, (n2,s2):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r14:0000002{067-226} [(n13,s13):3, (n1,s1):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r30:0000004{611-770} [(n13,s13):4, (n15,s15):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r41:0000006{360-519} [(n13,s13):3, (n9,s9):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r82:000001{2879-3038} [(n2,s2):3, (n13,s13):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r100:0000015{741-900} [(n13,s13):4, (n1,s1):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r111:0000017{490-649} [(n15,s15):3, (n13,s13):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r115:0000018{126-285} [(n13,s13):3, (n11,s11):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r129:0000020{352-511} [(n13,s13):3, (n6,s6):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r132:0000020{829-988} [(n13,s13):3, (n10,s10):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r154:0000024{327-486} [(n13,s13):3, (n10,s10):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r177:000002{7984-8143} [(n4,s4):3, (n14,s14):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r186:0000029{415-574} [(n13,s13):3, (n12,s12):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r188:0000029{733-892} [(n13,s13):3, (n10,s10):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r205:0000032{436-595} [(n13,s13):5, (n7,s7):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r214:000003{3867-4026} [(n13,s13):5, (n8,s8):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r218:0000034{503-662} [(n9,s9):2, (n13,s13):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r281:0000044{520-679} [(n13,s13):2, (n4,s4):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r288:0000045{633-792} [(n13,s13):2, (n7,s7):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r314:0000049{767-926} [(n5,s5):2, (n14,s14):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r345:0000054{696-855} [(n13,s13):2, (n11,s11):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r352:0000055{809-968} [(n13,s13):3, (n8,s8):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r357:0000056{604-763} [(n13,s13):3, (n15,s15):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r368:0000058{353-512} [(n5,s5):4, (n12,s12):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r384:000006{0897-1056} [(n4,s4):2, (n13,s13):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r404:0000064{077-236} [(n13,s13):5, (n6,s6):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r412:0000065{349-508} [(n9,s9):4, (n13,s13):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r428:000006{7893-8052} [(n13,s13):2, (n15,s15):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r429:0000068{052-211} [(n13,s13):2, (n11,s11):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r449:0000071{232-391} [(n13,s13):2, (n7,s7):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r468:0000074{253-412} [(n13,s13):2, (n2,s2):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r489:0000077{592-751} [(n13,s13):2, (n6,s6):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r490:0000077{751-910} [(n15,s15):4, (n13,s13):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r509:0000080{772-931} [(n2,s2):3, (n13,s13):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r537:0000085{224-383} [(n13,s13):2, (n7,s7):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r572:0000090{789-948} [(n13,s13):2, (n14,s14):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r586:0000093{015-174} [(n13,s13):3, (n5,s5):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r588:0000093{333-492} [(n13,s13):2, (n6,s6):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r608:0000096{513-672} [(n13,s13):2, (n8,s8):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r616:0000097{785-944} [(n13,s13):3, (n5,s5):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r620:0000098{421-580} [(n13,s13):3, (n9,s9):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r665:0000105{576-735} [(n13,s13):2, (n8,s8):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r706:0000112{095-254} [(n13,s13):3, (n6,s6):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r725:0000115{116-275} [(n14,s14):2, (n3,s3):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r752:0000119{409-568} [(n13,s13):4, (n14,s14):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r753:0000119{568-727} [(n13,s13):3, (n10,s10):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r760:0000120{681-840} [(n13,s13):5, (n4,s4):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r761:0000120{840-999} [(n13,s13):2, (n10,s10):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r785:0000124{656-815} [(n13,s13):2, (n14,s14):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r792:0000125{769-928} [(n13,s13):2, (n11,s11):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r795:0000126{246-405} [(n13,s13):4, (n5,s5):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r799:000012{6882-7041} [(n13,s13):2, (n9,s9):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r811:0000128{790-949} [(n13,s13):2, (n4,s4):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r813:0000129{108-267} [(n13,s13):2, (n11,s11):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r825:0000131{016-175} [(n13,s13):2, (n12,s12):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r885:0000140{556-715} [(n13,s13):3, (n4,s4):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r895:0000142{146-305} [(n13,s13):2, (n11,s11):3] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r913:0000145{008-167} [(n13,s13):3, (n7,s7):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r923:0000146{598-757} [(n13,s13):3, (n5,s5):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r940:0000149{301-460} [(n13,s13):3, (n10,s10):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r943:0000149{778-937} [(n13,s13):3, (n2,s2):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
 ----------------------------------
 sample3: start running
 configurations generated using seed 6972490225919430754
@@ -209,5 +260,109 @@ configurations generated using seed 6972490225919430754
 	randomized ranges with placement_type=random, ranges=479, key_space=199954, replication_factor=1, bytes=0
