dce-comments.xml

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    <row comment-id = "c_001r_01">
        <comment>Nicolas Costé (also Cousté): armorer and son of Sens painter Nicolas Cousté, and possibly the grandson of Jacques Cousté, a "master painter and bourgeois of Paris" taught by his celebrated brother-in-law, Jean Cousin the Elder. Nicolas the armorer was recorded in 1587 as a journeyman in the workshop of Jean Daussonne (also a family relation of the Cousin family). See Debuiche and Muñoz, "Le Ms. Fr. 640 et le contexte toulousain," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_312_ie_19.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_02">
        <comment>Street in Paris near the Rue des Écrivains, mentioned below.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_03">
        <comment>Jean Cousin the Younger (ca. 1522–ca. 1594): painter and author of <i>Livre de pourtraicture</i>, an illustrated handbook on bodily proportion, perspective, and anatomy. He worked together with painter Nicolas Cousté (father of Nicolas Cousté the armorer, mentioned above) on the decorations for the entry of Charles IX into Sens in 1563. See Debuiche and Muñoz, "Le Ms. Fr. 640 et le contexte toulousain," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_312_ie_19.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_04">
        <comment>This aphorism recurrs, slightly rephrased, on fol. 166r in the entry <i>Pour la boutique</i> (For the workshop).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_05">
        <comment>A series of female deities in Graeco-Roman and Egyptian antiquity associated with agriculture, including Demeter/Ceres, Persephone/Proserpina, and Isis.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_06">
        <comment>Hippolito Salviani (1514–1572): Italian physician and natural historian.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_07">
        <comment>Latin: "It is a sin to reveal the mysteries of the goddess of Eleusis." See also fol. 166r for an expanded French paraphrase in the entry <i>Pour la boutique</i> (For the workshop). Cf. Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, <i>De Occulta Philosophia</i> (Cologne: J. Soter, 1533), 213 as a potential source: "<i>Numenius etiam quidam, occultorum curiosior, offensam numinum contraxit, quod Eleusinae deae sacra interpretando evulgavisset</i>."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_08">
        <comment>Claude Guichard, <i>Funérailles et Diverses Manieres d'ensevelir Des Romains, Grecs, et Autres Nations</i> (Lyon: Jean de Tournes, 1581). See p. 48–52 for a detailed discussion of trumpets in ancient funerals. Guichard also mentions many of the authors listed below.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_09">
        <comment>Wolfgang Laz (1514–1565): Austrian physician and humanist.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_10">
        <comment>Petrus Apianus, also known as Peter Apian (1495–1552): German mathematician at the University of Ingolstadt and tutor to Charles V.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_11">
        <comment>Most likely an abbreviation of <i>Commentaria Urbis Romae</i>, which is not a work by Petrus Apianus. The closest known title is <i>Commentariorum Urbanorum Raphaelis Volaterrani</i>, a widely known encyclopedia by Raffaello Maffei (1455–1522). See Raffaele Maffaei, <i>Commentariorum Urbanorum Octo et Triginta Libri</i> (Basel: Johannes Frobenius, 1559). NB: Several recipes on fol. 46v are referenced with "Urb.," though they do not appear in Maffei's volume.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_12">
        <comment>Girolamo Ruscelli (ca. 1518–1566): humanist and prolific writer on a variety of subjects. He is thought to have published under the pseudonym Alessio Piemontese one of the most reprinted books of secrets, and a reference in the genre: Girolamo Ruscelli, <i>Secreti Del Reverendo Donno Alessio Piemontese</i> (Venice: Sigismondo Bordogna, 1555), translated in French as <i>Les Secrets de Reverend Signeur Alexis Piémontois Contenans Excellens Remèdes Contre Plusieurs Maladies Vec La Manière de Faire Distillation Tr. De L'italien En François</i> (Anvers: Christophe Plantin, 1557).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_13">
        <comment>Ermolao Barbaro (1454–1493): prolific Venetian humanist, renowned for his edition of Pliny's Natural History, Ermolao Barbaro, <i>Castigationes Plinianae et Pomponii Melae</i> (Rome: Eucharius Silber, 1493). See also Iunior Barbaro Hermolao and Hieronymus Wildenberg, <i>Naturalis Scientiae Totius Compendium : Ex Aristotele, &amp; Alijs Philosophis</i> (Basel: Oporinus, 1548).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_14">
        <comment>Bargeo wrote two poems on hunting: Pietro Angelo Bargeo, <i>Petri Angelii\... Cynegetica. Item Carminum Libri Ii, Eglogae Iii</i> (Lyon: haeredes S. Gryphii, 1561) and <i>De Aucupio Liber Primus</i> (Florence: Giunti, 1566). Here it is likely that the Latin <i>venatione</i> refers to <i>De cynegetica</i>, a poem on hunting with dogs. Another possibility is that the <i>De aucupium</i>, a short unfinished poem on catching birds, was bound with other texts about hunting entitled <i>De venatione</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_15">
        <comment>Nicolaus of Damascus (1st c. BCE): Jewish historian and philosopher. Nicolaus Damascenus and Johannes Stobaeus, <i>Ex nicolai damasceni vniversali historia sev de moribus gentium libris excerpta iohannis stobaei</i>, ed. Nicolaus Cragius (Geneva: Santandreanus, 1593).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_16">
        <comment>Procopius Caesariensis, <i>De Rebus Gothorum, Persarum Ac Vandalorum Libri Vii</i> (Basel: Johannes Hervagius, 1531).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_17">
        <comment>Isidore of Seville (ca. 560–636): Archbishop of Seville and scholar.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_18">
        <comment>Sic. Correct author is likely Paulus Orosius (ca. 375–ca. 418): theologian and historian. He is cited here presumably for Paulus Orosius, <i>Historiae Adversus Paganos</i> (Augsburg: Johannes Schüssler, 1471), published in many editions, mainly under the title <i>Adversus paganos historiarum libri septem</i>. Context makes this misspelling more plausible than a reference to the Portuguese theologian and historian Jerónimo Osório (1506–1580), whose <i>Histoire de Portugal</i> was printed in Paris and Geneva in 1581.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_19">
        <comment>Eupolemus (2nd c. BCE): Greek Jewish historian.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_20">
        <comment>Latin: "a pagan historian who wrote the history of David and Solomon." This is likely quoted from Andreas Masius, <i>Josuae Imperatoris Historia Illustrata Atq. Explicata Ab Andrea Masio</i> (Antwerp: Christophorus Plantinus, 1574), the index of which (p. 635) indicates that <i>Eupolemus scripsit acta Davidis &amp; Salomonis</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_21">
        <comment>Gilles Corrozet, <i>Le Cathalogue Des Villes et Citez Assises Es Troys Gaulles, Avecq Ung Traicté Des Fleuves et Fontaines, Illustré de Nouvelles Figures</i> (Paris: Denis Janot, 1538).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_22">
        <comment>The illustrated calendar, <i>Kompost et Kalendrier Des Bergiers</i> (Paris: Guy Marchant, 1491).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_23">
        <comment>Jean-Pierre de Mesmes, <i>La Grammaire Italienne, Composée En Françoys</i> (Paris: Gilles Corrozet; Étienne Groulleau, 1548).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_24">
        <comment>Pierre de Savonne, <i>Nouvelle Instruction d'Arithmétique Abrégée Propre à Tous Les Marchands et Banquiers</i> (Paris: Nicolas du Chemin, 1563).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_25">
        <comment>Philibert Boyer, <i>Instruction Pour Le Faict Des Finances</i> (Paris: Ambroise Drouart; Guillaume Le Noir, 1581).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_26">
        <comment>Antoine Du Verdier, <i>Questions Enigmatiques, Recreatives et Propres Pour Deviner et Y Passer Le Temps Aux Veillees Des Longues Nuicts, Avec Les Responses Subtiles, et Autres Propos Joyeux</i> (Lyon: Benoı̂t Rigaud, 1568).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_27">
        <comment>Latin and French editions of this text exist. The author-practitioner likely refers to the Latin edition, as the 1550 French translations from Paris and Lyon have <i>enseignemens</i> and not <i>praeceptes</i> in their title. Cassianus Bassus, <i>Constantini Caesaris Selectarum Praeceptionum, de Agricultura Libri Viginti, Iano Cornario Medico Physico Interprete</i> (Basel: Hyeronimus Frobenius, 1538).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_28">
        <comment>Nicolas Froumenteau, <i>Le Secret Des Finances de France</i> (n.p., 1581).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_29">
        <comment>Synesius of Cyrene (ca. 370–ca. 413): bishop of Cyrene. Many of his writings circulate in print from 1497 onwards.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_30">
        <comment>Olaus Magnus, also known as Olof Månsson (1490–1557): Swedish ecclesiastic and author of Magnus Ollaus, <i>Historiae de Gentibus Septentrionalibus Libri Xxii</i> (Antwerp: Jean Bellère, 1552).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_31">
        <comment>Bernard Palissy (ca. 1510–ca. 1590): French Huguenot potter and craftsman, widely known for his lifecast rusticware and his writings on artistic practice and theory. Bernard Palissy, <i>Recepte Veritable Par Laquelle Tous Les Hommes de La France Pourront Apprendre a Multiplier et Augmenter Leurs Thresors</i> (La Rochelle: Barthélemy Berton, 1564); <i>Discours Admirables de La Nature Des Eaux et Fontaines, Tant Naturelles Qu'artificielles, Des Métaux, Des Sels et Salines, Des Pierres, Des Terres, Du Feu et Des émaux</i> (Paris: Martin le jeune, 1580).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_32">
        <comment>This is how Palissy is usually referred to (with a minor variant: <i>…royne sa mere</i>) on the title page of Bernard Palissy, <i>Discours Admirables de La Nature Des Eaux et Fontaines, Tant Naturelles Qu'artificielles, Des Métaux, Des Sels et Salines, Des Pierres, Des Terres, Du Feu et Des émaux</i> (Paris: Martin le jeune, 1580). The queen mother refers here to Catherine de' Medici.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_33">
        <comment>Pausanias (ca. 110–ca. 180 CE): Greek traveler and geographer who lived under the reigns of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. Pausanias, <i>Veteris Graeciae Descriptio. Romulus Amasaeus Vertit.</i> (Florence: Torrentino, Lorenzo, 1551); <i>Paysaniu Tes Hellados Periegesis. Hoc Est, Pausaniae Accurata Graeciae Descriptio</i> (Frankfurt: Claude de Marne; Johann Aubry; Andreas Wechel, 1583).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_34">
        <comment>Sic. Correct author is Procopius Caesariensis (ca. 500–ca. 570): Byzantine historian.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_35">
        <comment>Pietro Angelo Bargeo (1517–1596): Tuscan poet and humanist.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_36">
        <comment>Publius Papinius Statius (ca. 45–ca. 96 CE): Latin poet known for his epic, the <i>Thebaid</i>, and for his collection of occasional poetry, the <i>Silvae</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_37">
        <comment>Publius Vergilius Maro, <i>Vergilius cum commentariis et figuris P. Vergilii Maronis, Bucolica, Georgica, Aeneis cum Servii commentariis accuratissime emendatis in quibus multa quae adhuc deerant sunt adiecta et Graecae dictiones ac verius ubique restituti</i> (Venice: Gregorio de Gregori; Lucantonio Giunta, 1522).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_38">
        <comment>Ippolito Salviani, <i>Aquatilium Animalium Historiae Liber Primus: Cum Eorundem Formis, Aere Excusis</i> (Rome: Salviani, Ippolito, 1554).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_39">
        <comment>This may be a reference to Jean Nagerel, <i>L'histoire et Cronique de Normandie</i> (Rouen: Martin Le Mégissier, 1581). No printed history of Normandy bears the title <i>Annales</i>. However, a document titled <i>Annales de Normandie</i> appears among the sources of François de Belleforest, <i>Les Grandes Annales, et Histoire Générale de France, de La Venue Des Francs En Gaule, Iusques Au Regne Du Roy Très-Chrétien Henry Iii</i> (Paris: Gabriel Bon, 1579). The author-practitioner may have known of the manuscript source of Belleforest.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_40">
        <comment>Alexander of Aphrodisias (2nd c. CE): peripatetic philosopher renowned for his moral <i>Problemata</i>, which are printed as early as 1488 in an edition of Giorgio Valla. See Alexander Aphrodisiensis, <i>Problemata</i> (Venice: Antonius de Strata, n.d.). Subsequent editions, including a Latin translation by Angelo Poliziano, proliferate throughout the 16th century in eponymous books, Aristotelian compilations, commentaries, but also as additions to the editions of Theophrastus, Plutarch, and Averroes.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_41">
        <comment>Polydorus Vergilius, also known as Polydore Vergil (1477–1555): Italian humanist and historian. Presumably mentioned here for his most popular work, Polydorus Vergilius, <i>De Inventoribus Rerum</i> (Venice: Christophorus de Pensis, 1499). This work was re-edited multiple times throughout the sixteenth century. He also composed dialogues, a compilation of proverbs, and a history of England, <i>Anglicae Historiae Libri Vigintisex</i> (Basel: Isengrin, Michael, 1546).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_42">
        <comment>Appianus of Alexandria (ca. 95–ca. 165 CE): Greek historian based in Rome under the reigns of Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus. He wrote several histories of Rome, some of which were printed in Venice as early as 1477; Appianus Alexandrinus, <i>Historia Romana</i> (Venice: Maler, Bernhard; Ratdolt, Erhard; Löslein, Peter, 1477). Sixteenth-century editions of his histories include translations into Spanish, Italian, English, and French.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_43">
        <comment>Athenaeus of Naucratis (2nd c.–3rd c. CE): Greek erudite who lived in Egypt and known for his <i>Deipnosophistae</i>, an example of symposium literature in which famous characters discuss Greek literature and antiquities. The book was first released in Greek by the Aldine press: Athenaeus Naucratites, <i>Deipnosophistou Ten Polumathestaten Pragmateian Nun Exesti Soi Es Gnosis Elthein</i> (Venice: Manuzio, Aldo; Torresano, Andrea, 1514). The Latin edition followed forty years later: <i>Dipnosophistarum Sive Coenae Sapientum Libri Xv</i>, ed. Natale Conti (Venice: Andrea Arrivabene, 1556).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_44">
        <comment>The epic poem <i>Thebaid</i> was often published in compilations of Statius's poetry. See, for instance, Publius Papinius Statius, <i>Opera</i> (Venice: Zanis, Bartholomaeus de, 1494); <i>Sylvarum Libri V Achilleidos Libri Xii Thebaidos Libri Ii Orthographia et Flexus Dictionum Graecarum Omnium Apud Statium Cum Accentib. Et Generib. Ex Variis Utriusque Linguae Authoribus</i> (Venice: Aldo I Manuzio; Andrea I Torresano, 1519); <i>Sylvarum Libri V, Thebaidos Libri Xii, Achilleidos Libri Ii</i> (Lyon: Gryphe, Sébastien, 1547).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_45">
        <comment>Maurus Servius Honoratus (4th c.–5th c. CE): Latin grammarian. His name is inseparable from that of Vergil, as early modern editions of the Latin poet rarely come without his commentaries. Regarded as an authority in Latin grammar, rhetoric, and prosody, many books on these topics have been attributed to him.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_46">
        <comment>Ambrosius Macrobius Theodosius (4th c.–5th c. CE): Latin grammarian and philosopher. His <i>Commentarii in somnium Scipionis</i> enjoyed a wide diffusion in the middle ages, and was subsequently printed in numerous editions. His <i>Saturnalia</i>, a compendium of ancient Roman religion and antiquarian lore, became a major reference for Renaissance antiquarians. From 1475 to 1600, more than 45 editions of his' works were printed.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_47">
        <comment>Sextus Pompeius Festus (late 2nd c. CE): Latin grammarian who produced an abridgment of Marcus Verrius Flaccus’ <i>De significatu verborum</i> in 20 volumes. Sextus Pompeius Festus and Marcus Verrius Flaccus, <i>Quae Extant. Et Sex. Pompei Festi de Verborum Significatione, Libri Xx. In Eundem Festum Annotationes. Index Rerum Obiter Dictarum. Ex Bibliotheca Antonii Augustini</i> (Venice: Giovanni Maria Bonelli; Giordano Ziletti, 1560).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_48">
        <comment>Nonius Marcellus (4th or 5th c. CE): Latin grammarian. His sole extant work is the <i>De compendiosa doctrina</i>, a vocabulary comparable to that of Festus which contains valuable information about Roman antiquities. Nonius Marcellus, <i>De Proprietate Sermonum: Jam Demum Innumeris Locis Restitutus, Multis Locupletatus, Ope Vetustissimorum Codicum, &amp; Industria. Additus Est in Calce Libellus de Prisco Sermone Repurgatus: Index Vocabulorum</i> (Antwerp: Christophe Plantin,1565).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_49">
        <comment>Girolamo Maggi, <i>Variarum Lectionum, Seu Miscellanorum Libri Iiii. In Quibus Multa Auctorum Loca Emendantur, Atque Explicantur, &amp; Quae Ad Antiquitatem Cognoscendam Pertinent, Non Pauca Afferuntur</i> (Venice: Ziletti, Giordano, 1564), of particular interest for its numerous references to Roman antiquities.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_50">
        <comment>The <i>Onomasticon</i> is one of the oldest specimens of ancient encyclopaedism. It contains abundant information about Greek antiquities. Most sixteenth-century editions are in Greek, such as Iulius Pollux, <i>Onomasticon. Iulii Pollucis Vocabularium</i> (Venice: Aldo Manuzio, 1502) and Iulius Pollux, <i>Vocabularium</i> (Florence: Bernardo Giunta, 1520). A Latin translation was eventually produced in Basel: Iulius Pollux, <i>Onomasticon</i> (Basel: Robert Winter, 1541).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_51">
        <comment>Gaius Julius Hyginus (ca. 64 BCE–17 CE): Latin author. He is thought to have written the <i>Genealogiae</i>, a handbook of mythology, the abbreviated version of which was published in 1535 under the title <i>Fabulae</i>. Hyginus is also thought to have composed the <i>Poeticon astronomicon</i>, a manual of astronomy based on Greek sources. Gaius Iulius Hyginus, <i>Fabularum Liber Eiusdem Poeticon Astronomicon, Libri Quatuor</i> (Basel: Johannes Herwagen, 1535).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_52">
        <comment>Berosus (active early 3rd c. BCE): Babylonian scholar and priest. He wrote the <i>Babyloniaca</i>, a Babylonian history of which only a few fragments remain. The author-practitioner most likely refers to a well-known forgery from Annius (Giovanni Nanni) of Viterbo, <i>I cinque libri de le antichita</i> (Venice: Baldassare Constantini, 1550).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_53">
        <comment>Dionysos of Halicarnassus (ca. 60–after 7 BCE): Greek orator and historian based in Rome. While he wrote important treatises of rhetoric, he is best known for his history of Rome, <i>Roman Antiquities</i>. It was translated into Latin in 1480 and widely diffused thereafter in Greek, Latin, and Italian editions, including compilations. Dionysius Halicarnassensis, <i>Antiquitates Romanae</i> (Treviso: Bernardinus Celerius, 1480).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_54">
        <comment>Marcus Antonius Coccius Sabellicus, also known as Marcantonio Coccio (1436–1506): Italian humanist and historian. His history of Venice is particularly renowned, not least for the elegance of his Latin prose, Marcus Antonius Sabellicus, <i>Historiae Rerum Venetarum Ab Urbe Condita, Libri Xxxiii. Eiusdem in Singulos Libros Epitomae. Additus in Fine Est Index Rerum Memorabilium Copiosus.</i> (Basel: Episcopius, Nikolaus, 1556). Lodovico Dolce translated the work into Italian in 1544, <i>Le Historie Vinitiane Divise in Tre Deche Con Tre Libri Della Quarta Deca</i>, trans. Lodovico Dolce (Venice: Curzio Troiano Navò, 1544). Sabellicus also composed a number of poems, including one on the arts, <i>De Rerum et Artium Inventoribus Poema</i> (Vienna: Hieronymus Vietor, 1521).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_55">
