Play online: Github pages site
Play in your terminal: Executable Releases
Or compile it yourself:
git clone https://github.com/dkorpel/tictac
cd tictac
dub run
This is a port of a meta tic-tac-toe game written originally in pure x86_64 assembly in October 2015, now written in the D Programming Language.
The original only compiled on Linux and ran in qemu, but now it can be played either in a Windows / Linux terminal (using scone as backend) or in the browser (by compiling it to WebAssembly in ldc).
The port has these main goals:
- Preserve the original game, make it more accessible
- Test the WebAssembly capabilities of D
- Put it in a high level language so it's easier to extend
While a simple dub run works, a 64-bit release build can best be done like so:
dub run --compiler=ldc2 --arch=x86_64 --build=release
This results in a smaller executable and shorter waiting times for the A.I. It requires the LDC compiler to be installed, and on Windows it requires the Microsoft Linker which can be installed by installing Visual Studio with and adding the 'toolchain Visual C++' component.
There's no WebAssembly target for dub currently, so for wasm, use the included build script:
rdmd build wasm
The resulting .wasm will be put in the doc folder where the webpage also resides.
This webpage can be opened in FireFox locally, but Chrome doesn't allow the http request to a local file so the game won't load. You can use something like live-server to still test it without deploying.
The idea of meta tic-tac-toe is explained here: Ultimate-tic-tac-toe
Differences with the rules listed on Wikipedia:
- The board is randomly pre-filled with 20 pieces to get up to speed in the beginning
- When a player is sent to an already won square, he still has to put his piece there unless it's full
- Additional rule: You can't start in the center square
You play against an A.I. who looks a certain amount of moves ahead. It evaluates moves by these qualities, in order of importance:
- Winning the game
- Winning a square
- Putting the opponent in a square that's already won
It certainly does not have the best design or implementation, but it has these qualities though:
- It is relatively easy to implement it in Assembly
- It is not so smart that it's impossible for the player to win
- It is a nice benchmark for comparing WebAssembly and native assembly
To elaborate on the last part: There are give or take 6 possible moves every turn, so looking n moves ahead means considering 6^n moves, so the time for the A.I. to take a move grows exponentially with the amount of moves it looks ahead. The assembly version would look about 5 moves ahead in a few seconds, and the compiled version can look about 8 moves ahead in the same time.
The only performance critical part of this game is the A.I., so we can use this to see how fast different versions run. I did a quick test comparing the command line version compiled with DMD and LDC using dub's debug and release configurations, and the WebAssembly version (which is compiled with LDC with -O0 and -O3) in FireFox. The A.I. is asked to look 8 moves deep, and in total 1975681 moves were evaluated. Results:
| Version | Time | Factor |
|---|---|---|
| Ldc (release) | 357 ms | 1.0 |
| Dmd (release) | 671 ms | 1.9 |
| Wasm (-O3) | 967 ms | 2.7 |
| Dmd (debug) | 1651 ms | 4.6 |
| Ldc (debug) | 2159 ms | 6.0 |
| Wasm (-O0) | 2807 ms | 7.9 |
This is by no means a thorough performance analysis, but it gives some idea of what kind of performance to expect from WebAssembly in its current state. It would be interesting to also compare it with a JavaScript implementation, but that would involve rewriting it for JavaScript...
This was made when WebAssembly was newly added to the ldc compiler. The Wasm dither example identified a bunch of issues already, so development of this game went very well. One new issue that arose is this:
The compiler may implicitly add function calls to the C standard library to get certain tasks done. For example: initializing an array might be done with memset, and copying a struct can be done with memcpy. In WebAssembly these symbols aren't available though, so it expects a Javascript implementation in the environment. This results in an error when loading the .wasm file (or it doesn't, if you actually... implemented memcpy and memset in Javascript...).
The solution is to add D implementations:
void* memcpy(void* destination, const void* source, size_t num)
{
int i;
ubyte* d = cast(ubyte*) destination;
ubyte* s = cast(ubyte*) source;
for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
d[i] = s[i];
}
return destination;
}
void* memset(void *source, int value, size_t len) {
ubyte* dst = cast(ubyte*) source;
while (len > 0) {
*dst = cast(ubyte) value;
dst++;
len--;
}
return source;
}Doing per byte copies is certainly not the best implementation, so let's hope LLVM's optimizer can make something great out of it.