-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 416
/
packaging.html
577 lines (471 loc) · 37.8 KB
/
packaging.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
<!DOCTYPE html>
<meta charset=utf-8>
<title>Packaging Python Libraries - Dive Into Python 3</title>
<!--[if IE]><script src=j/html5.js></script><![endif]-->
<link rel=stylesheet href=dip3.css>
<style>
body{counter-reset:h1 16}
mark{display:inline}
</style>
<link rel=stylesheet media='only screen and (max-device-width: 480px)' href=mobile.css>
<link rel=stylesheet media=print href=print.css>
<meta name=viewport content='initial-scale=1.0'>
<form action=http://www.google.com/cse><div><input type=hidden name=cx value=014021643941856155761:l5eihuescdw><input type=hidden name=ie value=UTF-8> <input type=search name=q size=25 placeholder="powered by Google™"> <input type=submit name=root value=Search></div></form>
<p>You are here: <a href=index.html>Home</a> <span class=u>‣</span> <a href=table-of-contents.html#packaging>Dive Into Python 3</a> <span class=u>‣</span>
<p id=level>Difficulty level: <span class=u title=advanced>♦♦♦♦♢</span>
<h1>Packaging Python Libraries</h1>
<blockquote class=q>
<p><span class=u>❝</span> You’ll find the shame is like the pain; you only feel it once. <span class=u>❞</span><br>— Marquise de Merteuil, <a href=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094947/quotes><cite>Dangerous Liaisons</cite></a>
</blockquote>
<p id=toc>
<h2 id=divingin>Diving In</h2>
<p class=f>Real artists ship. Or so says Steve Jobs. Do you want to release a Python script, library, framework, or application? Excellent. The world needs more Python code. Python 3 comes with a packaging framework called Distutils. Distutils is many things: a build tool (for you), an installation tool (for your users), a package metadata format (for search engines), and more. It integrates with the <a href=http://pypi.python.org/>Python Package Index</a> (“PyPI”), a central repository for open source Python libraries.
<p>All of these facets of Distutils center around the <i>setup script</i>, traditionally called <code>setup.py</code>. In fact, you’ve already seen several Distutils setup scripts in this book. You used Distutils to install <code>httplib2</code> in <a href=http-web-services.html#introducing-httplib2>HTTP Web Services</a> and again to install <code>chardet</code> in <a href=case-study-porting-chardet-to-python-3.html>Case Study: Porting <code>chardet</code> to Python 3</a>.
<p>In this chapter, you’ll learn how the setup scripts for <code>chardet</code> and <code>httplib2</code> work, and you’ll step through the process of releasing your own Python software.
<pre class=pp><code># chardet's setup.py
from distutils.core import setup
setup(
name = "chardet",
packages = ["chardet"],
version = "1.0.2",
description = "Universal encoding detector",
author = "Mark Pilgrim",
author_email = "[email protected]",
url = "http://chardet.feedparser.org/",
download_url = "http://chardet.feedparser.org/download/python3-chardet-1.0.1.tgz",
keywords = ["encoding", "i18n", "xml"],
classifiers = [
"Programming Language :: Python",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
"Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
"Environment :: Other Environment",
"Intended Audience :: Developers",
"License :: OSI Approved :: GNU Library or Lesser General Public License (LGPL)",
"Operating System :: OS Independent",
"Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
"Topic :: Text Processing :: Linguistic",
],
long_description = """\
Universal character encoding detector
-------------------------------------
Detects
- ASCII, UTF-8, UTF-16 (2 variants), UTF-32 (4 variants)
- Big5, GB2312, EUC-TW, HZ-GB-2312, ISO-2022-CN (Traditional and Simplified Chinese)
- EUC-JP, SHIFT_JIS, ISO-2022-JP (Japanese)
- EUC-KR, ISO-2022-KR (Korean)
- KOI8-R, MacCyrillic, IBM855, IBM866, ISO-8859-5, windows-1251 (Cyrillic)
- ISO-8859-2, windows-1250 (Hungarian)
- ISO-8859-5, windows-1251 (Bulgarian)
- windows-1252 (English)
- ISO-8859-7, windows-1253 (Greek)
- ISO-8859-8, windows-1255 (Visual and Logical Hebrew)
- TIS-620 (Thai)
This version requires Python 3 or later; a Python 2 version is available separately.