        <comment>Julius Capitolinus (4th c. CE): one of the six Roman <i>Scriptores</i>, the presumed authors of the <i>Historia Augusta,</i> a collection of biographies of Roman emperors. Capitolinus reportedly wrote the lives of Antoninus, Marcus, Lucius Verus, Pertinax, Albinus, Macrinus, the Maximini, the Gordiani, and Maximus and Balbinus. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus et al., <i>Caius suetonius tranquillus: Vitae xii caesarum. Aelius spartianus: De vita hadriani; julius capitolinus, vulcatius gallicanus, aelius lampridius, trabellius pollio and flavius vopiscus: De regum ac imperatorum romanorum</i> (Venice: Johannes Rubeus Vercellensis, 1490).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_56">
        <comment>Guilielmus Budaeus, also known as Guillaume Budé (1467–1540): French humanist and diplomat particularly known for his expertise in Greek and jurisprudence. See Guillaume Budé, <i>Commentarii linguae graecae. Accurate recogniti, atque amplius tertia parte aucti</i> (Paris: Robert Estienne, 1548); <i>Epistolai hellēnikai. Epistolae graecae</i>, ed. Guillaume Plançon, trans. Antonius Pichonius (Paris: Jean Bienné, 1574); <i>Annotationes in xxiiii pandectarum libros</i> (Lyon: Sébastien Gryphe, 1551). The author-practitioner may also have been interested in Budé's work on ancient measurements, indispensable for the study of antiquities: <i>Libri v de asse, et partib. Eius post duas parisienses impressiones ab eodem ipso budaeo castigati, idque authore io. Grolierio lugdunensi christianissimi gallorum copiarum quaestore, cui etiam ob nostram in eum observantiam a nobis illi dicantur</i> (Venice: Torresano, Andrea; Aldo Manuzio, 1522).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_57">
        <comment>Aelius Spartianus (4th c. CE): one of the <i>Scriptores historiae Augustae</i> like Julius Capitolinus. He wrote the lives of Hadrian, Aelius, Didius Julianus, Severus, Niger, Caracalla, and Geta.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_58">
        <comment>Flavio Biondo (ca. 1392–1463): statesman and humanist from Forlì, who served the Papacy as a secretary and diplomat. He wrote several histories of Rome and Italy, such as <i>Roma instaurata</i>, <i>Italia illustra</i> and <i>Historiarum ab inclinatione Romanorum imperii decades</i>, and established himself as a major source for the study of antiquity. His manuscripts were subsenquently published in many editions and compilations, including Flavio Biondo, <i>Italia Illustrata</i> (Rome: Johannes Philippus de Lignamine, 1474); <i>Roma Triumphans</i> (Brescia: Bartholomaeus Vercellensis, 1482); <i>Historiarum Ab Inclinatione Romanorum Imperii Decades</i> (Venice: Thomas de Blavis, 1484); <i>Roma Instaurata</i> (Turin, 1527).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_59">
        <comment>Raphael Volaterranus, also known as Raffaello Maffei (1451–1522): humanist, historian, and theologian who lived between Rome and Volterra. Like Biondo and Sabellico, Maffei wrote influential histories of Rome and of Italy. Of particular interest is his major encyclopaedic work, the <i>Commentariorum rerum urbanorum</i>, which enjoyed a wide circulation in Europe. Raffaele Maffaei, <i>Commentariorum Urbanorum Octo et Triginta Libri, Cum Duplici Eorumdem Indice Secundum Tomos Collecto</i> (Lyon: Sébastien Gryphe, 1552); <i>Commentariorum Urbanorum Octo et Triginta Libri</i> (Basel: Johannes Frobenius, 1559); <i>Commentariorum Urbanorum Raphaelis Volaterrani, Octo et Triginta Libri, Accuratius Quam Antehac Excusi, Praemissis Eorundem Indicibus Secundum Tomos Ut Ab Autore Conscripti Fuerunt: Quibus Accessit Novus, Res Ac Voces in Philologia Explicatas Demonstrans, Quo Superiores Editiones Carebant Hactenus. Item Oeconomicus Xenophontis, Ab Eodem Latio Donatus</i> (Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1559).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_60">
        <comment>Paolo Manuzio (1512–1574), also known as Paulus Manutius: Venetian printer, son of the famous publisher and humanist Aldo Manuzio, and inheritor of the declining Aldine press. Most of the books he edited are about moral philosophy, literature, and rhetoric. In 1561 he moved to Rome to launch a new publishing house for the Papacy. While Paolo Manuzio is mostly remembered for his editorial activity, he also composed some works, including a book on antiquarianism and his own correspondences. Paolo Manuzio, <i>Lettere Volgari Di M. Paolo Manutio Divise in Quattro Libri</i> (Venice: Paolo, Manuzio, 1560); <i>Antiquitatum Romanarum Paulli Mannuccii Liber de Senatu</i> (Venice: Paolo Manuzio, 1581).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_61">
        <comment>Julius Firmicus Maternus (4th c. CE): Latin writer and astrologer best known for his <i>Matheseos</i>, a treatise on astrology. Julius Firmicus, <i>Astronomicωn Lib. VIII</i> (Basel: Johannes Herwagen, 1533).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_62">
        <comment>Quintus Curtius Rufus (1st c. CE): Latin historian, known for Quintus Curtius Rufus, <i>Historiae Alexandri Magni</i> (Venice: Johannes Tacuinus, 1496).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_63">
        <comment>Cassius Dio, also known as Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (ca. 155–ca. 230): Greek historian based in Rome, known for his <i>Historiae Romanae</i>, the fragments of which, particularly the histories of Nerva, Trajanus, and Hadrian, have been published in numerous editions and compilations.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_64">
        <comment>Flavius Vopiscus (4th c. CE): one of the <i>Scriptores historiae Augustae</i>, like Julius Capitolinus and Aelius Spartianus, mentioned above. Vopiscus wrote the lives of Aurelian, Tacitus, Probus, Quadrigae Tyrannorum and Carus, and Carinus and Numerian.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_65">
        <comment>Pierre de Savonne, also known as Pierre de Talon (d. before 1592): French arithmetician living in Toulouse, best known for published works on bookkeeping.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_67">
        <comment>Latin: "along with very many others." This note appears immediately to the left of the list, modifying "Iulius Capitollin{us}."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_69">
        <comment>A common type of <i>essai de plume</i> (pen trial) with no specific meaning.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_70">
        <comment>This may have been the first line written on this page, following what is now the last page of the manuscript, fol. 170v. Thus the list of six titles on fol. 170v probably continues with this title.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_71">
        <comment>Herodotus (ca. 484–ca. 425 BCE): Greek author whose work <i>Histories</i> is the foundational text for the Western genre and discipline of history.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_80">
        <comment>Jehan Garnier (d. before 1588): currier working in Paris. See Debuiche and Muñoz, "Le Ms. Fr. 640 et le contexte toulousain," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_312_ie_19.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_81">
        <comment>Alexander ab Alexandria, also known as Alessandro Alessandri (1461–1523): lawyer and humanist from Naples. Alessandro Alessandri, <i>Genialium Dierum Libri Sex, Varia Ac Recondita Eruditione Referti, Accuratius et Majore Fide Quam Antehac Usquam Impressi Cum Duplici Indice</i> (Paris: Jean de Roigny, 1549).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_68">
        <comment>Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (ca. 69–after 122 CE): Roman historian best known for his <i>De vita Caesarum</i>, biographies of twelve Roman rulers, from Julius Caesar to Domitian.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_66">
        <comment>Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca. 56–ca. 120 CE): Roman senator, orator, and historian best known for his <i>Annals</i> and <i>Histories</i>, which chronicle the Roman empire from the death of Augustus to the death of Domitian.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_72">
        <comment>Xenophon of Athens (ca. 431–354 BCE): Greek philosopher, soldier, and historian.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_73">
        <comment>Lucius Annaeus Seneca, also known as Seneca the Younger (ca. 4 BCE–65 CE): Roman dramatist, Stoic philosopher and son of the Roman rhetorician and historian Lucius (or Marcus) Annaeus Seneca, also known as Seneca the Elder (54 BCE–ca. 39 CE). Though Seneca the Younger's works survive in greater numbers and were widely published in the sixteenth century, it is uncertain which Seneca is meant here.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_74">
        <comment>Strabo (64/63 BCE–ca. 24 CE): Greek geographer and historian. Strabo, <i>Peri Geographias. Strabo de Situ Orbis</i> (Venice: Andrea Torresano; Aldo Manuzio, 1516).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_75">
        <comment>Cornelius Nepos (ca. 110–ca. 25 BCE): Roman biographer.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_76">
        <comment>A historic district of Paris located in what is today the 7th Arrondissement.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_77">
        <comment>Rue des Écrivains, a former street in Paris, ran alongside the former Church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie. Of the latter, only the tower (<i>Tour Saint-Jacques</i>) remains, located in what is today the 4th Arrondissement.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_78">
        <comment>Girolamo Maggi (ca. 1523–1572): Tuscan lawyer, engineer, and poet. He wrote books on a wide variety of topics, including military engineering, jurisprudence, and philosophy.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_001r_79">
        <comment>Julius Pollux (180–238 CE): Greek orator, grammarian, and lexicographer whose sole surviving book is the <i>Onomasticon</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002r_01">
        <comment>Sigebert de Gembloux (ca. 1028–1112): chronicler and monk. The <i>chronique de Sigebert</i> was popular not only in the Holy Roman Empire but also in France, with 35 manuscripts and the Paris editions of 1513, 1575, 1583, and 1608. See Sigebert de Gembloux, <i>Chronicon Ab Anno 381 Ad 1113, Cum Insertionibus Ex Historia Galfridi et Additionibus Roberti, Abbatis Montis, Centum et Tres Sequentes Annos Complectentibus, Promovente Egregio Patre d. G. Parvo,\... Nunc Primum in Lucem Emissum</i> (Paris: Henri Estienne; Jean Petit, 1513).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002r_02">
        <comment>Tyrannius Rufinus Aquileiensis (ca. 345–ca. 411): translator of Greek patristic works. Eusebius Caesariensis, <i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i>, trans. Tyrannius Rufinus (Mantua: Schallus, Johannes, 1479).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002r_03">
        <comment>Irenaeus (ca. 130–ca. 202): second bishop of Lyon. Irenaeus Lugdunensis and Nikolaus Episcopius, <i>Opus in Quinque Libros Digestum, in Quibus Mire Retegit &amp; Confutat Veterum Haereseon Impias Ac Por Tentosas Opiniones, Ex Vetustissimorum Codicum Collatione Quantum Licuit Emendatum Opera Des.erasmi Roterodami, Ac Nunc Eiusdem Opera Denuo Recognitum, Correctis Iis Quae Prius Suffugerant. Additus Est Index Rerum Scitu Dignarum</i>, ed. Erasmus Roterodamus (Basel: Hieronymus Froben, 1534).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002r_04">
        <comment>It is unclear what <i>in exegesi</i> refers to <i>Exegesi</i> may have been conflated with <i>haeresis</i>, possibly referencing Irenaeus Lugdunensis and Nikolaus Episcopius, <i>Opus in Quinque Libros Digestum, in Quibus Mire Retegit &amp; Confutat Veterum Haereseon Impias Ac Por Tentosas Opiniones, Ex Vetustissimorum Codicum Collatione Quantum Licuit Emendatum Opera Des.erasmi Roterodami, Ac Nunc Eiusdem Opera Denuo Recognitum, Correctis Iis Quae Prius Suffugerant. Additus Est Index Rerum Scitu Dignarum</i>, ed. Erasmus Roterodamus (Basel: Hieronymus Froben, 1534), which is known to have been titled <i>contra haereses</i> in some editions.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002r_05">
        <comment>Paolo Emili (1460–1529): Veronese historian and humanist based in Paris. Commissioned by King Louis XII of France to write a history of the French monarchy. See Paolo Emili, <i>De Rebus Gestis Gallorum Libri Ix Ad Historiam Pauli Aemylii Additi, Perducta Historia Usque Ad Tempora Henrici Ii, Francorum Regis</i>, trans. Arnoul Le Ferron (Paris: Michel de Vascosan, 1555).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002r_06">
        <comment>Paolo Giovio, also known as Paulus Jovius (1483–1552): physician and humanist active at the court of the Medici in Florence and Rome. See Paolo Giovio, <i>De Romanis Piscibus Libellus Ad Ludovicum Borbonium Cardinalem Amplissimum</i> (Rome: Calvo, Francesco Minizio, 1524); <i>Descriptio Britanniae, Scotiae, Hyberniae, et Orchadum, Ex Libro Pauli Iouii, Episcopi Nucer. De Imperiis, et Gentibus Cogniti Orbis, Cum Eius Operis Prohoemio</i> (Venice: Michele Tramezzino, 1548); <i>Elogia Virorum Bellica Virtute Illustrium Veris Imaginibus Supposita, Quae Apud Musaeum Spectantur. Volumen Digestum Est in Septem Libros</i> (Florence: Lorenzo Torrentino, 1551).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002r_08">
        <comment>Giacomo Filippo Foresti (1434–1520): Bergamasque monk and chronicler. Presumably mentioned for his historical work. See Jacopo Filippo Foresti, <i>Supplementum Chronicarum</i> (Venice: Bernardinus Rizus, 1493); <i>Novissime Hystoriarum Omnium Repercussiones Noviter a Reverendissimo Patre Iacobophilippo Bergomense Ordinis Heremitarum Edite: Que Supplementum Supplementi Cronicarum Nuncupantur. Incipiendo Ab Exordio Mundi Usque in Annum Salutis Nostre Mcccccii</i> (Venice: Albertino da Lessona, 1503).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002r_09">
        <comment>Philippe de Commynes (1447–1511): Franco-Burgundian diplomat, renowned for his memoirs, which served as a model of the genre. Philippe de Commynes, <i>Cronicque et Histoyre</i> (Paris: François Regnault; Pierre Gadoul, 1529).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002v_01">
        <comment>Vincenzo Sabio (ca.1530s–1603?): Italian printer active mainly in Brescia.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002v_03">
        <comment>First known edition Brescia, 1589. The book is exceedingly rare and earlier editions might have disappeared entirely. <i>Prattica, Cioe, Nova Invenzione Di Conteggiare : Ridotta à Modo Tanto Facile, Che Ogn'uno Potrà Far Ogni Gran Conto, Si in Vender, Come in Comperare, Sia à Misura, ò a Peso, ò a Qual Si Voglia Altro Modo, Ad Ogni Sorte Di Precio, &amp; Moneta, Per Tutte Le Parti Del Mondo : Serve Anchora a Commutar Scudi, &amp; Ogni Altra Sorte Di Ori in Lire, in Grossi, in Soldi, E in Qual Altro Modo Si Vole, &amp; Cosi Per Il Contrario : Serve Di Piu à Partir Ogni Sorte Di Cosa in Piu Parti, a Far Compartite Di Compagnie, et in Somma à Far Ogni Conto Che L'huomo, Si Possa Imaginare</i> (Brescia: Vincenzo Sabbio, 1589).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002v_04">
        <comment><i>{christ}al</i> (crystal) abbreviated in the manuscript as "xpal," from "XPS" for Christus</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002v_05">
        <comment><i>{crois}et</i> (crucible) abbreviated as "+et"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002v_06">
        <comment>number uncertain</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_002v_07">
        <comment>The remaining two entries on this folio are in a super-cursive hand, likely the author-practitioner's own in speed-writing mode (hand A'. See also fol. 157v).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_003r_02">
        <comment>In this period, counterfeit does not necessarily connote a deceptive practice of imitation. See Lores-Chavez, “Imitating Raw Nature,” https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_045_fa_16.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_003v_01">
        <comment>Latin: "Greek pitch"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_004v_01">
        <comment>See the entry beginning on fol. 94r, <i>Fourbisseur</i> (Furbisher).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_004v_02">
        <comment>Engraving here involves a process now known in English as "etching."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_004v_03">
        <comment>This entry describes a method for blackening metal components of larger items (such as harnesses for armor or trunk bands) without disassembling them. Such items might include leather components, for instance, which risk being damaged by the blackening technique requiring heat described in the entry above.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_005v_01">
        <comment>Ptolemy (ca. 100–ca. 170): Greek mathematician and geographer.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_005v_02">
        <comment>Archimedes (ca. 287–ca. 212 BCE): Greek mathematician and inventor.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_006r_01">
        <comment>Latin: "Armenian bole"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_006v_01">
        <comment>Hesitation in spelling. Possible confusion with <i>caches</i>, or <i>gages</i> (as in Italian, <i>gabbie</i>).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_006v_03">
        <comment>The outcome of the process described in this entry is used as the starting point in the following entry, found on fol. 7r.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_007r_01">
        <comment>The process for creating the stampings is described in the previous entry, found on fol. 6r.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_007r_02">
        <comment>Of the species <i>Sorbus domestica</i></comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_007r_04">
        <comment>Possibly lead ore, or a variety of minium</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_007r_05">
        <comment>See fol. 75v for a description of using the smoke of a burning partridge feather to improve the color of gilding.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_007r_06">
        <comment>An imitation gemstone made from two pieces of crystal separated by a layer of color.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_007v_01">
        <comment>Pain is a defining characteristic of gout, and thus the identification of "G." with gout is more likely than with the gonorrhea discussed in the next entry. Cf. fol. 16v, where the heading of another medical recipe is abbreviated: <i>Contre Go.</i> (Against Go.).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_007v_02">
        <comment>In this period, gonorrhea was understood as an involuntary and pleasureless loss of semen, different from gonorrhea in the modern sense. Hence the catheter-like injection of a liquid medicine into the male urethra. Cf. fol. 16v, <i>Contre Go.</i> (Against Go.) for another possible remedy for gonorrhea.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_007v_03">
        <comment>Latin: "Old smiths' water, i lb, Armenian bole reduced to the finest powder, i ℥, common honey, iii ʒ, shall be boiled to clarify the honey. Once cooled, it shall be strained with great pressure &amp;amp; the filtrate shall be used by injection." NB: <i>Aqua fabrorum</i>, or "smiths' water," (i.e., water in which smiths have quenched hot metal) was an ingredient in surgical remedies. See Juhani Norri, <i>Dictionary of medical vocabulary in english, 1375-1550: Body parts, sicknesses, instruments, and medicinal preparations</i> (London: Routledge, 2016).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_008r_02">
        <comment>It was common practice at this time for an armorer to test (or proof) armor by shooting a test shot at it with an arquebus or pistol.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_008r_03">
        <comment>Here, the verb <i>tremper</i> means to quench.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_008r_04">
        <comment>Here the word <i>mortier</i> (mortar) is used to denote a new explosive device which was known at the time as a "petard" in both French and English. The petard is considered to have been used for the first time at the siege of Cahors in 1580, and was widely used from 1588 during the wars of religion.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_008v_01">
        <comment>i.e., without the amalgamation and "calcining" step for gilding with gold. Silver can be dissolved "as is" with aquafortis, whereas gold cannot.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_008v_02">