 	basic load with rw_ratio=0.00, rate=0.00, skewed_access=false, min_block_size=1, max_block_size=1, min_key=1, max_key=200000
 	number of mutation events=0, number of assertion events=0
-sample3: pass
+initial state at 2022-03-21 11:00:00:
+	stores(15)=[s1n1=(replicas(39)),s2n2=(replicas(41)),s3n3=(replicas(36)),s4n4=(replicas(39)),s5n5=(replicas(33)),s6n6=(replicas(42)),s7n7=(replicas(35)),s8n8=(replicas(40)),s9n9=(replicas(36)),s10n10=(replicas(37)),s11n11=(replicas(36)),s12n12=(replicas(40)),s13n13=(replicas(40)),s14n14=(replicas(39)),s15n15=(replicas(36))]
+topology:
+US
+  US_1
+    └── [1 2 3 4 5]
+  US_2
+    └── [6 7 8 9 10]
+  US_3
+    └── [11 12 13 14 15]
+no events were scheduled
+sample3: failed assertion
+  conformance unavailable=0 under=0 over=0 violating=0 
+  actual unavailable=0 under=0, over=90 violating=0
+over replicated:
+  r5:000000{1668-2085} [(n10,s10):5, (n4,s4):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r7:0000002{502-919} [(n5,s5):5, (n13,s13):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r18:0000007{089-506} [(n1,s1):3, (n12,s12):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r23:0000009{174-591} [(n2,s2):7, (n12,s12):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r24:00000{09591-10008} [(n8,s8):7, (n14,s14):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r31:0000012{510-927} [(n8,s8):4, (n15,s15):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r37:0000015{012-429} [(n13,s13):7, (n12,s12):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r40:0000016{263-680} [(n10,s10):4, (n15,s15):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r44:000001{7931-8348} [(n3,s3):5, (n15,s15):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r56:000002{2935-3352} [(n8,s8):5, (n6,s6):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r57:0000023{352-769} [(n8,s8):6, (n2,s2):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r62:0000025{437-854} [(n15,s15):5, (n7,s7):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r67:0000027{522-939} [(n1,s1):7, (n5,s5):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r71:0000029{190-607} [(n8,s8):4, (n2,s2):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r82:000003{3777-4194} [(n10,s10):8, (n2,s2):9] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r83:0000034{194-611} [(n10,s10):6, (n5,s5):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r85:0000035{028-445} [(n6,s6):7, (n5,s5):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r98:0000040{449-866} [(n15,s15):4, (n5,s5):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r106:000004{3785-4202} [(n3,s3):7, (n14,s14):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r108:000004{4619-5036} [(n5,s5):6, (n2,s2):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r124:0000051{291-708} [(n3,s3):5, (n14,s14):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r127:0000052{542-959} [(n8,s8):5, (n6,s6):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r128:000005{2959-3376} [(n8,s8):6, (n1,s1):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r136:0000056{295-712} [(n13,s13):8, (n12,s12):9] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r137:000005{6712-7129} [(n7,s7):5, (n5,s5):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r138:0000057{129-546} [(n8,s8):6, (n12,s12):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r155:0000064{218-635} [(n4,s4):5, (n5,s5):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r160:0000066{303-720} [(n1,s1):6, (n8,s8):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r161:000006{6720-7137} [(n5,s5):5, (n2,s2):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r162:0000067{137-554} [(n5,s5):5, (n1,s1):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r163:0000067{554-971} [(n8,s8):6, (n3,s3):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r169:0000070{056-473} [(n7,s7):6, (n8,s8):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r173:000007{1724-2141} [(n8,s8):8, (n12,s12):9] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r180:000007{4643-5060} [(n8,s8):3, (n13,s13):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r186:0000077{145-562} [(n5,s5):6, (n6,s6):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r188:000007{7979-8396} [(n5,s5):5, (n14,s14):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r194:0000080{481-898} [(n7,s7):7, (n8,s8):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r205:0000085{068-485} [(n3,s3):4, (n10,s10):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r207:000008{5902-6319} [(n11,s11):6, (n8,s8):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r209:000008{6736-7153} [(n8,s8):5, (n5,s5):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r212:000008{7987-8404} [(n4,s4):4, (n14,s14):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r215:0000089{238-655} [(n8,s8):3, (n15,s15):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r221:000009{1740-2157} [(n7,s7):4, (n6,s6):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r233:000009{6744-7161} [(n3,s3):5, (n10,s10):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r237:0000098{412-829} [(n8,s8):3, (n3,s3):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r246:0000102{165-582} [(n3,s3):6, (n15,s15):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r262:000010{8837-9254} [(n3,s3):5, (n15,s15):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r264:00001{09671-10088} [(n6,s6):6, (n1,s1):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r265:0000110{088-505} [(n11,s11):4, (n5,s5):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r274:000011{3841-4258} [(n8,s8):5, (n14,s14):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r280:0000116{343-760} [(n13,s13):7, (n3,s3):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r281:000011{6760-7177} [(n3,s3):5, (n13,s13):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r283:000011{7594-8011} [(n4,s4):4, (n5,s5):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r293:000012{1764-2181} [(n10,s10):3, (n1,s1):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r297:0000123{432-849} [(n15,s15):6, (n8,s8):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