"""
)</code></pre>
<blockquote class=note>
<p><span class=u>☞</span><code>chardet</code> and <code>httplib2</code> are open source, but there’s no requirement that you release your own Python libraries under any particular license. The process described in this chapter will work for any Python software, regardless of license.
</blockquote>
<p class=a>⁂
<h2 id=cantdo>Things Distutils Can’t Do For You</h2>
<p>Releasing your first Python package is a daunting process. (Releasing your second one is a little easier.) Distutils tries to automate as much of it as possible, but there are some things you simply must do yourself.
<ul>
<li><b>Choose a license</b>. This is a complicated topic, fraught with politics and peril. If you wish to release your software as open source, I humbly offer five pieces of advice:
<ol>
<li>Don’t write your own license.
<li>Don’t write your own license.
<li>Don’t write your own license.
<li>It doesn’t need to be <abbr>GPL</abbr>, but <a href=http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/gpl-compatible.html>it needs to be <abbr>GPL</abbr>-compatible</a>.
<li>Don’t write your own license.
</ol>
<li><b>Classify your software</b> using the PyPI classification system. I’ll explain what this means later in this chapter.
<li><b>Write a “read me” file</b>. Don’t skimp on this. At a minimum, it should give your users an overview of what your software does and how to install it.
</ul>
<p class=a>⁂
<h2 id=structure>Directory Structure</h2>
<p>To start packaging your Python software, you need to get your files and directories in order. The <code>httplib2</code> directory looks like this:
<pre class=screen>
<a>httplib2/ <span class=u>①</span></a>
|
<a>+--README.txt <span class=u>②</span></a>
|
<a>+--setup.py <span class=u>③</span></a>
|
<a>+--httplib2/ <span class=u>④</span></a>
|
+--__init__.py
|
+--iri2uri.py</pre>
<ol>
<li>Make a root directory to hold everything. Give it the same name as your Python module.
<li>To accomodate Windows users, your “read me” file should include a <code>.txt</code> extension, and it should use Windows-style carriage returns. Just because <em>you</em> use a fancy text editor that runs from the command line and includes its own macro language, that doesn’t mean you need to make life difficult for your users. (Your users use Notepad. Sad but true.) Even if you’re on Linux or Mac OS X, your fancy text editor undoubtedly has an option to save files with Windows-style carriage returns.
<li>Your Distutils setup script should be named <code>setup.py</code> unless you have a good reason not to. You do not have a good reason not to.
<li>If your Python software is a single <code>.py</code> file, you should put it in the root directory along with your “read me” file and your setup script. But <code>httplib2</code> is not a single <code>.py</code> file; it’s <a href=case-study-porting-chardet-to-python-3.html#multifile-modules>a multi-file module</a>. But that’s OK! Just put the <code>httplib2</code> directory in the root directory, so you have an <code>__init__.py</code> file within an <code>httplib2/</code> directory within the <code>httplib2/</code> root directory. That’s not a problem; in fact, it will simplify your packaging process.
</ol>
<p>The <code>chardet</code> directory looks slightly different. Like <code>httplib2</code>, it’s <a href=case-study-porting-chardet-to-python-3.html#multifile-modules>a multi-file module</a>, so there’s a <code>chardet/</code> directory within the <code>chardet/</code> root directory. In addition to the <code>README.txt</code> file, <code>chardet</code> has <abbr>HTML</abbr>-formatted documentation in the <code>docs/</code> directory. The <code>docs/</code> directory contains several <code>.html</code> and <code>.css</code> files and an <code>images/</code> subdirectory, which contains several <code>.png</code> and <code>.gif</code> files. (This will be important later.) Also, in keeping with the convention for <abbr>(L)GPL</abbr>-licensed software, it has a separate file called <code>COPYING.txt</code> which contains the complete text of the <abbr>LGPL</abbr>.
<pre class=nd><code>
chardet/
|
+--COPYING.txt
|
+--setup.py
|
+--README.txt
|
+--docs/
| |
| +--index.html
| |
| +--usage.html
| |
| +--images/ ...
|
+--chardet/
|
+--__init__.py
|
+--big5freq.py
|
+--...
</code></pre>
<p class=a>⁂
<h2 id=setuppy>Writing Your Setup Script</h2>
<p>The Distutils setup script is a Python script. In theory, it can do anything Python can do. In practice, it should do as little as possible, in as standard a way as possible. Setup scripts should be boring. The more exotic your installation process is, the more exotic your bug reports will be.