        <comment>According to Renaissance lexicographer Randle Cotgrave, <i>grais</i>/<i>grès</i> means either 1) a kind of stone used for paving and (in powder form) for polishing; or 2) a particular type of potters' clay or earth for making stoneware vessels as well as the stoneware vessels themselves. See <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave. In the context of the manuscript, this material is used to make crucibles and molds for tin casting, and so it is more likely a stone (perhaps similar to schist or sandstone) which was used by pewterers for casting dishes. See Dieter Nadolski, <i>Les étains Anciens Usuels: Leur Aspect et Leur Fonction Pendant Six Siècles</i> (Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1986).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_009r_01">
        <comment>a kind of barley</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_009r_02">
        <comment>As opposed to Gascogne. "France" was often used to mean the central and northern parts of modern France now limited to what is known as the "Île-de-France" region.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_009v_01">
        <comment>i.e., <i>livres Tournois</i> (Tours pounds)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_009v_02">
        <comment>The identity of François du Cros is uncertain, though two candidates seem likely: 1) François Ducros de Bérail, Baron of Belcastel and Guitalens (d. 1600), who led twenty men on horseback to Toulouse for the king’s service and the city’s defense in 1577, or 2) François Ducros, Seigneur of Guitalens and son of François Ducros de Bérail. No other “François Ducros” is recorded in Toulouse, though Ducros was the surname of a prominent merchant family in the city. See fol. 170v for connections between the merchant Ducros and the Ouvrier family. See also Debuiche and Muñoz, "Le Ms. Fr. 640 et le contexte toulousain," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_312_ie_19.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_009v_03">
        <comment>While the heading of this entry is in the Italic script of the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A), the remainder of this page is in a different hand (hand B, a formal Italic script).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_009v_04">
        <comment>St. Andrew (1st c. CE): Christian saint and Apostle of Jesus. The Feast of St. Andrew is celebrated on November 30.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_009v_05">
        <comment>Reading "c." as "t." to mean <i>livres Tournois</i> (Tours pounds), as above</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_009v_06">
        <comment>Likely an abbreviation for <i>colonne</i> (column), with the number referring to a specific column in an accounting book.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_011r_01">
        <comment><i>Cendre</i> (ash), <i>fleur</i> (flower), and <i>le plus subtil</i> (the subtlest part) are grades of a blue pigment such as azurite or, as is most likely here, smalt. See Spring and Kirby, "Ms. Fr. 640 in the World of Pigments in Sixteenth-Century Europe," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_321_ie_19.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_012r_01">
        <comment>Possibly used for heating towels.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_012v_02">
        <comment>Written backwards: <i>cornaline</i> (cornaline). According to Renaissance lexicographer Randle Cotgrave, "cornaline" was used in contemporary English to denote a flesh-colored stone, likely carnelian. See <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_012v_01">
        <comment>added in the left margin</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_013r_01">
        <comment>Latin: "Not good"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_013v_01">
        <comment>Greek: "the swine." The word <i>ïon</i> appears to be a transliteration of the Greek <i>ϋον</i> or <i>ὗν</i>, perhaps reflecting sixteenth-century pronunciation and the author-practitioner's understanding of Greek.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_013v_02">
        <comment>Cf., the modern Greek <i>όφις</i>, meaning snake.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_013v_03">
        <comment><i>Haultan</i> is a Gallicised spelling of <i>autan</i>, the Occitan term for a SW/SSW wind.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_013v_04">
        <comment>Here, <i>cendrée</i> refers to a poor grade of blue pigment. Elsewhere in the manuscript, it may refer to 1) crucible material and furnace sweepings, 2) the method of purifying metals in ashes as per Renaissance lexicographer Randle Cotgrave, or 3) the product of that process. See <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_014r_01">
        <comment>On earth fortifications at this time, see Daniela Lamberini, <i>Il Sanmarino. Giovan Battista Belluzzi architetto militare e trattatista del cinquecento</i> (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2007), which discusses a manuscript treatise from ca. 1550 by architect Giovanni Battista Belluzzi (1506–1554).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_014r_02">
        <comment>Word omitted (no blank space). The author-practitioner seems to have forgotten to name this tool. Presumably, he is referring to the middle instrument in the marginal drawing, which he may have intended to label "B."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_014r_03">
        <comment>Though none of the instruments in the margin is marked "C," the author-practitioner is presumably referring to the bottom drawing.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_014r_05">
        <comment>Abbreviation for <i>stratum super stratum</i> (Latin: "layer upon layer") used in alchemical writings, among others.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_014v_01">
        <comment>This page is blank in the original.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_015r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -ou written over -us</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_015r_03">
        <comment>The looped descender of the "s" in <i>moresque</i> (moresque) is hatched.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_015r_01">
        <comment><i>Adoulcir</i> can mean to soften, sweeten, and smooth, meanings that converge within a worldview in which all things have a natural balance. Sour and brittle (<i>aigre</i>) materials can be rendered sweet and soft (<i>doulx</i>) with the right tempering substance, thus while we have translated adoulcir as "to soften" here, the author-practitioner's understanding was simultaneously of "sweetening," which involved a process of "tempering" and "mollifying" (as Cotgrave's 1611 Dictionarie also gives) or of bringing a material or process toward a new, more desirable or useful balance among its qualities, or in its outcome. See Wang and Smith, "Fat, Lean, Sweet, Sour," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_012_fa_14.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_015v_01">
        <comment>In the sixteenth century, diseases were commonly understood in terms of "fluxes," i.e., movements of liquids or vapors in the body.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_015v_02">
        <comment>Cf. the aphorism: "Don't put anything smaller than your elbow in your ear."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_015v_03">
        <comment>Contraction of <i>vitis alba</i>, referring to white briony. See glossary.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_015v_04">
        <comment>Wax discs imprinted with the image of a lamb and blessed by the Pope, used as devotional objects.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_016r_01">
        <comment>The figure partially intersects the text block, suggesting that it was drawn in advance of at least the end of the main text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_016v_01">
        <comment>"Go." may be an abbreviation for gonorrhea. In this period, gonorrhea was understood as an involuntary and pleasureless loss of semen, different from gonorrhea in the modern sense. Hence the catheter-like injection of a liquid medicine into the male urethra. Cf. fol. 7v, <i>Contre gonhorrea</i> (Against gonorrhea) for an explicit remedy for gonorrhea.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_016v_02">
        <comment>The meaning of the verb <i>charger</i> (to charge) is unclear, perhaps meaning to add weight to the cloth. The writer may also be noting the way silk can absorb an excess of crimson dyestuff rather quickly, while black dyestuff can only be absorbed to a deep saturation with multiple dips in the dye bath. Cf. fol. 38v “Black color for dyeing.”</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_016v_03">
        <comment>Here, the author-practitioner may be referring to the cotton plant. Elsewhere in the manuscript, <i>cotton</i> is understood as a generic wadding.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_016v_05">
        <comment>Here <i>metal</i> means not metal in general, but an alloy of copper and tin.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_017r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -a written over -e</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_017v_01">
        <comment>Platforms for or formations of pieces of artillery. The largest pieces, used for long-range shots, were commonly arranged on rear platforms.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_017v_02">
        <comment>= 80 (4 x 20)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_017v_03">
        <comment>The syntax is unclear in the original, but <i>ceulx</i> (those) seems to refer to artillery founders, and specifically to the Poncet, a family of artillery and bell founders active at the Toulouse arsenal between 1560 and 1640. Both father and son were called Pierre, and they originated from Mirepoix, in Ariège.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_017v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: d- written over l-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_018r_01">
        <comment><i>Moyenne</i> was presumably crossed out by mistake; the remaining sentence makes no sense otherwise.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_018r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -a written over -es</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_018v_02">
        <comment><i>Escusson</i> (escutcheon), meaning a shield or lozenge shape, is used to denote two different things: on a sword, it denotes the quillon block; on a cannon, it denotes a mark near the breech, which in some cases would seem to indicate the ideal level of the powder charge.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_019r_01">
        <comment>Meaning uncertain, could refer to the <i>cascabel</i> (cascabel), the protrusion behind the breech of a muzzle-loading cannon.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_019r_02">
        <comment>The subject (orgues) resumes on fol. 22v with a corresponding symbol in the top left margin. Fol. 22v is the fourth folio from fol. 19r when one counts it as the first.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_019v_01">
        <comment>This level of detail about how to make and administer an enema is very unusual, even in the casebooks of physicians.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_019v_02">
        <comment>Appears to the left and in line with the heading. This abandoned "P" seems to be taken up again to begin the heading.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_020r_01">
        <comment>This entry is written in a different hand (hand C, a calligraphic French script) from the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_020r_04">
        <comment><i>Lien</i> (bundle) was used to refer to bundles of three or six panes of glass as units of sale. See Michel Hérold, "Le verre des vitraux (xve-xvie siècles). Approche méthodologique," in <i>Verre et fenêtre de l'Antiquité au xviiie siècle, Actes du premier colloque international de l'association Verre &amp; Histoire</i> (Paris, Association Verre &amp; Histoire, 2009), http://www.verre-histoire.org/colloques/verrefenetre/pages/p307_02_herold.html.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_020v_02">
        <comment>According to the <i>Histoire de l'église de Montauban</i>, this bell was given in 1531 to the Cathedral of Saint-Etienne in Toulouse by Jean III de Cardaillac, the abbot of Montauban and Aurillac. See Camille Daux, <i>Histoire de L'Eglise de Montauban</i> (Paris: Bray et Retaux, 1881), 4.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_021v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: de written over et</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_022v_01">
        <comment>With the corresponding symbol at the bottom right of fol. 19r, the author-practitioner indicates that his discussion of this subject (orgues) will resume four folios later. Fol. 22v is the fourth folio from fol. 19r when one counts it as the first.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_022v_02">
        <comment><i>Ligne</i> (line), also known as "grain of barley," is usually a twelfth part of the king's thumb. Here, the author-practitioner specifies that it is a twelfth part of the ball of the cannon.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_022v_06">
        <comment>Reading <i>appelle</i> (call) instead of <i>apporte</i> (carry).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_022v_08">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -g</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_023r_01">
        <comment>A long slender tube made from buckram fabric; see illustration in the margin on the next page, fol. 23v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_023r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: o- written over l-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_024r_02">
        <comment>Here this probably means brass because one can solder it. Elsewhere in the manuscript, the meaning of <i>fer blanc</i> (white latten) is unclear.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_024r_03">
        <comment>Likely a piece of cord soaked in saltpeter solution.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_024r_04">
        <comment>i.e., the shell of the grenade.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_024r_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -un</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_024v_01">
        <comment><i>artiglerie</i> (artillery): an Italianism in the French spelling.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_027v_01">
        <comment>Given the weight and size, this was not a handheld musket but what was known as a wall gun.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_028v_01">
        <comment>The subject (pewterer) resumes on fol. 30r with the same heading. Although the author-practitioner directs the reader ahead to the fifth <i>foeillet</i> (folio), the topic resumes sooner.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_028v_02">
        <comment>A status conferred by the French king in the Ancien Régime, from the late medieval period onward, granting privileges and financial aid in exchange for military manpower and taxes. <i>Bonne ville</i> thus usually referred to a city of a certain size and degree of fortification.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_028v_04">
        <comment><i>Saulmon</i> refers to a large ingot or mass of unprocessed metal straight from the furnace. See “Dictionnaire Du Moyen Français.” Paris, 2015. http://www.atilf.fr/dmf. Jacques Savary des Brûlons and Philémon-Louis Savary, <i>Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce, d’histoire Naturelle, et Des Arts et Metiers: Tome I, Partie II : Contenant Les Articles Du Commerce &amp; Des Compagnies</i> (Paris: Veuve Estienne, 1741) notes they were commonly used by merchants as ballast, taking their name from their shape which resemble the salmon fish. Cf. <i>latte</i> and <i>grille</i>, which are smaller more processed ingots of lead and tin, respectively.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_028v_05">
        <comment>A <i>grille</i> is a type of tin ingot. In this manuscript, it is described as smaller, more processed, and more convenient to sell than the <i>saulmon</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_029v_01">
        <comment>i.e., distilled</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_030r_01">
        <comment><i>Pinte</i> (pint) is likely a small pewter vessel. More specifically, it could designate a vessel with the volume known in English as the French or Parisian pint, which, according to Randle Cotgrave, <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave, was "somewhat less then a sixt part short of our Quart (for in weight it is about 27 ounces, our Quart 32)."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_030r_02">
        <comment>At the bottom of fol. 28v, the author-practitioner indicates that his discussion of the subject (pewterer) will resume on the fifth folio from there. However, the topic resumes here.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_030r_03">
        <comment>A <i>latte</i> is a type of lead ingot. In this manuscript, it is appears to be smaller, more processed, and more convenient to sell than the <i>saulmon</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_031r_01">
        <comment>For more on <i>huile de noix blanche</i> (white walnut oil), see the entry on <i>Huile</i> (Oil) on fol. 60r.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_031v_01">
        <comment><i>Paindre d’aprest</i> is a technique for painting on glass.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_031v_02">
        <comment>Here, <i>rocaille</i> (rocaille) likely refers to small beads of glass, which may or may not be colored.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_032r_01">
        <comment>A process known as raising.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_032r_02">
        <comment>Likely refers to the process of planishing.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_032r_03">
        <comment>At this time, Milan was exporting large quantities of morions to France, where morions were usually made of two pieces.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_032v_01">
        <comment>The rest of this entry wraps around the heading of the next entry and was probably added at a later time.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_033r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -a</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_034r_01">
        <comment>The joke relies on a play on words, <i>faire tenir quelque chose</i> ("to make something hold" or "to have something held"), which does not translate well into English.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_034r_02">
        <comment>The joke relies on a play on words, <i>de</i> ("by means of" or "from"), which does not translate well into English.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_034r_03">
        <comment>i.e., the messenger will know nothing of the secret message he carried.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_034r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -a</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_034r_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: -un written over -e</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_034v_01">
        <comment>i.e., abracadabra. While this trick appears in Jean Prevost (54v-56v), he does not use this word. The term is used in literature, essentially meaning "dishonourableness." A similar word, "honorificabilitudinitatibus," is used in Shakespeare's <i>Love's Labour's Lost</i> (Act V, Scene I) and other sources, including late 15th- and 16th-century dictionaries.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_035r_01">
        <comment>In <i>Codex Atlanticus</i>, fol. 207r, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) attributes this joke to Maestro Giovanni da Lodi. Leonardo's version was "How to teach what you do not know: If you want to teach something to someone that you do not know, have him measure the length of something that you do not know and he will know the measure, which previously, you did not know." Luca Pacioli (ca. 1447–1517), Franciscan friar, mathematician, and Leonardo's collaborator, also quotes this joke, which he includes in the section of "vernacular <i>problemata</i> meant to stimulate intelligence and mirth" of his <i>De viribus quantitatis</i>, a manuscript available at the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna (codice 250). On Leonardo's relations with Pacioli, see also Edmondo Solmi and Sergio Solmi, <i>Scritti Vinciani: Le Fonti Dei Manoscritti Di Leonardo Da Vinci E Altri Studi</i>, Strumenti 37 (Firenze: La nuova Italia, 1976), 219–24.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_035v_01">
