Using #ifdef or equivalents is common when writing portable code. Which to use
when can be quite tricky. This document describes the most common choices
related to Android.
If your code is specific to Android's C library, bionic, use __BIONIC__. This
is typically a good choice when you use libc API that's only in bionic, such as
the system property functions. Common alternatives on this dimension are
__GLIBC__, __APPLE__, or _WIN32. Note that although bionic is most often
seen on Android devices, it is possible to use bionic on the host too.
If your code is specific to Android devices, use __ANDROID__. This isn't
useful as you might think, and one of the other choices on this page is usually
more appropriate. This is typically a good choice if you have code that's part
of the OS and needs to behave differently on the host than on the device.
Genuine cases are quite rare, and __BIONIC__ is often more specific (but
remember that it is possible -- if unusual -- to use bionic on the host).
If your code can be built targeting a variety of different OS versions, use
__ANDROID_API__ to test which version you're building against. This is
typically useful if you can use new NDK APIs when available, but don't require
them if not.
One thing to note (if your code may also be built as part of the OS itself) is
that for most of the year, the OS builds with this set to 10,000 rather than the
obvious "next" API level such as 19. Once the API level has been decided, the
value of __ANDROID_API__ drops to that number.
If your code requires a Linux kernel, use __linux__. This is typically a good
choice when you use Linux-specific API, such as a Linux-specific system call or
a file in /proc, but aren't restricted to just Android and would work equally
well on a desktop Linux distro, say. Common alternatives on this dimension
are __APPLE__ or _WIN32.
If your code can be built either as part of an app or as part of the OS
itself, use __ANDROID_NDK__ to differentiate between those two circumstances.
This is typically a good choice when your code uses non-NDK API if it's built as
part of the OS, but sticks to just the NDK APIs otherwise.
If your code can be built with a variety of different NDK versions, and needs to
work around issues with some of them, use these macros to detect the versinon of
the NDK you're being built with. Usually only __NDK_MAJOR__ will be necessary.
If your code is specific to a particular processor architecture, use these
macros to conditionally compile. Note that the ABI usually called arm64 uses
the macro __aarch64__ and the ABI usually called x86 uses __i386__.
If your code depends on "bitness" -- whether long and pointers are 32- or
64-bit -- use these macros to conditionally compile.