<p>The first line of every Distutils setup script is always the same:
<pre class='nd pp'><code>from distutils.core import setup</code></pre>
<p>This imports the <code>setup()</code> function, which is the main entry point into Distutils. 95% of all Distutils setup scripts consist of a single call to <code>setup()</code> and nothing else. (I totally just made up that statistic, but if your Distutils setup script is doing more than calling the Distutils <code>setup()</code> function, you should have a good reason. Do you have a good reason? I didn’t think so.)
<p>The <code>setup()</code> function <a href=http://docs.python.org/3.1/distutils/apiref.html#distutils.core.setup>can take dozens of parameters</a>. For the sanity of everyone involved, you must use <a href=your-first-python-program.html#optional-arguments>named arguments</a> for every parameter. This is not merely a convention; it’s a hard requirement. Your setup script will crash if you try to call the <code>setup()</code> function with non-named arguments.
<p>The following named arguments are required:
<ul>
<li><b>name</b>, the name of the package.
<li><b>version</b>, the version number of the package.
<li><b>author</b>, your full name.
<li><b>author_email</b>, your email address.
<li><b>url</b>, the home page of your project. This can be your <a href=http://pypi.python.org/>PyPI</a> package page if you don’t have a separate project website.
</ul>
<p>Although not required, I recommend that you also include the following in your setup script:
<ul>
<li><b>description</b>, a one-line summary of the project.
<li><b>long_description</b>, a multi-line string in <a href=http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html>reStructuredText format</a>. <a href=http://pypi.python.org/>PyPI</a> converts this to <abbr>HTML</abbr> and displays it on your package page.
<li><b>classifiers</b>, a list of specially-formatted strings described in the next section.
</ul>
<blockquote class=note>
<p><span class=u>☞</span>Setup script metadata is defined in <a href=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0314/><abbr>PEP</abbr> 314</a>.
</blockquote>
<p>Now let’s look at the <code>chardet</code> setup script. It has all of these required and recommended parameters, plus one I haven’t mentioned yet: <code>packages</code>.
<pre class='nd pp'><code>from distutils.core import setup
setup(
name = 'chardet',
<mark>packages = ['chardet']</mark>,
version = '1.0.2',
description = 'Universal encoding detector',
author='Mark Pilgrim',
...
)</code></pre>
<p>The <code>packages</code> parameter highlights an unfortunate vocabulary overlap in the distribution process. We’ve been talking about the “package” as the thing you’re building (and potentially listing in The Python “Package” Index). But that’s not what this <code>packages</code> parameter refers to. It refers to the fact that the <code>chardet</code> module is <a href=case-study-porting-chardet-to-python-3.html#multifile-modules>a multi-file module</a>, sometimes known as… a “package.” The <code>packages</code> parameter tells Distutils to include the <code>chardet/</code> directory, its <code>__init__.py</code> file, and all the other <code>.py</code> files that constitute the <code>chardet</code> module. That’s kind of important; all this happy talk about documentation and metadata is irrelevant if you forget to include the actual code!
<p class=a>⁂
<h2 id=trove>Classifying Your Package</h2>
<p>The Python Package Index (“PyPI”) contains thousands of Python libraries. Proper classification metadata will allow people to find yours more easily. PyPI lets you <a href='http://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=browse'>browse packages by classifier</a>. You can even select multiple classifiers to narrow your search. Classifiers are not invisible metadata that you can just ignore!
<p>To classify your software, pass a <code>classifiers</code> parameter to the Distutils <code>setup()</code> function. The <code>classifiers</code> parameter is a list of strings. These strings are <em>not</em> freeform. All classifier strings should come from <a href='http://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=list_classifiers'>this list on PyPI</a>.
<p>Classifiers are optional. You can write a Distutils setup script without any classifiers at all. <strong>Don’t do that.</strong> You should <em>always</em> include at least these classifiers:
<ul>
<li><b>Programming Language</b>. In particular, you should include both <code>"Programming Language :: Python"</code> and <code>"Programming Language :: Python :: 3"</code>. If you do not include these, your package will not show up in <a href='http://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=browse&c=533&show=all'>this list of Python 3-compatible libraries</a>, which linked from the sidebar of every single page of <code>pypi.python.org</code>.
<li><b>License</b>. This is <em>the absolute first thing I look for</em> when I’m evaluating third-party libraries. Don’t make me hunt for this vital information. Don’t include more than one license classifier unless your software is explicitly available under multiple licenses. (And don’t release software under multiple licenses unless you’re forced to do so. And don’t force other people to do so. Licensing is enough of a headache; don’t make it worse.)