        <comment>Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli, also known as Matthiolus (1501–1577): Sienese physician and naturalist. A likely source for this entry is Mattioli's 1579 French edition of his commentaries on <i>De materia medica</i> by Dioscorides (ca. 40–90 CE), as both it and the author-practitioner provide the Arabic name <i>iarus</i>/<i>jarus</i> (arum) as an alternative name for the plant <i>pied de veau</i> (calf's foot). See Pietro Andrea Mattioli and Jean des Moulins, <i>Commentaires de M. Pierre André Matthiole Médecin Sennois, Sur Les Six Livres de Ped. Dioscoride Anazarbeen de La Matière Médicinale</i> (Lyon: Guillaume Rouille, 1579), 366–68. See also earlier editions.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_035v_02">
        <comment>Latin: "the invisible"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_036r_01">
        <comment>sic: referring to the sheath</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_036r_02">
        <comment>According to Renaissance lexicographer Randle Cotgrave, <i>pouldre d'oribus</i> (<i>oribus</i> powder) refers to a form of the philosophers' stone, i.e., an alchemical powder projected over metal to transmute it into a nobler metal (such as gold). Cotgrave notes that it was used as a term of derision because of its association with futile or fraudulent pursuits by charlatans. See <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_036v_01">
        <comment>This kind of glass, made from flattened hand-blown glass bubbles, is known as crown glass.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_037r_01">
        <comment>Latin: "hair of Venus." Probably <i>Adiantum capillus-veneris</i>, the maidenhair fern.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_037v_02">
        <comment>Unclear how wood would be used here. "Verre" (glass) rather than "bois" (wood) may have been intended.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_038r_02">
        <comment>The so-called "Screen of Charlemagne," associated with the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne (748–815), is a gem-studded altarpiece, formerly in the Treasury of Saint-Denis. For an 18th-century aquarelle of the screen, see https://images.bnf.fr/detail/710639</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_038v_01">
        <comment><i>lb</i> is the abbreviation for <i>livre</i>, usually meaning "pound," but here it clearly means "book," the other meaning of <i>livre</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_038v_02">
        <comment>The letters "arc" in the heading <i>Marchant</i> (Merchant) are in Italic script written over French script, indicating a later correction.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_038v_03">
        <comment>A plant, possibly a sorrel.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_038v_04">
        <comment>St. Paul (ca. 5–ca. 64/67 CE): Christian saint, Apostle of Jesus, and author of several texts in the New Testament. The Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul is celebrated on January 25.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_039r_01">
        <comment>St. Anthony, also known as Anthony the Great (ca. 251–356 CE): Christian saint. The Feast of Saint Anthony is celebrated on January 17.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_039v_01">
        <comment>A coin. See glossary.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_039v_02">
        <comment><i>Laque platte</i> is likely dried lake pigment that is formed into a flat shape for storage and sale.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_040v_01">
        <comment>Here <i>cendrée</i> likely refers to a process of separating metals in ashes. For additional meanings, see glossary.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_040v_02">
        <comment>The author-practitioner appears to have made corrections in this entry later on in a lighter ink, and perhaps forgot to cross out <i>vent</i> in this second instance.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_041v_01">
        <comment>This text block is in a different ink.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_041v_02">
        <comment>Likely a variant of the old Occitan <i>vistornar</i>, meaning 'to castrate.'</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_043r_01">
        <comment>Italian: Take soft tin, half an ounce, melt it in a spoon. Once melted, throw in an ℥ of ☿, mix together. Once cold, grind on porphyry. Next take an ℥ of sal ammoniac, an ℥ of sulfur, the yellowest that may be found, grind both of them. And then mix very well all the aforementioned materials. Next put all together into a [deleted: a pot] glass sublimatorium, hold this over a small fire for an hour &amp; a slightly stronger one for an hour, &amp; a very good fire for an hour, and it will be done. Next, to use it, apply soot black with the glue that painters use to paint, &amp; two or three times, until it is quite black. Next apply a little varnish. Once dry, apply the purpurine <i>a secco</i> with a finger where you want. The more of it you apply, the more beautiful it will be. Next, if you want, apply varnish on top.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_043v_01">
        <comment>Possibly a breech-loading arquebus, which has a chamber.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_043v_02">
        <comment>Known as a swamped barre.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_043v_03">
        <comment>Known as a "wadding" or a "patch."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_043v_04">
        <comment>This entry appears to describe a kind of lampworking technique for making imitation pearls of blown glass, perhaps by blowing talcum powder into a glass bubble as it is blown.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_043v_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: s- written over a-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_044r_01">
        <comment>Hackbut: used interchangeably with "arquebus" in the period. Randle Cotgrave, <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave, also has "caliver," which refers to a small musket.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_044r_02">
        <comment>Likely suggesting an alternative wadding that will keep the barrel cleaner.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_044v_01">
        <comment>17 x 100 (i.e., 1700)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_044v_02">
        <comment>Likely refers to the decoction rather than the residue.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_044v_03">
        <comment>Monsieur de Montorsin almost certainly refers to César de Montourcin, who was Master of the Toulouse Mint, 1590–1591.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_045r_01">
        <comment>Paper case containing shot (but no powder charge) that is placed into the barrel as a whole.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_045r_03">
        <comment>Likely refers to pieces of shot of a particular shape.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_045r_04">
        <comment>i.e., the breastplate</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_046r_01">
        <comment>NB: gout was not considered a discrete disease, but rather a concentration of morbid humors and materials in various parts of the body.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_046r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -s written over -es</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_046v_01">
        <comment>i.e., oil of sulfur, which is discussed in the preceding entries</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_046v_02">
        <comment>Likely refers to leather from the neck of the animal.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_046v_03">
        <comment>This abbreviation occurs in six of the seven entries on this page, perhaps indicating a common source. The only other occurence of "Urb." in the manuscript appears on fol. 1r, in the book title <i>Comment. urb. rom.</i>. This work is most plausibly identified as <i>Commentariorum Urbanorum Raphaelis Volaterrani</i>, though it does not include any of the six entries from fol. 46v. See Raffaele Maffaei, <i>Commentariorum Urbanorum Octo et Triginta Libri</i> (Basel: Johannes Frobenius, 1559).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_047r_01">
        <comment>NB: this word is followed by an incomplete letter, probably the "d" of <i>d'huile</i> in the following line.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_047r_03">
        <comment><i>Laveure</i>: residue specifically of gold or silver recovered from ashes, sweepings, and crucibles in a goldsmith's workshop.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_048r_01">
        <comment>According to Renaissance lexicographer Randle Cotgrave, this could denote either an unspecified "precipitate" or "the red, poisonous, corroding powder of burned quicksilver." The latter could refer to vermillion, i.e., precipitated mercuric sulfide, also used as a red pigment. See <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_048v_01">
        <comment>This marginal text is oriented 90 degrees clockwise to the main text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_049r_01">
        <comment>The Poncet were a family of artillery and bell founders active at the Toulouse arsenal between 1560 and 1640. They are mentioned on fols. 17v and 49r.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_049r_04">
        <comment>The rest of the entry shows a shift in the handwriting and may have been added at a later time.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_049v_05">
        <comment>Awkward syntax in the original, perhaps suggesting an unfinished thought.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_049v_06">
        <comment><i>Gaillardise</i> usually connotes joy, vigorous health, and sensuality; here the term may relate to the Middle French <i>galle</i> (f.) and its association with parasitic growths and skin conditions.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_049v_08">
        <comment>Likely referring to the use of the lead grains as shot.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_049v_09">
        <comment>St. Michael: an archangel in the Abrahamic religious traditions. The Feast of the St. Michael, or Michaelmas, is celebrated on September 29.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_050v_01">
        <comment><i>Passe solitaire</i>: owsell or similar bird. See Paul J. Smith, "Solitudo: Spaces, Places, and Times of Solitude in Late Medieval and Early Modern Cultures," ed. Enenkel K. A. E. and Christine Göttler, vol. 56, <i>Intersections</i> (Leiden: Brill, 2018), 531–60.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_052r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -t written over -x. Here <i>chaulx</i>, which could be read as referring to "chalk" or "lime," was then corrected to change the x to a t, changing the meaning to "hot." <i>Chaulx vive</i> (quicklime) was sometimes added to horse dung to make it hotter.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_052r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: l- written over d-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_052r_03">
        <comment>This unusual sequence of parentheses seems to indicate an uncertainty, and the author-practitioner may have intended to return to this point at a later time.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_052v_01">
        <comment>St. John the Baptist (1st c. CE): itinerant preacher and first cousin and precursor to Jesus of Nazareth. The Feast of St. John the Baptist is celebrated on June 24.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_052v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: l- written over b-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_053r_01">
        <comment>Read: <i>eschaufer</i> (heat)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_053v_01">
        <comment>Latin: "Girolamo Vida of Cremona, Bishop of Alba, wrote a poem on the nature of silkworms." Marco Girolamo Vida (ca. 1485–1566): Italian humanist who became bishop of Alba in 1533. Marco Girolamo Vida, <i>Bucolica de Bombyce Ad Isabellam Estensem Marchionissam Libri Ii, Etc.</i> (Basel: Walder, Johann, 1534).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_054r_01">
        <comment>Text breaks off in mid-sentence.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_054v_01">
        <comment>This entry does not have a heading.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_055r_01">
        <comment>i.e., the barrel</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_055r_02">
        <comment>Likely the iron tip of the ramrod, known today as a cleaning jag.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_055r_03">
        <comment><i>Veneno orrible</i> (horrible venom), though close to Spanish, is more likely written in a poor Italian.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_055r_06">
        <comment>Written backwards: <i>veneno orrible tuant si on marche sur une table ou extrieu</i> (horrible venom which kills if one steps on a board or a stirrup).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_055r_04">
        <comment>Italian: a gun without noise.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_055r_05">
        <comment><i>semperviva</i>: Latin name for plants known as houseleeks or liveforevers.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_055r_07">
        <comment>Correction in original: t- written over b-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_055v_01">
        <comment>Written backwards: <i>Crapaut dan un pot</i> (Toad in a pot)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_055v_03">
        <comment>This recipe for a quenching/tempering liquid for steel appears in medieval books of secrets.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_055v_04">
        <comment>NB: this word is followed by what may be an incomplete letter, perhaps the "d" of <i>d'huile</i> in the following line.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_056v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: s- written over d-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_056v_02">
        <comment>The marginal notes on this page are in a different ink and were likely added at a later time.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_057r_01">
        <comment>From this point on, the writing is once more the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_057r_02">
        <comment>The following four paragraphs are in a different hand (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_057v_01">
        <comment>The entire page is written in a different hand (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script, see also fols. 57r and 58r) from the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A), with the exception of the title of the second entry, <i>Painctre</i>, and the final sentence on the page.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_057v_02">
        <comment>This final sentence is in the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_057v_03">
        <comment>Meaning uncertain, as, according to Cotrave and <i>Dictionnaire historique de l'ancien langage françois</i> (La Curne, vol. 6 p. 96, after Monet), <i>estoffer</i> can more specifically mean to engrave (<i>ciseler, graver</i>); <i>estofferie</i> can mean engraving (<i>gravure</i>), and <i>estoffeur</i> can mean engraver (<i>graveur</i>).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_057v_04">
        <comment>This heading is written in the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A) and was likely added at a later time.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_058r_01">
        <comment>This paragraph is in a different hand (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script, see fols. 57r–v) from the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_058r_04">
        <comment>From this point, the text is in the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_058r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: n- written over d-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_058v_03">
        <comment>Uncertain transcription due to strikethrough.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_058v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: -aul- written over -on-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_059r_01">
        <comment>This final sentence wraps tightly around the heading of the next entry.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_059r_02">
        <comment>It is likely that "Acre" qualifies both "ash" (<i>cendre</i>) and "<i>azur</i>" and may refer to the modern-day city of Acre.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_060r_01">
        <comment>The author-practitioner (hand A) used a darker, brown ink to reinforce this heading, which was originally written in a lighter and greyish ink.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_061r_03">
        <comment>Added to the beginning of the line, slightly in the margin.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_061r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: vi- written over re-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_061v_02">
        <comment><i>Chassis</i> (frames): here, the term does not refer to casting frames, as it does in most other cases in this manuscript.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_061v_01">
        <comment>For more on vine water, see Marjolijn Bol, "The Emerald and the Eye: On Sight and Light in the Artisan’s Workshop and the Scholar’s Study," in <i>Perspective as Practice: Renaissance Cultures of Optics</i>, ed. Sven Dupré (Turnhout: Brepols, 2019), 71–101.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_062r_01">
        <comment>This entry and the one below it are written in a different ink and were likely added at a later time.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_062r_02">
        <comment>The last lines of this entry are compressed into the right margin of the entry below.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_062v_01">
        <comment><i>demenée</i> suggests unquiet motion. See Randle Cotgrave, <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_063r_01">
        <comment>The latter part of the clause, presumably describing the behavior or properties of red wine produced in this way, seems to be missing.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_063v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -u</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_063v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -a written over -e</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_063v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: f- written over d-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_064r_01">
        <comment>This entry in the left margin and the two below it are written in a different ink and were likely added at a later time.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_064v_01">
        <comment><i>plant</i> is used elsewhere to mean position. Here, it seems to refer to a full human figure, as opposed to curled-up bodies or single body parts.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_064v_06">
        <comment>Correction in original: L- written over C-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_065r_01">
        <comment>Drawing perhaps indicates a palette knife or spatula.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_065v_01">
        <comment>The three first marginal blocks appear to belong together under the heading <i>Au naturel</i> (From nature) in spite of the relative distance between them.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_065v_02">
        <comment>This entry begins in the margin and, following the insertion line, ends in the main body of the page underneath the last entry.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_065v_04">
        <comment>This text continues the entry begun in the margin, as indicated by an insertion line.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_065v_03">
        <comment>Perhaps an idiomatic expression meaning that they carry their security with them everywhere they go.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_065v_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e- written over -a-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_065v_06">
        <comment>Correction in original: t- written over l-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_066r_01">
        <comment>This asterisk refers to the continuation of this entry in the left margin on fol. 66v, also indicated with an asterisk.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_066r_02">