r299:0000124{266-683} [(n4,s4):8, (n5,s5):9] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r317:000013{1772-2189} [(n8,s8):6, (n13,s13):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r319:000013{2606-3023} [(n1,s1):4, (n4,s4):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r323:0000134{274-691} [(n8,s8):7, (n13,s13):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r324:000013{4691-5108} [(n6,s6):7, (n1,s1):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r325:0000135{108-525} [(n5,s5):6, (n6,s6):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r335:0000139{278-695} [(n1,s1):6, (n12,s12):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r344:0000143{031-448} [(n1,s1):4, (n5,s5):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r352:0000146{367-784} [(n6,s6):5, (n12,s12):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r353:000014{6784-7201} [(n3,s3):6, (n4,s4):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r371:0000154{290-707} [(n8,s8):6, (n5,s5):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r378:0000157{209-626} [(n5,s5):6, (n6,s6):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r381:0000158{460-877} [(n15,s15):6, (n8,s8):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r387:000016{0962-1379} [(n5,s5):8, (n1,s1):9] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r392:0000163{047-464} [(n8,s8):5, (n3,s3):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r393:0000163{464-881} [(n6,s6):4, (n15,s15):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r396:000016{4715-5132} [(n5,s5):7, (n2,s2):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r399:000016{5966-6383} [(n8,s8):5, (n1,s1):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r400:0000166{383-800} [(n8,s8):6, (n3,s3):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r402:0000167{217-634} [(n3,s3):5, (n11,s11):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r404:0000168{051-468} [(n3,s3):5, (n2,s2):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r412:0000171{387-804} [(n12,s12):4, (n2,s2):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r421:0000175{140-557} [(n8,s8):7, (n15,s15):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r425:000017{6808-7225} [(n6,s6):4, (n13,s13):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r434:0000180{561-978} [(n6,s6):5, (n12,s12):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r435:000018{0978-1395} [(n8,s8):3, (n5,s5):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r439:000018{2646-3063} [(n1,s1):4, (n12,s12):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r440:0000183{063-480} [(n3,s3):5, (n2,s2):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r447:000018{5982-6399} [(n3,s3):7, (n11,s11):8] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r448:0000186{399-816} [(n7,s7):5, (n5,s5):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r461:000019{1820-2237} [(n6,s6):5, (n1,s1):6] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r463:000019{2654-3071} [(n4,s4):3, (n5,s5):4] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r465:0000193{488-905} [(n7,s7):4, (n1,s1):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r466:000019{3905-4322} [(n15,s15):4, (n1,s1):5] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
+  r472:0000196{407-824} [(n7,s7):6, (n15,s15):7] applying ttl_seconds=0 num_replicas=1 num_voters=1
 ----------------------------------
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/rand/weighted_rand b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/rand/weighted_rand
index c9d3fc04fad7..0721a1154099 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/rand/weighted_rand
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/asim/tests/testdata/rand/weighted_rand
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ configurations generated using seed 5571782338101878760
 	basic load with rw_ratio=0.00, rate=0.00, skewed_access=false, min_block_size=1, max_block_size=1, min_key=1, max_key=200000
 	number of mutation events=0, number of assertion events=0
 initial state at 2022-03-21 11:00:00:
-	stores(6)=[s1n1=(replicas(132)),s2n1=(replicas(130)),s3n2=(replicas(131)),s4n2=(replicas(437)),s5n3=(replicas(428)),s6n3=(replicas(431))]
+	stores(6)=[s1n1=(replicas(131)),s2n1=(replicas(128)),s3n2=(replicas(130)),s4n2=(replicas(438)),s5n3=(replicas(432)),s6n3=(replicas(430))]
 sample1: pass
 ----------------------------------
 sample2: start running
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ configurations generated using seed 4299969443970870044
 	basic load with rw_ratio=0.00, rate=0.00, skewed_access=false, min_block_size=1, max_block_size=1, min_key=1, max_key=200000
 	number of mutation events=0, number of assertion events=0
 initial state at 2022-03-21 11:00:00:
-	stores(6)=[s1n1=(replicas(140)),s2n1=(replicas(136)),s3n2=(replicas(139)),s4n2=(replicas(169)),s5n3=(replicas(142)),s6n3=(replicas(171))]
+	stores(6)=[s1n1=(replicas(145)),s2n1=(replicas(140)),s3n2=(replicas(139)),s4n2=(replicas(166)),s5n3=(replicas(142)),s6n3=(replicas(165))]
 sample2: pass
 ----------------------------------
 sample3: start running
@@ -93,6 +93,6 @@ configurations generated using seed 4157513341729910236
 	basic load with rw_ratio=0.00, rate=0.00, skewed_access=false, min_block_size=1, max_block_size=1, min_key=1, max_key=200000
 	number of mutation events=0, number of assertion events=0
 initial state at 2022-03-21 11:00:00:
-	stores(6)=[s1n1=(replicas(180)),s2n1=(replicas(181)),s3n2=(replicas(183)),s4n2=(replicas(386)),s5n3=(replicas(247)),s6n3=(replicas(386))]
+	stores(6)=[s1n1=(replicas(190)),s2n1=(replicas(174)),s3n2=(replicas(182)),s4n2=(replicas(386)),s5n3=(replicas(247)),s6n3=(replicas(384))]
 sample3: pass
 ----------------------------------
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/client_split_test.go b/pkg/kv/kvserver/client_split_test.go
index 4611f7103c52..a9b5965fcc8b 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/client_split_test.go
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/client_split_test.go
@@ -2347,7 +2347,13 @@ func TestStoreRangeGossipOnSplits(t *testing.T) {
 	overrideCapacityFraction := 0.5
 