<li><b>Operating System</b>. If your software only runs on Windows (or Mac OS X, or Linux), I want to know sooner rather than later. If your software runs anywhere without any platform-specific code, use the classifier <code>"Operating System :: OS Independent"</code>. Multiple <code>Operating System</code> classifiers are only necessary if your software requires specific support for each platform. (This is not common.)
</ul>
<p>I also recommend that you include the following classifiers:
<ul>
<li><b>Development Status</b>. Is your software beta quality? Alpha quality? Pre-alpha? Pick one. Be honest.
<li><b>Intended Audience</b>. Who would download your software? The most common choices are <code>Developers</code>, <code>End Users/Desktop</code>, <code>Science/Research</code>, and <code>System Administrators</code>.
<li><b>Framework</b>. If your software is a plugin for a larger Python framework like <a href=http://www.djangoproject.com/>Django</a> or <a href=http://www.zope.org/>Zope</a>, include the appropriate <code>Framework</code> classifier. If not, omit it.
<li><b>Topic</b>. There are <a href='http://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=list_classifiers'>a large number of topics to choose from</a>; choose all that apply.
</ul>
<h3 id=trove-examples>Examples of Good Package Classifiers</h3>
<p>By way of example, here are the classifiers for <a href=http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Django/>Django</a>, a production-ready, cross-platform, <abbr>BSD</abbr>-licensed web application framework that runs on your web server. (Django is not yet compatible with Python 3, so the <code>Programming Language :: Python :: 3</code> classifier is not listed.)
<pre><code>Programming Language :: Python
License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
Operating System :: OS Independent
Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Environment :: Web Environment
Framework :: Django
Intended Audience :: Developers
Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: WSGI
Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules</code></pre>
<p>Here are the classifiers for <a href=http://pypi.python.org/pypi/chardet><code>chardet</code></a>, the character encoding detection library covered in <a href=case-study-porting-chardet-to-python-3.html>Case Study: Porting <code>chardet</code> to Python 3</a>. <code>chardet</code> is beta quality, cross-platform, Python 3-compatible, <abbr>LGPL</abbr>-licensed, and intended for developers to integrate into their own products.
<pre><code>Programming Language :: Python
Programming Language :: Python :: 3
License :: OSI Approved :: GNU Library or Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
Operating System :: OS Independent
Development Status :: 4 - Beta
Environment :: Other Environment
Intended Audience :: Developers
Topic :: Text Processing :: Linguistic
Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules</code></pre>
<p>And here are the classifiers for <a href=http://pypi.python.org/pypi/httplib2><code>httplib2</code></a>, the library featured in the <a href=http-web-services.html><abbr>HTTP</abbr> Web Services</a> chapter. <code>httplib2</code> is beta quality, cross-platform, <abbr>MIT</abbr>-licensed, and intended for Python developers.
<pre><code>Programming Language :: Python
Programming Language :: Python :: 3
License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
Operating System :: OS Independent
Development Status :: 4 - Beta
Environment :: Web Environment
Intended Audience :: Developers
Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules</code></pre>
<h2 id=manifest>Specifying Additional Files With A Manifest</h2>
<p>By default, Distutils will include the following files in your release package:
<ul>
<li><code>README.txt</code>
<li><code>setup.py</code>
<li>The <code>.py</code> files needed by the multi-file modules listed in the <code>packages</code> parameter
<li>The individual <code>.py</code> files listed in the <code>py_modules</code> parameter
</ul>
<p>That will cover <a href=#structure>all the files in the <code>httplib2</code> project</a>. But for the <code>chardet</code> project, we also want to include the <code>COPYING.txt</code> license file and the entire <code>docs/</code> directory that contains images and <abbr>HTML</abbr> files. To tell Distutils to include these additional files and directories when it builds the <code>chardet</code> release package, you need a <i>manifest file</i>.
<p>A manifest file is a text file called <code>MANIFEST.in</code>. Place it in the project’s root directory, next to <code>README.txt</code> and <code>setup.py</code>. Manifest files are <em>not</em> Python scripts; they are text files that contain a series of “commands” in a Distutils-defined format. Manifest commands allow you to include or exclude specific files and directories.