        <comment>This asterisk refers to the note in the upper left margin of the page, also indicated with an asterisk.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_066r_03">
        <comment>This mark appears to separate the main text from the the marginal note.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_066r_04">
        <comment>The entry <i>Or mat</i> seems to have been written around this block.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_066v_01">
        <comment>This asterisk refers to prior text in this entry, which began on fol. 66r and concluded with a corresponding asterisk.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_066v_03">
        <comment>Second part of title likely added at a later point.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_066v_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: -or written over -es</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_067r_01">
        <comment>A squirrel</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_068r_03">
        <comment>Uncertain transcription</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_068r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: d- written over t-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_068v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: c- written over p-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_069r_02">
        <comment>Latin: "turn" [the page]</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_069r_04">
        <comment>The blank space between entries here may give clues to authorial intent and composition of the text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_069r_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: <i>fœu</i> (fire) written over illegible</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_070r_02">
        <comment>Final word of the sentence is fit in immediately below the end of the previous line.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_070r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -u written over -e</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_070v_01">
        <comment>The blank space after this entry may give clues to authorial intent and composition of the text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_071r_01">
        <comment><i>Vin doulx nouveau</i>: a young, barely fermented wine, traditionally drunk in the weeks following harvest season. It is cloudy, sweet, and slightly bubbly. Also known in Southern France as <i>vin bourru</i>, in Italy as <i>novello</i>, and in Germany as <i>Federweißer</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_071v_01">
        <comment>The word could not be traced. It appears to refer to a kind of whetstone.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_071v_02">
        <comment>i.e., those who sharpen shears smooth them with filing stones</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_072r_01">
        <comment>The word in the original is <i>canton</i>, meaning corner or angle, interpreted here as the edge of the medal.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_073r_01">
        <comment>From this entry through fol. 76v, the hand is different (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script, likely the hand of a scribe) from the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A). See also fols. 57r–58r and 77r–79v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_073r_02">
        <comment>This addition is in the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A), glossing the word <i>fleurs</i> (flowers) written by the scribe (hand D); however, the author-practitioner seems unsure whether it should read <i>fleuree</i> (florey) or <i>Flandres</i> (Flanders).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_073r_03">
        <comment><i>Moullée</i> is added in a different hand, likely the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A), to fill in a blank left by the scribe (hand D) who wrote the rest of the page.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_073r_04">
        <comment>Meaning unclear.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_073v_02">
        <comment>This page is part of a longer stretch (fols. 73r–76v) written in a different hand (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script, likely the hand of a scribe) from the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A). See also fols. 57r–58r and 77r–79v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_074r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -i- written over -e-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_074v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: &amp; written over de</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_074v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: d- written over tr-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_075r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -f written over -t</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_075v_02">
        <comment>i.e., a shell full of <i>or moulu</i>. See the entry <i>Or moulu</i> on fol. 75r, which instructs to store the prepared material in a shell.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_075v_03">
        <comment>Likely synonymous with rock alum (<i>alun de roche</i>)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_075v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: -n written over -ie</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_075v_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: -a written over -am</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_076v_01">
        <comment>There is a black smudge across this word.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_077r_01">
        <comment>From this entry through fol. 79v, the hand is different (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script, likely the hand of a scribe) from the author-practitioner's main one (hand A). See also fols. 57r–58r and 73r–76v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_077r_02">
        <comment>This is the first of three consecutive entries on this page written in the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_077v_03">
        <comment>In context, this is clearly sandarac. Variants of this issue occur on fols, 77v, 78r, and 79v. The scribe (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script) had difficulty understanding the word "sandarac," writing homophones and perhaps interpreting the term as <i>sang</i> (blood) <i>de Drac</i> (of the dragon) or <i>da Rac</i> (the devil's shout). This may indicate that dictation was used in the composition of this manuscript.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_077v_04">
        <comment>This page is part of a longer stretch (fols 77r–79v) in a different hand (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script, likely the hand of a scribe) from the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A); see also fols 57r–58r and 73r–76v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_077v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -y written over -ie</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_078r_02">
        <comment>This heading repeats the same phrase <i>pour faire bois verd</i> (for making green wood) that concludes the previous entry. This might indicate that the scribe (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script), perhaps taking dictation, did not realize these words were meant to begin a new entry. Moreover, in each instance, the scribe writes <i>trois</i> (three) for <i>bois</i> (wood). Might this indicate a noisy workshop environment as the scribe took dictation?</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_078r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -c written over -ie</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_078r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: b- written over tr-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_079r_01">
        <comment>Three horizontal strokes may indicate the scribe (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script) experienced difficulty while taking dictation.They likely occupy a space for materials initially misunderstood or omitted. It is unclear whether those materials are still missing or if the strokes now fill the gap to continue the sentence.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_079r_02">
        <comment>God: the deity of the Abrahamic religious traditions.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_079v_02">
        <comment>This entry, written in the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A), marks the conclusion of the longer stretch on fols. 77r–79v written in hand D (a semi-calligraphic French script, likely the hand of a scribe); see also fols. 57r–58r and 73r–76v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_079v_03">
        <comment>This entry and the next are part of a longer stretch (fols. 77r–79v) in a different hand (hand D, a semi-calligraphic French script, likely the hand of a scribe) from the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A); see also fols. 57r–58r and 73r–76v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_080r_01">
        <comment><i>Viron</i> (also <i>biron</i>, reflecting Gascon pronunciation) is an Occitan term, referring to a gimlet, i.e., a small boring tool for which the French term <i>guimbelet</i> is used elsewhere.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_081r_01">
        <comment>A hill now known as Pech David, a district in the south of Toulouse (now sector 5). <i>Puy</i> is the French form of the Occitan <i>pech</i> and Latin <i>podium</i>, meaning "hill."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_081r_02">
        <comment>Fousseret: A commune in the Haute-Garonne in the southwest of France, about 50 km southwest of Toulouse.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_081r_03">
        <comment>Ox: A small village in the Haute-Garonne in the southwest of France, about 20 km southwest of Toulouse.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_081v_02">
        <comment>Distinctly paler ink for the two words <i>est excellent</i> (is excellent), as if an addition.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_082r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: e- written over d-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_082v_01">
        <comment>Smudged but legible</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_083r_03">
        <comment>Latin: "in equal quantity." See http://logeion.uchicago.edu/ana</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_083r_04">
        <comment>i.e., <i>recipe</i>. Latin: "take"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_084r_02">
        <comment>This hashmark may indicate a continuation of an entry, likely the last entry on the page, <i>Sable de mine de Th{ou}l{ous}e</i> (Sand from a mine in Thoulouse).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_084r_03">
        <comment>This entry may continue above at the hashmark.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_084r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: -s written over -l</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_084r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -a- written over -e-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_084r_05">
        <comment><i>advents de Noel</i> (Advent) refers to the liturgical season leading up to the Christian holiday of Christmas and begins the fourth Sunday before December 25.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_084v_02">
        <comment>Similar "X" marks, which appear to be hastily drawn, occur on fols. 5r, 33r, 34r, 84v, and 85v. Their meaning, or any relationship between them, is unclear.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_085v_01">
        <comment>Jesus of Nazareth: central figure in Christianity.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_086v_01">
        <comment>Appears to the left and in line with the heading. This abandoned "D" seems to be taken up again directly below, to begin the main text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_086v_03">
        <comment><i>vieulx K</i> occurs twice in the manuscript (fols. 86v and 147v). Both instances are associated with a silver-copper alloy, which was used in minting coins, where it was known as billon. The abbreviation "K" might thus indicate a coin, such as the <i>Carolus</i>, a base silver coin marked with a letter K, or the German <i>Kreuzer</i> which was abbreviated K and made of silver-copper alloy up until the seventeenth century. See Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, <i>Encyclopédie, Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné Des Sciences, Des Arts et Des Métiers</i>, vol. 7 (Paris: Briasson, 1770), vol. 7, 587.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_087v_01">
        <comment>The expressions <i>tenir de</i> and <i>participe de</i> (here translated as "to be kin of") may refer to a kind of analogical thinking through which the author-practitioner distinguishes different properties of earth. Etienne Gilson, <i>L’esprit de la philosophie médiévale</i> (Paris: Vrin, 1969), 98.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_088v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -r written over -s</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_089v_01">
        <comment>The end of the entry continues in the left margin and runs up against the next heading.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_089v_02">
        <comment>Continuation of the previous entry</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_089v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -s written over -f</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_090r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -s written over -ur</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_090r_02">
        <comment>Precise technical meaning unclear.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_091r_02">
        <comment>The darker ink of this final sentence may give clues about authorial intent and composition of text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_091v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: b- written over p-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_092r_03">
        <comment>Likely verdigris</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_093r_01">
        <comment><i>le jour des rameaulx</i> (Palm Sunday) is a Christian holiday celebrated on the Sunday preceding the first full moon on or after March 21.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_093r_02">
        <comment>Appears to the left and in line with the heading. This abandoned "I" seems to be taken up again directly below, to begin the main text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_093v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: d- written over u-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: l- written over c-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e- written over -r-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_04">
        <comment>Awkward syntax in the original. There appears to be no mention of an alternative adhesive to gummed wax until two sentences later, when the author-practitioner writes of glue.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_05">
        <comment>Likely a diamond cross-section.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_06">
        <comment>Likely a flattened diamond cross-section.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_07">
        <comment>The middle notch is called a fuller.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_08">
        <comment>Meaning hilt</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_09">
        <comment>This figure depicts the inner guard, the side that faces the body (i.e., the back) when one holds the sword. The <i>pontet</i> (likely the port ring or side ring) referenced in the main text would appear on the front and is thus not visible in the figure.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_10">
        <comment>Known today as the "arms" of the guard.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_11">
        <comment>Likely what is now called the port ring or side ring.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_13">
        <comment>i.e., the tang</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_14">
        <comment>Likely meaning dogfish skin (i.e., the skin of a common sand shark), which was used for sword handles.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094r_15">
        <comment>Likely what is now known as Turk's head binding.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: s- written over l-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094v_05">
        <comment>European mountain ash, <i>Sorbus acuparia</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094v_06">
        <comment>Likely vessels containing oil and emery powder, which are used to furbish the sword with the <i>fustée</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094v_07">
        <comment>A polishing and sharpening tool.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094v_08">
        <comment>Likely <i>brunisson</i>, i.e., a burnisher.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_094v_09">
        <comment>Often used to burnish.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: bien written over po-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095r_05">
        <comment>Perhaps a grindstone worked by a foot pedal.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095r_07">
        <comment>i.e., to sharpen it</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095r_09">
        <comment>i.e., the quillon block, through which the tang passes</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095r_11">
        <comment>Most tangs are rounded or flattened at the button end, though many rapiers and daggers produced for the court and bodyguard unit of the Dukes of Saxony in Dresden ca. 1590–1600 have tangs filed into a diamond shape on top of the button. An example from this Dresden group can be found in the Art Institute of Chicago (2014.1063.1).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095r_12">
        <comment>Here, <i>ribeure</i> (rivet) refers to the tip of the tang, which is passed through the handle and then worked into a rivet. On this process, see Tavares, "Arms and Armor in Ms. Fr. 640," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_308_ie_19.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -g written over -e</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095v_03">
        <comment>The lower end of the scabbard, known as the chape.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095v_04">
        <comment>Likely chased or chiselled.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095v_05">
        <comment>Likely referring to the pommel rather than the guard.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095v_06">
        <comment>Thin laths, usually of beech wood, used to make sword sheaths.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_095v_07">
        <comment>i.e., a draw-knife</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_096r_01">
        <comment>A comparison is given in the margin for the yield of sheep skin.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_096r_02">
        <comment><i>talan</i>: the mouth end of the scabbard. Cf., <i>talon</i> (heel).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_096r_03">
        <comment>i.e., the aperture of the scabbard (known as the throat), which is the same shape as the cross-section of the blade.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_096r_04">
        <comment>i.e., the cross-section of the blade at the mouth of the scabbard.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_096v_01">
        <comment>A technical term for heating by "passing" the metal from one color to another.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_096v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: c- written over d-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_097r_02">
        <comment>See fol. 4v</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_097r_03">
        <comment>The technique described in this entry was known as false damascening in the sixteenth century.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_097r_04">
        <comment>This refers to metal that is rough from the forge.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_097r_05">
        <comment>See fol. 96v. A technical term for heating by "passing" the metal from one color to another.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_097v_01">