 	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Override the store gossip frequency to zero, so that gossip always
+	// triggers on capacity changes.
+	st := cluster.MakeTestingClusterSettings()
+	kvserver.MaxStoreGossipFrequency.Override(ctx, &st.SV, 0*time.Millisecond)
 	s := serverutils.StartServerOnly(t, base.TestServerArgs{
+		Settings: st,
 		Knobs: base.TestingKnobs{
 			Store: &kvserver.StoreTestingKnobs{
 				DisableMergeQueue: true,
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/replicate_queue_test.go b/pkg/kv/kvserver/replicate_queue_test.go
index 86314492334e..940e79c99880 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/replicate_queue_test.go
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/replicate_queue_test.go
@@ -250,6 +250,11 @@ func TestReplicateQueueRebalanceMultiStore(t *testing.T) {
 				st := server.ClusterSettings()
 				st.Manual.Store(true)
 				allocatorimpl.LeaseRebalanceThreshold.Override(ctx, &st.SV, leaseRebalanceThreshold)
+				// We speed up replicate queue processing (scan min/max idle) time,
+				// this causes actions to occur more frequently than in practice and
+				// ultimately this test will fail unless we correspondingly increase
+				// the max store gossip frequency.
+				kvserver.MaxStoreGossipFrequency.Override(ctx, &st.SV, 0)
 			}
 