<p>This is the entire manifest file for the <code>chardet</code> project:
<pre class=nd><code><a>include COPYING.txt <span class=u>①</span></a>
<a>recursive-include docs *.html *.css *.png *.gif <span class=u>②</span></a></code></pre>
<ol>
<li>The first line is self-explanatory: include the <code>COPYING.txt</code> file from the project’s root directory.
<li>The second line is a bit more complicated. The <code>recursive-include</code> command takes a directory name and one or more filenames. The filenames aren’t limited to specific files; they can include wildcards. This line means “See that <code>docs/</code> directory in the project’s root directory? Look in there (recursively) for <code>.html</code>, <code>.css</code>, <code>.png</code>, and <code>.gif</code> files. I want all of them in my release package.”
</ol>
<p>All manifest commands preserve the directory structure that you set up in your project directory. That <code>recursive-include</code> command is not going to put a bunch of <code>.html</code> and <code>.png</code> files in the root directory of the release package. It’s going to maintain the existing <code>docs/</code> directory structure, but only include those files inside that directory that match the given wildcards. (I didn’t mention it earlier, but the <code>chardet</code> documentation is actually written in <abbr>XML</abbr> and converted to <abbr>HTML</abbr> by a separate script. I don’t want to include the <abbr>XML</abbr> files in the release package, just the <abbr>HTML</abbr> and the images.)
<blockquote class=note>
<p><span class=u>☞</span>Manifest files have their own unique format. See <a href=http://docs.python.org/3.1/distutils/sourcedist.html#manifest>Specifying the files to distribute</a> and <a href=http://docs.python.org/3.1/distutils/commandref.html#sdist-cmd>the manifest template commands</a> for details.
</blockquote>
<p>To reiterate: you only need to create a manifest file if you want to include files that Distutils doesn’t include by default. If you do need a manifest file, it should only include the files and directories that Distutils wouldn’t otherwise find on its own.
<h2 id=check>Checking Your Setup Script for Errors</h2>
<p>There’s a lot to keep track of. Distutils comes with a built-in validation command that checks that all the required metadata is present in your setup script. For example, if you forget to include the <code>version</code> parameter, Distutils will remind you.
<pre class=screen>
<samp class=p>c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet> </samp><kbd>c:\python31\python.exe setup.py check</kbd>
<samp>running check
warning: check: missing required meta-data: version</samp></pre>
<p>Once you include a <code>version</code> parameter (and all the other required bits of metadata), the <code>check</code> command will look like this:
<pre class=screen>
<samp class=p>c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet> </samp><kbd>c:\python31\python.exe setup.py check</kbd>
<samp>running check</samp></pre>
<p class=a>⁂
<h2 id=sdist>Creating a Source Distribution</h2>
<p>Distutils supports building multiple types of release packages. At a minimum, you should build a “source distribution” that contains your source code, your Distutils setup script, your “read me” file, and whatever <a href=#manifest>additional files you want to include</a>. To build a source distribution, pass the <code>sdist</code> command to your Distutils setup script.
<pre class=screen>
<samp class=p>c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet> </samp><kbd><mark>c:\python31\python.exe setup.py sdist</mark></kbd>
<samp>running sdist
running check
reading manifest template 'MANIFEST.in'
writing manifest file 'MANIFEST'
creating chardet-1.0.2
creating chardet-1.0.2\chardet
creating chardet-1.0.2\docs
creating chardet-1.0.2\docs\images
copying files to chardet-1.0.2...
copying COPYING -> chardet-1.0.2
copying README.txt -> chardet-1.0.2
copying setup.py -> chardet-1.0.2
copying chardet\__init__.py -> chardet-1.0.2\chardet
copying chardet\big5freq.py -> chardet-1.0.2\chardet
...
copying chardet\universaldetector.py -> chardet-1.0.2\chardet
copying chardet\utf8prober.py -> chardet-1.0.2\chardet
copying docs\faq.html -> chardet-1.0.2\docs
copying docs\history.html -> chardet-1.0.2\docs
copying docs\how-it-works.html -> chardet-1.0.2\docs
copying docs\index.html -> chardet-1.0.2\docs
copying docs\license.html -> chardet-1.0.2\docs
copying docs\supported-encodings.html -> chardet-1.0.2\docs
copying docs\usage.html -> chardet-1.0.2\docs
copying docs\images\caution.png -> chardet-1.0.2\docs\images
copying docs\images\important.png -> chardet-1.0.2\docs\images
copying docs\images\note.png -> chardet-1.0.2\docs\images
copying docs\images\permalink.gif -> chardet-1.0.2\docs\images
copying docs\images\tip.png -> chardet-1.0.2\docs\images
copying docs\images\warning.png -> chardet-1.0.2\docs\images
creating dist
creating 'dist\chardet-1.0.2.zip' and adding 'chardet-1.0.2' to it
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\COPYING'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\PKG-INFO'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\README.txt'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\setup.py'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\chardet\big5freq.py'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\chardet\big5prober.py'
...