        <comment>Here, <i>Travailler d'aprest</i> (Working on glass) seems to refer to the same technique described on fol. 31v, <i>Paindre d’aprest</i> (Painting on glass).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_098v_01">
        <comment>Final "e" of <i>compaignee</i> (company) unclear.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_098v_04">
        <comment><i>Barbets</i> is translated here as "water-dogs." Randle Cotgrave, <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave, gives "water-spaniel." It is unclear whether <i>barbets</i> are the modern barbets, a French dog breed used for retrieving birds and known in the 18th century as poodles, from the German <i>pudeln</i> or <i>puddeln</i>, "to paddle”; see Deutsches Wörterbuch (Leipzig, 1961), s.v. “pudeln,” http://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB?.lemma=pudeln.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_099r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: de written over qui</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_099r_02">
        <comment>The ink of this marginal note looks significantly different from the rest of marginal comment and from the main text, perhaps indicating an addition.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_099r_03">
        <comment>Latin: "which I do not believe"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_100v_01">
        <comment>The marginal note was written around this word.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_101v_02">
        <comment>This sentence appears to be unfinished.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_102r_01">
        <comment>This appears to be an inverted mercury symbol (☿), deleted by the author-practitioner.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_102r_02">
        <comment>According to Renaissance lexicographer Randle Cotgrave, <i>ciment royal</i> is "An excellent Cement, or Solder, used by Goldsmiths; (heretofore Mintmen compounded a Cement for the tryall of gold, and tearmed it so.)" See <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_102v_03">
        <comment>Pope Paul III, born Alessandro Farnese (1468–1549), head of the Catholic Church from 1534 to his death.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_102v_05">
        <comment>Obsolete term for the flower of rosemary. "Ce mot est Grec, et veut dire Fleur en general. Cependant tous les Apothicaires entendent par là la Fleur de Rosmarin, comme estant la plus considerable de toutes les fleurs, et meritant d'estre appellée Fleur par excellence;" Thomas Corneille, <i>Le Dictionnaire Des Arts et Des Sciences</i> (Paris: Vve J. B. Coignard, 1694) https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50507s.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_102v_06">
        <comment>Meaning is unclear. It could refer to the first sediment of wine, or products from early in the wine-making season.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_102v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: f- written over a-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_103r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: t- written over p-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_104r_01">
        <comment><i>Bouteure</i> could refer either to boiling liquid or to goldsmiths' or silversmiths' pickle for removing tarnish. See glossary.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_104v_04">
        <comment>This could refer to a garment such as a brigandine or coat of plates, also known as a jack.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_105r_01">
        <comment>Referring to the drawings in the left margin, marked "B"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_105v_03">
        <comment>The repetition of <i>que</i> in cases like this is a normal occurence in the sixteenth century.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_105v_04">
        <comment>Nightingales are indeed discussed again in an entry fifteen folios further on from this one, beginning on fol. 120r.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_105v_05">
        <comment>Armol is a plant in the amaranth family (<i>Atriplex hortensis</i>), close to the Spanish <i>armuelle</i>, and usually known in English as "orache."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_105v_06">
        <comment>A grafting technique, possibly in which cuts are made in the shape of the blade of a small axe (<i>piolet</i>).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_106r_01">
        <comment>It is unclear whether the + symbol is associated with the titular insertion or the beginning of the marginal note.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_106r_02">
        <comment>A mass of iron from the smelting furnace in a pasty condition, also known as a bloom.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_106r_03">
        <comment>May be synonymous with <i>spalt</i> and <i>spat</i> used elsewhere in the manuscript.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_106v_02">
        <comment>Continuation of an entry from fol. 106v that ended with this same symbol.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_106v_03">
        <comment>Insertion in the left margin continues down and across the bottom of the page, underneath the main body of the last entry.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_106v_06">
        <comment>See corresponding symbol in the upper left margin on fol. 107r for continuation of this entry.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_106v_07">
        <comment>This may be a continuation of the discussion of plaster of Paris in the last paragraph of fol. 106r.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_106v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: E- written over A-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_107r_03">
        <comment>It appears the author-practitioner confounded <i>aseures</i> and <i>azures</i>, striking out his first attempt to write the word, then writing <i>aseures</i> before subsequently adding <i>azures</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_107r_06">
        <comment>Reading <i>pinon</i> here as <i>pilon</i></comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_107v_03">
        <comment>Defined as <i>ardille</i> (clay) on fol. 112v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_107v_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: v over ut</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_107v_06">
        <comment>Hesitation over choice of Latin word.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_107v_11">
        <comment>Latin: "A secret unknown to almost everyone in the art of foundry: the thing that needs to be molded, whether a plant or an animal such as a lizard, should be first immersed in previously rectified wine spirit, then sprinkled with compound powder, or else rubbed (if the powder has turned into a pulpy state, as often happens)."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_107v_12">
        <comment>Correction in original: d- written over l-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_108r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: d- written over p-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_108r_02">
        <comment><i>Spat</i> or <i>spalt</i> is likely a German word referring to an earth used to make molds, which the author-practitioner reports is found mainly in Augsburg.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_108r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: E- written over M-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_108v_02">
        <comment>This superscript addition continues in the left margin before the next line.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_109r_01">
        <comment>i.e., the bottom or floor</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_109v_01">
        <comment>What appear to be multiple additions around this entry may give clues to authorial intent and composition of the text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_109v_02">
        <comment>Satan: the devil in the Abrahamic religious traditions.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_110r_03">
        <comment>presumably days</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_110v_03">
        <comment>Reading <i>Mays</i> (But) as <i>mects</i> (put)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_110v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: E- written over L-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_111r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -elle written over -il</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_111v_01">
        <comment>An insertion line above <i>Si ton plastre</i> indicates where in the main text the marginal comment is relevant.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_111v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -o- written over -e-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_111v_03">
        <comment>An insertion line from the main text indicates where the marginal comment is relevant.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_111v_04">
        <comment>Compare this recipe for sal ammoniac water to that on fol. 118v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_111v_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: A- written over &amp;</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112r_01">
        <comment>It is unclear to which entry (or entries) this refers.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112r_02">
        <comment>See corresponding mark in the margin.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112r_03">
        <comment>See corresponding mark in the main body text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: en written over de</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112r_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: a- written over d-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112r_06">
        <comment>Correction in original: -es written over -aulx</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112v_01">
        <comment>May illustrate the wire point being discussed.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112v_02">
        <comment>Vertical lines on either side of this maginal note separate it from both the previous note and the main text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112v_03">
        <comment>See the corresponding symbol in the upper left margin on fol. 113r for continuation of this entry.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: -uy written over -es</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_112v_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: h- written over q-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_113r_02">
        <comment>Refers to the figure three lines up, marked "b"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_113r_03">
        <comment>Continuation of an entry from fol. 112v that ended with this same symbol.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_113r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: en written over t-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_113r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: le written over ce</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_113r_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: s- written over v-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_113v_01">
        <comment>Meaning of marks here is uncertain.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_113v_02">
        <comment>Meaning unclear: <i>ne laissera pas</i> (will not let) likely intended instead of <i>ne sera pas</i> (will not be)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_113v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -en written over -il</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_113v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: te written over de</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_114r_03">
        <comment>These two marks seem to indicate that the text of a corresponding marginal note (which begins with the first mark and ends with the second mark) should be inserted here.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_114r_04">
        <comment>This marginal note is bracketed by two marks (one that precedes the text and one that follows it) which appear consecutively in the body text, indicating that the text of this note should be inserted in the main text where the two marks appear.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_114r_05">
        <comment>i.e., the Lord's Prayer</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_114v_01">
        <comment>See the corresponding symbol in the upper left margin on fol. 115r for continuation of this entry.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_115r_01">
        <comment>Continuation of an entry from fol. 114v that ended with this same symbol.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_115r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: co- written over something illegible</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_115r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: Et written over N-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_115r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: l- written over t-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_115r_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: <i>sable</i> (sand) written over <i>moule</i> (mold)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_115v_01">
        <comment>See the corresponding symbol in the upper left margin on fol. 116r for continuation of this entry.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_116r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -ansts written over -s-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_116r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: -ou written over -ail</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_116r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -u written over -e</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_116r_03">
        <comment>Continuation of an entry from fol. 115v that ended with this same symbol.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_116r_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -ont</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_116r_06">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -or</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_116r_07">
        <comment>Correction in original: -eu- written over -uy</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_116r_08">
        <comment>Correction in original: -f- written over -d-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_116v_01">
        <comment>The fragment <i>erem</i> of the word <i>particulierem[{ent}]</i> (particularly) was written below the end of the previous line.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_116v_02">
        <comment>i.e., the sal ammoniac</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_117r_02">
        <comment>presumably plain water</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_118r_01">
        <comment>Likely a variant of the German <i>stüf</i>, a kind of granular limestone or tufa.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_118v_01">
        <comment>Compare this recipe for sal ammoniac water to that on fol. 111v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_118v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -s- written over -l-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_118v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: A- written over Ja</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_119r_01">
        <comment>Latin: "Note"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_119v_02">
        <comment>Conrad Gessner, also known as Conradus Gesnerus (1516–1565): Swiss physician, natural historian, and bibliographer.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_119v_03">
        <comment>Conrad Gessner, <i>De Omni Rerum Fossilium Genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, et Huiusmodi, Libri Aliquot, Plerique Nunc Primum Editi</i> (Zürich: Hans Jakob Geßner, 1566).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_119v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: <i>le spat</i> is written over <i>la spalt</i></comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_120r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -uy</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_120r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: R- written over Il</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_120r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: tr- written over 4</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_120v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -u</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_120v_02">
        <comment>The possible change in ink color here and above (at <i>cuivre menue</i> (thin copper)) may be additions or corrections by the main hand at a different time.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_120v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: d- written over v-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_120v_04">
        <comment>The subject (casting in silver) resumes on fol. 121v which is two pages ahead.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_120v_07">
        <comment>Latin: "Doubtful question"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_120v_08">
        <comment>This entire entry and its marginal note in Latin (<i>Siscitatio dubia</i>) has been struck out with faint diagonal lines. A second marginal note may be an alternative set of instructions for this substance that will "make silver run."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_121r_01">
        <comment>Word uncertain. It may be partially obscured by the paper strip. It may be <i>cos</i>, <i>coin</i>, or otherwise. Context suggests it may refer to a vessel.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_121r_02">
        <comment>A variety of buttercup (<i>Caltha palustris</i>) in the ranunculus family.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_121r_03">
        <comment>A genus of flowering plant, comprising buttercups, spearworts, and crowfoots.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_121v_01">
        <comment>This mark likely indicates the insertion point for the marginal comment about the proper mixing order of water and sand.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_122r_02">
        <comment>i.e., roll the wax out on the table</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_123r_01">
        <comment>Italian: to make silver run [with the word <i>argento</i> (silver) written in reverse]</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_123v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -i written over -l</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_124r_01">
        <comment>The plant dandelion is written here as <i>dent de Lyon</i> (literally, tooth of the lion), as if referring to the city (Lyon) instead of the animal (lion).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_124v_02">
        <comment>The alignment of <i>esmail</i> and the possible change in ink may indicate a later addition.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_124v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -i written over -u</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_124v_04">
        <comment>See the corresponding symbol in the upper left margin on fol. 125r for continuation of this entry.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_125r_03">
        <comment>Scimitars were not made in the way described here, but were instead made from steel and iron bars forge-welded in a pattern. The author-practitioner misunderstands what he sees as the traces of a sand casting process.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_125r_04">
        <comment>The note is circled to offset it from the surrounding marginal text about plaster, and its placement suggests that it refers to the entry on scimitars.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_125r_05">
        <comment>This is in the same script and centered location on the page as the headings, but has no entry content below it. It is unclear what it is referring to. It could be referring to other text blocks on the page, whether "Hearing from afar," "Scimitars," "Plaster," the marginal note about plaster/casting, or the entry on the next page "Vipers and snakes." It might also be a heading for an entry that was never written.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_125r_06">