 			// Add a few ranges per store.
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/store.go b/pkg/kv/kvserver/store.go
index dabcd951c92e..e6fa64bd0dbb 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/store.go
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/store.go
@@ -1625,7 +1625,7 @@ func NewStore(
 		updateSystemConfigUpdateQueueLimits)
 
 	if s.cfg.Gossip != nil {
-		s.storeGossip = NewStoreGossip(cfg.Gossip, s, cfg.TestingKnobs.GossipTestingKnobs)
+		s.storeGossip = NewStoreGossip(cfg.Gossip, s, cfg.TestingKnobs.GossipTestingKnobs, &cfg.Settings.SV, timeutil.DefaultTimeSource{})
 
 		// Add range scanner and configure with queues.
 		s.scanner = newReplicaScanner(
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/store_gossip.go b/pkg/kv/kvserver/store_gossip.go
index b555bc32eb4b..52a223b7cb79 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/store_gossip.go
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/store_gossip.go
@@ -21,21 +21,40 @@ import (
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/gossip"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/keys"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/roachpb"
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/settings"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/log"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/protoutil"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/retry"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/stop"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/syncutil"
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/timeutil"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/redact"
 )
 
+var GossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction = settings.RegisterFloatSetting(
+	settings.SystemOnly,
+	"kv.store_gossip.capacity_delta_threshold",
+	"the fraction from the last gossiped store capacity values which need be "+
+		"exceeded before the store will gossip immediately without waiting for "+
+		"the periodic gossip interval, at most kv.store_gossip.max_frequency "+
+		"frequency",
+	defaultGossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction,
+)
+
+var MaxStoreGossipFrequency = settings.RegisterDurationSetting(
+	settings.SystemOnly,
+	"kv.store_gossip.max_frequency",
+	"the maximum frequency at which a store will gossip its store descriptor",
+	defaultMaxStoreGossipFrequency,
+)
+
 const (
 	// defaultGossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction specifies the fraction from the
 	// last gossiped store capacity values which need be exceeded before the
 	// store will gossip immediately without waiting for the periodic gossip
 	// interval.
-	defaultGossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction = 0.05
+	defaultGossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction = 0.10
 
 	//  gossipWhenLeaseCountDeltaExceeds specifies the absolute change from the
 	//  last gossiped store capacity lease count which needs to be exceeded
@@ -65,6 +84,12 @@ const (
 	// if a range lease holder experiences a failure causing a missed
 	// gossip update.
 	systemDataGossipInterval = 1 * time.Minute
+
+	// defaultMaxStoreGossipFrequency is the maximum frequency at which a store
+	// will gossip its descriptor. Note that periodic gossip will still occur at
+	// the configured period, regardless of whether last gossip was less than
+	// maxStoreGossipFrequency ago.
+	defaultMaxStoreGossipFrequency = 2 * time.Second
 )
 
 var errPeriodicGossipsDisabled = errors.New("periodic gossip is disabled")
@@ -200,6 +225,7 @@ func (s *Store) systemGossipUpdate(sysCfg *config.SystemConfig) {
 type cachedCapacity struct {
 	syncutil.Mutex
 	cached, lastGossiped roachpb.StoreCapacity
+	lastGossipedTime     time.Time
 }
 
 // StoreGossip is responsible for gossiping the store descriptor. It maintains
@@ -223,6 +249,8 @@ type StoreGossip struct {
 	// descriptorGetter is used for getting an up to date or cached store
 	// descriptor to gossip.
 	descriptorGetter StoreDescriptorProvider
+	sv               *settings.Values
+	clock            timeutil.TimeSource
 }
 
 // StoreGossipTestingKnobs defines the testing knobs specific to StoreGossip.
@@ -249,13 +277,19 @@ type StoreGossipTestingKnobs struct {
 // store descriptor: both proactively, calling Gossip() and reacively on
 // capacity/load changes.
 func NewStoreGossip(
-	gossiper InfoGossiper, descGetter StoreDescriptorProvider, testingKnobs StoreGossipTestingKnobs,
+	gossiper InfoGossiper,
+	descGetter StoreDescriptorProvider,
+	testingKnobs StoreGossipTestingKnobs,
+	sv *settings.Values,
+	clock timeutil.TimeSource,
 ) *StoreGossip {
 	return &StoreGossip{
 		cachedCapacity:   &cachedCapacity{},
 		gossiper:         gossiper,
 		descriptorGetter: descGetter,
 		knobs:            testingKnobs,
+		sv:               sv,
+		clock:            clock,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -294,6 +328,20 @@ type InfoGossiper interface {
 
 var _ InfoGossiper = &gossip.Gossip{}
 
+// canEagerlyGossipNow checks whether the last gossip was recent enough that we
+// should not gossip again now. If the last gossip was too recent, canGossip is
+// false, otherwise true.
+func (s *StoreGossip) canEagerlyGossipNow() (canGossip bool) {
+	now := s.clock.Now()
+	s.cachedCapacity.Lock()
+	defer s.cachedCapacity.Unlock()
+
+	nextValidGossipTime := s.cachedCapacity.lastGossipedTime.Add(
+		MaxStoreGossipFrequency.Get(s.sv))
+
+	return nextValidGossipTime.Before(now)
+}
+
 // asyncGossipStore asynchronously gossips the store descriptor, for a given
 // reason. A cached descriptor is used if specified, otherwise the store
 // descriptor is updated and capacities recalculated.
@@ -340,11 +388,13 @@ func (s *StoreGossip) GossipStore(ctx context.Context, useCached bool) error {
 	// bandwidth and racing with local storepool estimations.
 	// TODO(kvoli): Reconsider what triggers gossip here and possibly limit to
 	// only significant workload changes (load), rather than lease or range
-	// count. Previoulsy, this was not as much as an issue as the gossip
+	// count. Previously, this was not as much as an issue as the gossip
 	// interval was 60 seconds, such that gossiping semi-frequently on changes
 	// was required.
+	now := s.clock.Now()
 	s.cachedCapacity.Lock()
 	s.cachedCapacity.lastGossiped = storeDesc.Capacity
+	s.cachedCapacity.lastGossipedTime = now
 	s.cachedCapacity.Unlock()
 