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\chardet\universaldetector.py'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\chardet\utf8prober.py'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\chardet\__init__.py'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\faq.html'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\history.html'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\how-it-works.html'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\index.html'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\license.html'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\supported-encodings.html'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\usage.html'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\images\caution.png'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\images\important.png'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\images\note.png'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\images\permalink.gif'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\images\tip.png'
adding 'chardet-1.0.2\docs\images\warning.png'
removing 'chardet-1.0.2' (and everything under it)</samp></pre>
<p>Several things to note here:
<ul>
<li>Distutils noticed the manifest file (<code>MANIFEST.in</code>).
<li>Distutils successfully parsed the manifest file and added the additional files we wanted — <code>COPYING.txt</code> and the <abbr>HTML</abbr> and image files in the <code>docs/</code> directory.
<li>If you look in your project directory, you’ll see that Distutils created a <code>dist/</code> directory. Within the <code>dist/</code> directory the <code>.zip</code> file that you can distribute.
</ul>
<pre class=screen>
<samp class=p>c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet> </samp><kbd><mark>dir dist</mark></kbd>
<samp> Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is DED5-B4F8
Directory of c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet\dist
07/30/2009 06:29 PM <DIR> .
07/30/2009 06:29 PM <DIR> ..
07/30/2009 06:29 PM 206,440 <mark>chardet-1.0.2.zip</mark>
1 File(s) 206,440 bytes
2 Dir(s) 61,424,635,904 bytes free</samp></pre>
<p class=a>⁂
<h2 id=bdist>Creating a Graphical Installer</h2>
<p>In my opinion, every Python library deserves a graphical installer for Windows users. It’s easy to make (even if you don’t run Windows yourself), and Windows users appreciate it.
<p>Distutils can <a href=http://docs.python.org/3.1/distutils/builtdist.html#creating-windows-installers>create a graphical Windows installer for you</a>, by passing the <code>bdist_wininst</code> command to your Distutils setup script.
<pre class=screen>
<samp class=p>c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet> </samp><kbd><mark>c:\python31\python.exe setup.py bdist_wininst</mark></kbd>
<samp>running bdist_wininst
running build
running build_py
creating build
creating build\lib
creating build\lib\chardet
copying chardet\big5freq.py -> build\lib\chardet
copying chardet\big5prober.py -> build\lib\chardet
...
copying chardet\universaldetector.py -> build\lib\chardet
copying chardet\utf8prober.py -> build\lib\chardet
copying chardet\__init__.py -> build\lib\chardet
installing to build\bdist.win32\wininst
running install_lib
creating build\bdist.win32
creating build\bdist.win32\wininst
creating build\bdist.win32\wininst\PURELIB
creating build\bdist.win32\wininst\PURELIB\chardet
copying build\lib\chardet\big5freq.py -> build\bdist.win32\wininst\PURELIB\chardet
copying build\lib\chardet\big5prober.py -> build\bdist.win32\wininst\PURELIB\chardet
...
copying build\lib\chardet\universaldetector.py -> build\bdist.win32\wininst\PURELIB\chardet
copying build\lib\chardet\utf8prober.py -> build\bdist.win32\wininst\PURELIB\chardet
copying build\lib\chardet\__init__.py -> build\bdist.win32\wininst\PURELIB\chardet
running install_egg_info
Writing build\bdist.win32\wininst\PURELIB\chardet-1.0.2-py3.1.egg-info
creating 'c:\users\pilgrim\appdata\local\temp\tmp2f4h7e.zip' and adding '.' to it
adding 'PURELIB\chardet-1.0.2-py3.1.egg-info'
adding 'PURELIB\chardet\big5freq.py'
adding 'PURELIB\chardet\big5prober.py'
...
adding 'PURELIB\chardet\universaldetector.py'
adding 'PURELIB\chardet\utf8prober.py'
adding 'PURELIB\chardet\__init__.py'
removing 'build\bdist.win32\wininst' (and everything under it)</samp>
<samp class=p>c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet> </samp><kbd><mark>dir dist</mark></kbd>
<samp>c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet>dir dist
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is AADE-E29F
Directory of c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet\dist
07/30/2009 10:14 PM <DIR> .