        <comment>i.e., molds for casting in sugar are made without a gate.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_125r_01">
        <comment>Continuation of an entry from fol. 124v that ended with this same symbol.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_126v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -u written over -es</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_127v_02">
        <comment>Reading <i>chaulx</i> (quicklime) as <i>chaults</i> (hot)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_128r_01">
        <comment>This likely refers to the silver flux discussed on fol. 123r–v, also described in terms of "grain."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_128r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -il</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_128r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -a written over -e</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_128r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: t- written over d-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_129r_01">
        <comment><i>Nature</i> (nature) likely refers here to genitals.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_129r_02">
        <comment>The last two letters "-<i>lx</i>" are missing in the original. They appear to have been cut off when the original choirs of the manuscript were cut apart during rebinding. See Smith, "Making Ms. Fr. 640," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_326_ie_19.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_129v_02">
        <comment>The note is framed to offset it from the heading and body text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_130r_02">
        <comment>This addition is expanded upon in the left margin, where the author-practitioner illustrates the iron wire.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_130r_03">
        <comment>This expands upon the addition about iron wire in the body text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_130v_01">
        <comment><i>Feroit rien</i> (would do nothing) is written in the left margin but only make sense as a continuation of the interlinear addition on the previous line.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_130v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: br- written over mo-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_130v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: A written over la</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_131r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -ie- written over -ei-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_131r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -on- written over -ir</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_131v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: est written over ch-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_132v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -uy written over -a</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_132v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: p- written over d-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_133r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e- written over -s</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_133r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: p- written over g-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_133r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: A- written over L-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_133v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -s</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_133v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -se</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_134v_01">
        <comment>This sun symbol (curved rays) is slightly different from a similar sun symbol (straight rays) used to indicate "gold" throughout the manuscript.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_135r_01">
        <comment><i>Couleur</i> here refers not to "color" but to a flux or liquefying agent which makes molten metals flow more easily. From the verb <i>couler</i> (to flow).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_135r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -une written over -e l</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_135v_01">
        <comment>This sun symbol (curved rays) is slightly different from a similar sun symbol (straight rays) used to indicate "gold" throughout the manuscript, including in the main text of this entry.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_135v_02">
        <comment>i.e., form a skin on its surface</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_135v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -ge- written over -ch-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_135v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: -u- written over -n-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_136r_01">
        <comment>Original word is obscured by ink stain.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_136r_02">
        <comment>Latin: "sun" [i.e., gold]</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_136r_03">
        <comment>The word could not be traced. It appears to refer to some kind of device to hold molds in place.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_136r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: Esm written over D</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_137r_02">
        <comment>A word seems to have been begun, then partially crossed out, leaving an unexplained "d"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_137r_03">
        <comment>i.e., the pattern or model</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_137r_04">
        <comment>Unidentified substance that is added to molten metals to make them run more fluidly through a mold, and also causes them to change color (hence perhaps its name, literally "tinting oil")</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_137v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: v- written over p-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_139r_01">
        <comment>A seemingly accidental vertical stroke is drawn immediately after this word.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_139r_02">
        <comment>A seemingly accidental vertical stroke is drawn through the last letter. It is not a deletion.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_139r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: C- written over l-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_139r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: -il written over -e</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_139r_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -i</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_141r_01">
        <comment>The final word, which is under the paper strip, remains slightly uncertain.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_141r_02">
        <comment>The last two letters "-<i>bs</i>" are missing in the original. They appear to have been cut off when the original choirs of the manuscript were cut apart during rebinding. See Smith, "Making Ms. Fr. 640," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_326_ie_19.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_142r_01">
        <comment>Smudged, but most likely <i>cest</i> (it is)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_142r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -imes over something illegible</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_142r_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -n written over -ut</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_142v_02">
        <comment>This marginal note is squeezed in between the main text and the other marginal notes, and appears to be in a different ink.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_142v_07">
        <comment>a type of mold</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_144v_02">
        <comment>The subject (molding turtles) resumes two folios later on fol. 146v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_145r_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -un</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_145r_05">
        <comment>Latin: "Investigate"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_145v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: E- written over &amp;</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_145v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: S- written over &amp;</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_146r_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: p- written over b-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_146r_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: -scuelle written over -au en</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_146v_02">
        <comment>Two folios earlier (fol. 144v), the author-practitioner indicates that his discussion of this subject (molding turtles) resumes here.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_147r_02">
        <comment>The subject (molding turtles), begun on fol. 144r and continued here, resumes again two folios later on fol. 148v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_147v_01">
        <comment>An unknown superscript abbreviation renders the meaning unclear.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_147v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: L- written over I-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_148r_01">
        <comment>Appears to be an unfinished sentence.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_148r_02">
        <comment>From this word on, the heading is written in the script of main text (i.e., not the Italic script used for headings), which may indicate a later addition.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_148r_03">
        <comment>Change of ink here may give clues to authorial intent and composition of the text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_148v_01">
        <comment>Two folios earlier (fol. 147r), the author-practitioner indicates that his discussion of this subject (molding turtles), begun on fol. 144r and continued on 146v, resumes again here.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_149v_01">
        <comment>This final sentence and the marginal note appear to be in a different ink, which may give clues to authorial intent and composition of the text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_149v_02">
        <comment>Correction in original: f- written over g-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_150r_01">
        <comment>What appears to be a smudged capital letter to the left of this heading may indicate that the author-practitioner first began this entry there and then began the heading anew in the center.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_150v_02">
        <comment>This note continues on the next page (fol. 151r) in the bottom left margin at the letter "A"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_150v_03">
        <comment>i.e., the first mold made directly from the turtle (see fol. 146v) and therefore the one closest to its natural appearance.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_150v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: -s written over -r</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_150v_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: -i- written over -a-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_151r_01">
        <comment>This note begins on the previous page (fol. 150v) in the bottom left corner and ends in the bottom right with the letter "A"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_151r_02">
        <comment>Master Alexander, an unidentified artisan</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_151v_01">
        <comment>Likely the same as <i>gouges</i> (gouges). See glossary.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_151v_02">
        <comment>The first "r" in <i>grommeleures</i> is followed by a seemingly accidental vertical stroke. Meaning unclear.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_152r_01">
        <comment>Dionysius I of Syracuse (ca. 432–367 BCE): Greek tyrant who burned off his beard rather than trust a barber to trim it for fear the barber would cut his throat.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_152r_02">
        <comment>This and surrounding words smudged but legible</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_152r_03">
        <comment>The final letter "-<i>s</i>" is missing in the original. It appears to have been cut off when the original choirs of the manuscript were cut apart during rebinding. See Smith, "Making Ms. Fr. 640," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_326_ie_19.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_152v_02">
        <comment><i>bequet</i>: literally "a small beak." A tool used in metalworking, likely a type of vise attached to a goldsmith's table.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_153r_01">
        <comment>The marginal note appears to be in a darker ink, which may give clues to authorial intent and composition of the text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_153r_02">
        <comment>Word obscured by inkblot</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_153r_03">
        <comment>The principal will not melt if used with molten tin or lead because it is made of <i>metal</i>, a copper alloy with a higher melting point.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_154r_01">
        <comment>All notes in the left margin appear to be in a darker ink, which may give clues to authorial intent and composition of the text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_154r_02">
        <comment>&amp; <i>letton</i> (latten) partially obscured by inkblot but legible</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_154v_01">
        <comment>Both additions in this entry, the one here in the heading and the other in the main text, appear to be in a darker ink, perhaps suggesting they were written together at a later time.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_154v_03">
        <comment>This mark appears to indicate that the text of the marginal note should be inserted here.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_156r_01">
        <comment>This sentence makes more sense for the process being described by reading the "or" (<i>ou</i>) as an "and" (<i>et</i>).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_156v_02">
        <comment>See figure on fol. 165v, which illustrates these instructions.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_156v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -g written over -e</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_156v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: d- written over u-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_156v_05">
        <comment>Correction in original: -e written over -a</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_156v_06">
        <comment>Correction in original: o- written over &amp;</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_156v_07">
        <comment><i>lanugineux</i> (downy) is written in two parts at the right margin, <i>lanugi</i> above and <i>neux</i> below</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_157r_04">
        <comment><i>Masselote</i> (mod. <i>machelotte</i>), from <i>machelote</i>, an "excess reserve of liquid metal for filling the mold," according to <i>TLFi: Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé</i> (Nancy: ATILF - CNRS &amp; Université de Lorraine, 1994), http://www.atilf.fr/tlfi. By 1704, the word is used to designate "superfluous metal that remains in the mold after casting a cannon."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_157v_01">
        <comment>This heading includes multiple words with abbreviation marks. The expanded content for two words remains unclear.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_157v_02">
        <comment>This entry is added across the entire bottom of the page in a different, super-cursive hand (hand A', see also fol. 2v).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_157v_03">
        <comment>Correction in original: -t written over -d</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_157v_04">
        <comment><i>lester</i> (weighting) here seems to mean weighing down the feathers, likely with the <i>adoub</i> (dressing) mentioned in the next sentence, to prevent them from falling out or being disturbed in the molding process.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_158r_01">
        <comment>The blank space before this entry may give clues to authorial intent and composition of the text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_158r_02">
        <comment>The darker ink of this marginal note may give clues about authorial intent and composition of text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_158v_01">
        <comment>In three places on this folio (here, in the margin, and at the end of the last entry), there are changes in ink color and letter size. This may indicate later additions and provide clues to authorial intent and composition of text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_158v_02">
        <comment>This entry describes a process for coloring lifecast plants and thus is a recipe for painting on metal.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_158v_03">
        <comment>Such a press is illustrated on fol. 160r.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_159r_01">
        <comment>Likely adding eau-de-vie</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_159v_02">
        <comment>This partial drawing may have been a first attempt to draw the large press illustrated on the facing page, fol. 160r.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_160r_01">
        <comment><i>Etrier</i> (stirrup) refers to the metal bracket which is attached to the bottom of the screw and fixed to the upper plate of the press.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_160r_02">
        <comment>i.e., the X-shaped cross named after the instrument of martyrdom of St. Andrew, a Christian Apostle.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_160v_03">
        <comment>This mark appears to indicate that the text of the marginal note should be inserted here. This mark and the corresponding marginal note appear to be in a lighter ink, which may indicate a later addition.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_160v_04">
        <comment>Correction in original: Et written over il</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_161r_01">
        <comment>Latin: "bricks." <i>Gip de lateribus</i> likely refers to a kind of brick mortar.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_161r_02">
        <comment>The Latin nominative is <i>alumen jamenum</i>. A type of alum.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_161r_03">
        <comment>This entry was written in various inks and hands. This may indicate later additions and provide clues to authorial intent and composition of text.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_161r_04">
        <comment>Latin: "Note." See corresponding marginal note that begins with the same mark and word, which are both written in a super-cursive hand, likely the author-practitioner's own in speed-writing mode (A', less cursive here than on fols. 2v and 157v). He seems to have initially placed this intervention in the previous sentence, then changed his mind.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_161r_05">
        <comment>Latin: "Note." See corresponding addition in the main text that begins with the same mark and word.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_161v_02">
        <comment><i>Roration</i> (wettings) is a Latinism used to mean moisten.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_01">
        <comment>A likely source is the 1566 Latin edition of Herodotus's <i>Histories</i>. See Herodotus, <i>Herodoti Halicarnassei Historiæ Lib. IX. Et de Vita Homeri Libellus</i>, ed. Lorenzo Valla and Henri Estienne (Paris: Henri Estienne; Ulrich Fugger, 1566), 1.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_02">
        <comment>Page references suggest a likely source is the 1566 Latin edition of Herodotus's <i>Histories</i>. See Herodotus, <i>Herodoti Halicarnassei Historiæ Lib. IX. Et de Vita Homeri Libellus</i>, ed. Lorenzo Valla and Henri Estienne (Paris: Henri Estienne; Ulrich Fugger, 1566), 1. Medea: in Greek mythology, daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_03">