 	// Unique gossip key per store.
@@ -421,12 +471,14 @@ func (s *StoreGossip) RecordNewPerSecondStats(newQPS, newWPS float64) {
 // both absolute and relative terms in order to trigger gossip.
 func (s *StoreGossip) shouldGossipOnCapacityDelta() (should bool, reason string) {
 	// If there is an ongoing gossip attempt, then there is no need to regossip
-	// immediately as we will already be gossiping an up to date (cached) capacity.
-	if s.gossipOngoing.Get() {
+	// immediately as we will already be gossiping an up to date (cached)
+	// capacity. If we have recently gossiped the store descriptor, avoid
+	// re-gossiping too soon, to avoid overloading the receivers of store gossip.
+	if s.gossipOngoing.Get() || !s.canEagerlyGossipNow() {
 		return
 	}
 
-	gossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction := defaultGossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction
+	gossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction := GossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction.Get(s.sv)
 	if overrideCapacityDeltaFraction := s.knobs.OverrideGossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction; overrideCapacityDeltaFraction > 0 {
 		gossipWhenCapacityDeltaExceedsFraction = overrideCapacityDeltaFraction
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/kv/kvserver/store_gossip_test.go b/pkg/kv/kvserver/store_gossip_test.go
index d8a026d5aca3..38bc95e1db98 100644
--- a/pkg/kv/kvserver/store_gossip_test.go
+++ b/pkg/kv/kvserver/store_gossip_test.go
@@ -11,10 +11,14 @@
 package kvserver
 
 import (
+	math "math"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/roachpb"
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/settings/cluster"
 	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/leaktest"
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/timeutil"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -28,6 +32,7 @@ func TestStoreGossipDeltaTrigger(t *testing.T) {
 		cached, lastGossiped roachpb.StoreCapacity
 		expectedReason       string
 		expectedShould       bool
+		lastGossipTime       time.Time
 	}{
 		{
 			desc:           "no delta (empty): shouldn't gossip",
@@ -64,15 +69,33 @@ func TestStoreGossipDeltaTrigger(t *testing.T) {
 			expectedReason: "queries-per-second(100.0) writes-per-second(-100.0) range-count(5.0) lease-count(-5.0) change",
 			expectedShould: true,
 		},
+		{
+			desc:           "should gossip on all delta but last gossip was too recent",
+			lastGossiped:   roachpb.StoreCapacity{QueriesPerSecond: 100, WritesPerSecond: 100, RangeCount: 10, LeaseCount: 10},
+			cached:         roachpb.StoreCapacity{QueriesPerSecond: 200, WritesPerSecond: 0, RangeCount: 15, LeaseCount: 5},
+			expectedReason: "",
+			expectedShould: false,
+			// Set the last gossip time to be some time far in the future, so the
+			// next gossip time is also far in the future.
+			lastGossipTime: timeutil.Unix(math.MaxInt64/2, 0),
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
 			cfg := &StoreConfig{}
 			cfg.SetDefaults(1 /* numStores */)
-			sg := NewStoreGossip(nil, nil, cfg.TestingKnobs.GossipTestingKnobs)
+			sg := NewStoreGossip(
+				nil,
+				nil,
+				cfg.TestingKnobs.GossipTestingKnobs,
+				&cluster.MakeTestingClusterSettings().SV,
+				timeutil.DefaultTimeSource{},
+			)
 			sg.cachedCapacity.cached = tc.cached
 			sg.cachedCapacity.lastGossiped = tc.lastGossiped
+			t.Logf("lastGossipTime: %v", tc.lastGossipTime)
+			sg.cachedCapacity.lastGossipedTime = tc.lastGossipTime
 
 			should, reason := sg.shouldGossipOnCapacityDelta()
 			require.Equal(t, tc.expectedReason, reason)