07/30/2009 10:14 PM <DIR> ..
07/30/2009 10:14 PM 371,236 <mark>chardet-1.0.2.win32.exe</mark>
07/30/2009 06:29 PM 206,440 chardet-1.0.2.zip
2 File(s) 577,676 bytes
2 Dir(s) 61,424,070,656 bytes free</samp></pre>
<h3 id=linux>Building Installable Packages for Other Operating Systems</h3>
<p>Distutils can help you <a href=http://docs.python.org/3.1/distutils/builtdist.html#creating-rpm-packages>build installable packages for Linux users</a>. In my opinion, this probably isn’t worth your time. If you want your software distributed for Linux, your time would be better spent working with community members who specialize in packaging software for major Linux distributions.
<p>For example, my <code>chardet</code> library is <a href=http://packages.debian.org/python-chardet>in the Debian GNU/Linux repositories</a> (and therefore <a href=http://packages.ubuntu.com/python-chardet>in the Ubuntu repositories</a> as well). I had nothing to do with this; the packages just showed up there one day. The Debian community has <a href=http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/python-policy/>their own policies for packaging Python libraries</a>, and the Debian <code>python-chardet</code> package is designed to follow these conventions. And since the package lives in Debian’s repositories, Debian users will receive security updates and/or new versions, depending on the system-wide settings they’ve chosen to manage their own computers.
<p>The Linux packages that Distutils builds offer none of these advantages. Your time is better spent elsewhere.
<p class=a>⁂
<h2 id=pypi>Adding Your Software to The Python Package Index</h2>
<p>Uploading software to the Python Package Index is a three step process.
<ol>
<li>Register yourself
<li>Register your software
<li>Upload the packages you created with <code>setup.py sdist</code> and <code>setup.py bdist_*</code>
</ol>
<p>To register yourself, go to <a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=register_form">the PyPI user registration page</a>. Enter your desired username and password, provide a valid email address, and click the <code>Register</code> button. (If you have a <abbr>PGP</abbr> or <abbr>GPG</abbr> key, you can also provide that. If you don’t have one or don’t know what that means, don’t worry about it.) Check your email; within a few minutes, you should receive a message from PyPI with a validation link. Click the link to complete the registration process.
<p>Now you need to register your software with PyPI and upload it. You can do this all in one step.
<pre class=screen>
<a><samp class=p>c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet> </samp><kbd>c:\python31\python.exe setup.py register sdist bdist_wininst upload</kbd> <span class=u>①</span></a>
<samp>running register
We need to know who you are, so please choose either:
1. use your existing login,
2. register as a new user,
3. have the server generate a new password for you (and email it to you), or
4. quit</samp>
<a><samp class=p>Your selection [default 1]: </samp><kbd>1</kbd> <span class=u>②</span></a>
<a><samp class=p>Username: </samp><kbd>MarkPilgrim</kbd> <span class=u>③</span></a>
<samp class=p>Password:</samp>
<a><samp>Registering chardet to http://pypi.python.org/pypi</samp> <span class=u>④</span></a>
<samp>Server response (200): OK</samp>
<a><samp>running sdist</samp> <span class=u>⑤</span></a>
<samp>... output trimmed for brevity ...</samp>
<a><samp>running bdist_wininst</samp> <span class=u>⑥</span></a>
<samp>... output trimmed for brevity ...</samp>
<a><samp>running upload</samp> <span class=u>⑦</span></a>
<samp>Submitting dist\chardet-1.0.2.zip to http://pypi.python.org/pypi
Server response (200): OK
Submitting dist\chardet-1.0.2.win32.exe to http://pypi.python.org/pypi
Server response (200): OK
I can store your PyPI login so future submissions will be faster.
(the login will be stored in c:\home\.pypirc)</samp>
<a><samp class=p>Save your login (y/N)?</samp><kbd class=pp>n</kbd> <span class=u>⑧</span></a></pre>
<ol>
<li>When you release your project for the first time, Distutils will add your software to the Python Package Index and give it its own <abbr>URL</abbr>. Every time after that, it will simply update the project metadata with any changes you may have made in your <code>setup.py</code> parameters. Next, it builds a source distribution (<code>sdist</code>) and a Windows installer (<code>bdist_wininst</code>), then uploads them to PyPI (<code>upload</code>).