        <comment>Latin: "Six gold bowls weighing 30 talents."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_04">
        <comment>Page references suggest a likely source is the 1566 Latin edition of Herodotus's <i>Histories</i>. See Herodotus, <i>Herodoti Halicarnassei Historiæ Lib. IX. Et de Vita Homeri Libellus</i>, ed. Lorenzo Valla and Henri Estienne (Paris: Henri Estienne; Ulrich Fugger, 1566), 3.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_05">
        <comment>Latin: "Bowl of welded iron at Delphi, a notable sight among all the offerings that are at Delphi, the work of Glaucus of Chios, who alone among all discovered iron welding."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_06">
        <comment>Latin: "welded iron"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_07">
        <comment>Alyattes of Lydia (ca. 610–560 BCE): King of Lydia and father of Croesus.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_08">
        <comment>Clio is also the name of Book I of the <i>Histories</i> of Herodotus. In Greek mythology, Clio was the muse of history.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_09">
        <comment>Croesus (595–ca. 546 BCE): King of Lydia and son of Alyattes.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_10">
        <comment>Glaucus of Chios (8th c. BCE): Greek sculptor, often referred to as the inventor of the arts of soldering metals.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_162r_11">
        <comment>Gyges of Lydia (7th c. BCE): King of Lydia and founder of the Mermnad dynasty.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_163r_03">
        <comment>Reading <i>pinon</i> as <i>pignon</i> (pine nut)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_164v_03">
        <comment>i.e., like a mitten</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_165v_02">
        <comment>This addition appears to be in a darker ink and begins as the last line of the main text before continuing into the right margin. This may indicate that it was added at a later time.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_165v_03">
        <comment>This appears to be in a darker ink, which may indicate a later addition.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_165v_04">
        <comment>i.e., the common lute</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_01">
        <comment>This aphorism also appears, slightly rephrased, on fol. 1r.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_02">
        <comment>A similar note appears in Latin on fol. 1r. Here, the author-practitioner offers an expanded French paraphrase.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_03">
        <comment>Numenius Numenius (2nd c. CE): platonist philosopher; see Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius Macrobius and Arnoldus Haldrenius Vesaliensis, <i>In Somnium Scipionis, Libri Ii. Saturnaliorum, Libri Vii. Ex Variis, Ac Vetustissimis Codicibus Recogniti et Aucti</i> (Lyon: Gryphe, Sébastien, 1556), 1.2.19. Mentioned by various sixteenth-century authors, such as Juan Luis Vives, <i>Los Comentarios de Juan Luis Vives a "La Ciudad de Dios" de San Agustı́n</i>, ed. Rafael Cabrera Petit, vol. 6, Colección J.l. Vives (Ajuntament de Valencia, 2000); Vincenzo Cartari, <i>Les Images Des Dieux</i>, ed. Antoine du Verdier (Lyon: Guichard Julliéron, 1584), 276. The author-practitioner's knowledge that Numenius was a Pythagorean comes from elsewhere.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_04">
        <comment>Titus Flavius Josephus, also known as Yosef ben Matityahu (1st c. CE): Jewish priest, soldier, and historian based in Rome. The quotation in Josephus has not been identified. See Flavius Josephus, <i>De Antiquitate Judaica. De Bello Judaico</i>, ed. Rufinus Aquileiensis and Girolamo Squarciafico (Venice: Vercellensis, Johannes Rubeus, 1486).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_05">
        <comment>Pythagoras of Samos (ca. 570–ca. 495 BCE): Greek philosopher.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_06">
        <comment>Latin: "Nothing is said now that has not been said or done before." This would seem to be glossing Terence (second century BCE), <i>Eunuchus</i>, Prologue: "Nothing is said now that has not been said before." The author here adds <i>aut factum</i> (or done), perhaps because his book is of deeds not words.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_08">
        <comment>Latin: "Apollo learned to medicate from Chiron, yet he is considered the god of medicine." Source unknown. This may be common knowledge of mythology written in the author-practitioner's own Latin. NB: Apollo put Chiron in charge of Asclepius's medical education.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_09">
        <comment>Latin: "Homer imitated the poem of Orpheus, for, as Orpheus had begun, 'Iram cane, dea, Cereris frugiferentis,' so Homer repeated, 'Iram cane, dea, Pelidae Achillis.' In Justin Martyr, towards the beginning." Cf. Justinus Martyr, <i>Opera Non Ita Pridem Graece Edita, Nuper Verò Latinè Reddita</i> (Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1555), 20.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_10">
        <comment>The word <i>zelotype</i> rarely occurs in French texts, although it does appear in Randle Cotgrave, <i>A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues</i> (London: Adam Islip, 1611), http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave and “Dictionnaire Du Moyen Français.” Paris, 2015. http://www.atilf.fr/dmf.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_12">
        <comment>Cebes of Thebes (ca. 430–350 BCE): Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates, and author of the <i>Table of Cebes</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_13">
        <comment>Numa Pompilius (753–673 BCE): second King of Rome and religious founder.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_14">
        <comment>Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE): Roman statesman, philosopher, and orator.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_15">
        <comment>Plato (ca. 428–ca. 447 BCE): Greek philosopher.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_16">
        <comment>Publius Vergilius Maro, also known as Virgil (70–19 BCE): Roman poet under the reign of Augustus.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_17">
        <comment>Homer (8th c. BCE): Greek poet.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_18">
        <comment>Aulus Gellius (ca. 125–ca. 180 CE): Latin writer and grammarian based in Rome. See Aulus Gellius, <i>Noctes Atticae</i> (Paris: Henri Estienne, 1585).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_19">
        <comment>Valerius Maximus (1st c. CE): Latin writer and historian. See Valerius Maximus, <i>Facta et Dicta Memorabilia</i>, ed. Oliviero d'Arzignano (Venice: Cereto, Guglielmus de, 1491).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_20">
        <comment>Titus Livius (64 or 59 BCE–12 or 17 CE): Roman historian. See Titus Livius, <i>Historiae Romanae Ab Urbe Condita, Libri 15. Quotquot Ad Nostram Aetatem Peruenerunt, Cum Commentariis Omnium Interpretum Ad Explicationem Locorum Difficilium, E Regione Insertis</i> (Paris: Jean Charron; Michel Sonnius, 1573) and <i>Les Decades</i>, ed. Blaise de Vigenère, Jean Hamelin, and Antoine de La Faye (Paris: Jacques du Puys, 1583).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_21">
        <comment>Polybius (208–126 BCE): statesman and historian from the Hellenistic period. See Polybius, <i>Eklogai peri tōn presveiōn. Ex libris Polybii selecta de legationibus et alia quae seguenti pagina indicantur nunc primum in lucem edita</i>, (Antwerp: Christophe Plantin, 1582).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_22">
        <comment>Serapis: Graeco-Egyptian sun god associated with healing and fertility.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_23">
        <comment>Ceres, also known as Demeter: Graeco-Roman goddess of harvest and agriculture.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_24">
        <comment>Apollo: Graeco-Roman god associated with the sun, healing, knowledge, and various arts.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_25">
        <comment>Chirone: in Greek mythology, a Centaur famous for his wisdom and knowledge of medicine.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_26">
        <comment>Orpheus: in Greek mythology, a hero endowed with superhuman musical skills.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_28">
        <comment>Peleus: in Greek mythology, hero and King of Phthia, and father of Achilles.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_29">
        <comment>Achilles: in Greek mythology, hero of the Trojan War and protagonist of Homer's <i>Illiad</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166r_30">
        <comment>Justin Martyr (ca. 100–165 CE): Christian apologist and philosopher. On the editions of Justin Martyr, cf. André Wartelle, <i>Bibliographie Historique et Critique de Saint Justin, Philosophe et Martyr, 1494-1994 (Avec Un Supplément)</i> (Paris: Editions F. Lanore, 2001); Justinus Martyr, <i>Zēna Kai Serēno. Logos Parainetikos Pros Ellēnas Pros Tryphōna Ioudaiōn Dialogos. Apologia Ypo Christianōn Pros Tēn Rōmaiōn Sygklēto. Apologia B' Ypo Christianōn Pros Antōninon Ton Eusebē</i> (Paris: Robert Estienne, 1551); <i>Opera Non Ita Pridem Graece Edita, Nuper Verò Latinè Reddita</i> (Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1555).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166v_02">
        <comment>David (10th c. BCE): biblical figure, King of Israel.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166v_03">
        <comment>Uncertain reading</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166v_04">
        <comment>Latin: "I was small." See Bible, Ps. 151:1.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166v_05">
        <comment>Latin: "My hands made an organ and my fingers fashioned a psaltery." See Bible, Ps. 151:2.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166v_06">
        <comment>Latin: "dead head," i.e., residue from an alchemical operation. The term often referred to metal oxides used as pigments, such as hematite (a red/purple iron oxide).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166v_07">
        <comment>Latin: "in the Synopsis"</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_166v_08">
        <comment>Athanasius of Alexandria (ca. 296–ca. 373 CE): theologian and statesman based in Egypt.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_167r_01">
        <comment>A description of each tool depicted is given on fol. 168r–v.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_167v_01">
        <comment>Fine powder used for priming a piece of artillery.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_168r_01">
        <comment>A boring tool similar to a gimlet.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_168v_01">
        <comment>i.e., a flange to hang it up</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_169v_02">
        <comment>Likely Istrian stone (<i>pietra d'Istria</i>), a building stone from the Republic of Venice or, perhaps, a stone from Istres, France.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_169v_01">
        <comment>Correction in original: -s- written over -b-</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170r_01">
        <comment>This marginal note is oriented 90 degrees clockwise to the main text and continues the last entry on this page which ends with a corresponding mark.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170r_02">
        <comment>This continues in the margin indicated by a corresponding mark.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170r_03">
        <comment><i>Trampe</i> is translated here as "tempered" but could also be "quenched."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_03">
        <comment>The meaning of this mark, visible under the paper strip in the right margin when the page is back-lit, is uncertain. It may be the symbol for the <i>livre</i>, though this currency is already mentioned in the same line. It may also be a hash-like mark indicating that the writer (hand E, semi-calligraphic) intended to continue this thought elsewhere on the page but forgot.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_04">
        <comment>This list of six titles in Italic script seems to be continued on fol. 1r with the singular Italic title, <i>Aquatilium animalium historiæ</i>, found near the bottom of the page. This might indicate that when the author-practitioner ran out of room here, he turned the entire bound text over and upside down to start writing on what is now the first folio of the manuscript.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_12">
        <comment>This whole page is upside down. The first half of this page (now found at the bottom) is in a different hand (hand E, semi-calligraphic) and records payments of rent to the heirs of Sieur Ouvrier. It is struck through with diagonal lines and is separated from the subsequent text by a horizontal line. The second half of the page (now at the top), is in the author-practitioner's main hand (hand A). This suggests that he took a bound, mostly-blank book—perhaps a book recording accounts such as the ones found here—struck through the account records, and began to record medical recipes and a list of titles under them. Then, when he ran out of room, he flipped the entire book over, turned it upside down, and began writing on what now is the first folio of the manuscript (fol. 1r).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_13">
        <comment>The Ouvrier family (sometimes d’Ouvrier) was a prominent family in Toulouse (late 15th–18th c.), with some of its members serving in the city Parliament. Benoît Ouvrier (d. 1573), a merchant who owned a house located on the “rue des Fleurs,” near the Mint, is probably the <i>feu sr Ouvryer</i> mentioned here. The Ouvrier family had ties to the Du Cros family (see fol. 9v) through two marriages, one between Jean Ouvrier and Anne Du Cros in 1586, and the other between Gabriel Ouvrier (his brother) and Françoise Du Cros in 1592. See Debuiche and Muñoz, "Le Ms. Fr. 640 et le contexte toulousain," https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/essays/ann_312_ie_19.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_14">
        <comment>Saint-Frajou: Haute-Garonne, district of Saint-Gaudens, canton of Isle-en-Dodon (approx. 65 km SW of Toulouse)</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_15">
        <comment><i>Scabieuse</i> (scabious) seems to refer to several kinds of plants, not all of which belong to the genus Scabiosa in modern botany.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_16">
        <comment>Latin: "Vinegar made from rue, juniper berries crushed together. With this vinegar red-hot bricks shall be extinguished and the vapor shall be received through the mouth &amp; nostrils."</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_17">
        <comment><i>Aer infaict</i> (infected air) connotes a tiny amount of morbid substance spreading throughout the air, analogous to dye tinging clear water.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_19">
        <comment>Perhaps referring to seeds of the juniper berries mentioned in the Latin passage above.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_20">
        <comment>George Buchanan, <i>Rerum Scoticarum Historia Auctore Georgio Buchanano Scoto</i> (Edinburgh: Arbuthnet, Alexander, 1582).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_21">
        <comment>Rembert Dodoens, <i>Trium Priorum de Stirpium Historia Commentariorum Imagines Ad Vivum Expressae Una Cum Indicibus, Graece, Latine, Officinarum, Germanica, Brabantica Gallicaque Nomina Complectentibus</i> (Antwerp: Loe, Jan van der, 1553).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_22">
        <comment>Philibert Delorme, <i>Nouvelles Inventions Pour Bien Bastir et a Petits Fraiz</i> (Paris: Morel, Fédéric, 1561).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_23">
        <comment>Michel de Vascosan (ca. 1500–1576): Parisian printer. He is the publisher of Simone Porzio, <i>De coloribus libellus, Latinitate donatus, et commentariis illustratus una cum praefatione, qua coloris naturam declarat</i> (Paris: Michel de Vascosan, 1549), which the author-practitioner seems to confuse with Antonio Telesio, <i>Libellus de Coloribus. Ubi Multa Leguntur Praeter Aliorum Opinionem</i> (Venice: Vitali, Bernardino, 1528). Telesius is often associated (i.e., bound, printed) with works of French humanist Lazare de Baïf (1496–1547). See Franck Collin, "Antonio Telesio de Cosenza, Petit Traité Des Couleurs Latines (de Coloribus Libellus), éd. Michel Indergand et Christine Viglino," <i>Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes</i>, 2010.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_24">
        <comment>Marbodus Redonensis, <i>Libellus de Lapidibus Preciosis</i> (Vienna: Vietor, Hieronymus, 1511). This work was reprinted frequently throughout the sixteenth century.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_25">
        <comment>A twelfth-century chronicle: Otto Frisingensis and Benedictus Chelidonius, <i>Rerun ab origine mundi ad ipsius usque tempora gestarum, libri octo. Eiusdem de gestis friderici primi aenobarbi caes.aug. Libri duo. Radevici phrisingen. Ecclesie canonici libri duo, prioribus additi, de eiusd friderici imp. Gestis</i> (Strasbourg: Matthias Schürer, 1515); Otto Frisingensis et al., <i>De eiudem frid. Gestis libri ii de gestis friderici i. Caes. Aug. Libri duo libri duo de eiusdem friderici imp. Gestis ligurini de gestis imp. Caesaris friderici primi augusti libri decem ligurinus, sive de gestis friderici, libri x. Ottonis episcopi frisingensis leopoldi pii marchionis austriae f.chronicon, sive rerum ab orbe condito ad sua usque tempora gestarum, libri octo. Eiusdem de gestis friderici i.caes.aug.libri duo. Radeuici frising.canonici de eiusdem frid. Gestis libri ii. Priorib.additi. Guntheri poëtae ligurinus, sive de gestis friderici, libri x. Addita sunt et alia, cum ad friderici, tum ad posteriorum imperatorum historiam pertinentia, adiectis etiam notis et indice accurato</i> (Basel: Peter Perna, 1569). The reference here points to the 1569 edition.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_26">
        <comment>Burchard of Ursperg, <i>Chronicum abbatis urspergensis, a nino rege assyriorum magno, usque ad fridericum ii.romanorum imperatorem, ex optimis autoribus recognitum, et innumeris mendis repurgatum</i> (Strasbourg: Kraft Müller, 1537).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_27">
        <comment>Girolamo Mercuriale, <i>Liber responsorum et consultationum medicinalium</i> (Basel: Konrad von Waldkirch, 1588).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_28">
        <comment>Albertus Magnus, <i>De mineralibus</i> (Venice: Johannes de Gregoriis and Gregorius de Gregoriis, 1495).</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_29">
        <comment>Correction in original: -u written over -e</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_30">
        <comment>Otto I of Freising, also known as Otto Frisingensis (ca. 1114–1158): Bishop of Freising and chronicler.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_31">
        <comment>Conrad of Licthenau (d. 1240): German nobleman and provost of Ursberg Abbey. He is thought to be the author of the <i>Chronicon urspergense</i>.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_32">
        <comment>Girolamo Mercuriale (1530–1606): physician from Forlì and professor of medicine in Padua, Bologna, and Pisa.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_33">
        <comment>George Buchanan (1506–1582): Scottish historian and humanist.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_34">
        <comment>Rembert Dodoens, also known as Rembertus Dodonaeus (1517–1585): physician and botanist from Mechelen.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_35">
        <comment>Philibert de l’Orme, also known as Delorme (1514–1570): French architect.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_36">
        <comment>Bernardino Telesio, also known as Bernardinus Telesius (1509–1588): Italian philosopher and natural scientist.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_37">
        <comment>Marbodius of Rennes, also known as Marbode and Marbœuf (1040–1123): Bishop of Rennes.</comment>
    </row>
    <row comment-id = "c_170v_38">
        <comment>Albertus Magnus, also known as Albert of Cologne and St. Albert (ca. 1200–1280): Dominican friar, bishop, theologian, and philosopher.</comment>
    </row>
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