<li>Type <kbd>1</kbd> or just press <kbd>ENTER</kbd> to select “use your existing login.”
<li>Enter the username and password you selected on the <a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=register_form">the PyPI user registration page</a>. Distuils will not echo your password; it will not even echo asterisks in place of characters. Just type your password and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>.
<li>Distutils registers your package with the Python Package Index…
<li>…builds your source distribution…
<li>…builds your Windows installer…
<li>…and uploads them both to the Python Package Index.
<li>If you want to automate the process of releasing new versions, you need to save your PyPI credentials in a local file. This is completely insecure and completely optional.
</ol>
<p>Congratulations, you now have your own page on the Python Package Index! The address is <code>http://pypi.python.org/pypi/<i>NAME</i></code>, where <i>NAME</i> is the string you passed in the <var>name</var> parameter in your <code>setup.py</code> file.
<p>If you want to release a new version, just update your <code>setup.py</code> with the new version number, then run the same upload command again:
<pre class='nd screen'>
<samp class=p>c:\Users\pilgrim\chardet> </samp><kbd>c:\python31\python.exe setup.py register sdist bdist_wininst upload</kbd>
</pre>
<p class=a>⁂
<h2 id=future>The Many Possible Futures of Python Packaging</h2>
<p>Distutils is not the be-all and end-all of Python packaging, but as of this writing (August 2009), it’s the only packaging framework that works in Python 3. There are a number of other frameworks for Python 2; some focus on installation, others on testing and deployment. Some or all of these may end up being ported to Python 3 in the future.
<p>These frameworks focus on installation:
<ul>
<li><a href=http://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools>Setuptools</a>
<li><a href=http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip>Pip</a>
<li><a href=http://bitbucket.org/tarek/distribute/>Distribute</a>
</ul>
<p>These focus on testing and deployment:
<ul>
<li><a href=http://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv><code>virtualenv</code></a>
<li><a href=http://pypi.python.org/pypi/zc.buildout><code>zc.buildout</code></a>
<li><a href=http://www.blueskyonmars.com/projects/paver/>Paver</a>
<li><a href=http://fabfile.org/>Fabric</a>
<li><a href=http://www.py2exe.org/><code>py2exe</code></a>
</ul>
<p class=a>⁂
<h2 id=furtherreading>Further Reading</h2>
<p>On Distutils:
<ul>
<li><a href=http://docs.python.org/3.1/distutils/>Distributing Python Modules with Distutils</a>
<li><a href=http://docs.python.org/3.1/distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.core>Core Distutils functionality</a> lists all the possible arguments to the <code>setup()</code> function
<li><a href=http://wiki.python.org/moin/Distutils/Cookbook>Distutils Cookbook</a>
<li><a href=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0370/><abbr>PEP</abbr> 370: Per user <code>site-packages</code> directory</a>
<li><a href=http://jessenoller.com/2009/07/19/pep-370-per-user-site-packages-and-environment-stew/><abbr>PEP</abbr> 370 and “environment stew”</a>
</ul>
<p>On other packaging frameworks:
<ul>
<li><a href=http://groups.google.com/group/django-developers/msg/5407cdb400157259>The Python packaging ecosystem</a>
<li><a href=http://www.b-list.org/weblog/2008/dec/14/packaging/>On packaging</a>
<li><a href=http://blog.ianbicking.org/2008/12/14/a-few-corrections-to-on-packaging/>A few corrections to “On packaging”</a>
<li><a href=http://www.b-list.org/weblog/2008/dec/15/pip/>Why I like Pip</a>
<li><a href=http://cournape.wordpress.com/2009/04/01/python-packaging-a-few-observations-cabal-for-a-solution/>Python packaging: a few observations</a>
<li><a href=http://jacobian.org/writing/nobody-expects-python-packaging/>Nobody expects Python packaging!</a>
</ul>
<p class=v><a rel=prev href=case-study-porting-chardet-to-python-3.html title='back to “Case Study: Porting chardet to Python 3”'><span class=u>☜</span></a> <a rel=next href=porting-code-to-python-3-with-2to3.html title='onward to “Porting Code to Python 3 with 2to3”'><span class=u>☞</span></a>
<p class=c>© 2001–11 <a href=about.html>Mark Pilgrim</a>
<script src=j/jquery.js></script>
<script src=j/prettify.js></script>
<script src=j/dip3.js></script>