diff --git a/src/nuclai/models/mlp.py b/src/nuclai/models/mlp.py
index 021258e..12c7639 100644
--- a/src/nuclai/models/mlp.py
+++ b/src/nuclai/models/mlp.py
@@ -90,15 +90,13 @@ def __init__(
             dim_out = dimensions[i + 1]
             self.net.append(nn.Linear(dim_in, dim_out, bias=self.bias))
 
-            if i == (len(dimensions) - 2):
-                self.net.append(nn.Sigmoid())
-            else:
-                self.net.append(
-                    nn.LeakyReLU(negative_slope=1e-2, inplace=True)
-                )
-                self.net.append(nn.BatchNorm1d(dimensions[i + 1]))
-                if self.dropout > 0.0:
-                    self.net.append(nn.Dropout(p=self.dropout))
+            # remove sigmoid due to numerical instability with mixed-precision
+            # if i == (len(dimensions) - 2):
+            #     self.net.append(nn.Sigmoid())
+            self.net.append(nn.LeakyReLU(negative_slope=1e-2, inplace=True))
+            self.net.append(nn.BatchNorm1d(dimensions[i + 1]))
+            if self.dropout > 0.0:
+                self.net.append(nn.Dropout(p=self.dropout))
 
         # add the list of modules to the current module
         self.net = nn.ModuleList(self.net)
@@ -195,7 +193,7 @@ def training_step(
 
         # forward pass
         prediction = self.net(features)
-        loss = F.binary_cross_entropy(
+        loss = F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(
             prediction, labels, weight=self.loss_weight
         )
 
@@ -211,6 +209,9 @@ def training_step(
     def on_validation_start(self):
         self.f1_val = F1Score(task="binary", threshold=0.5)
 
+        # get sigmoid for predictions
+        self.sigmoid = nn.Sigmoid()
+
     def validation_step(
         self, batch: list[torch.Tensor], batch_idx: int
     ) -> torch.Tensor:
@@ -219,12 +220,15 @@ def validation_step(
         prediction = self.net(features)
 
         # log loss
-        loss = F.binary_cross_entropy(
+        loss = F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(
             prediction, labels, weight=self.loss_weight
         )
 
         self.log("loss_val", loss, on_step=True, on_epoch=True, sync_dist=True)
 
+        # convert prediction to probability for F1
+        prediction = self.sigmoid(prediction)
+
         # update f1_val
         self.f1_val.update(
             torch.squeeze(prediction, -1), torch.squeeze(labels, -1)
@@ -245,13 +249,16 @@ def on_test_start(self):
         # set up f1 metric
         self.f1_test = F1Score(task="binary", threshold=0.5)
 
+        # get sigmoid for predictions
+        self.sigmoid = nn.Sigmoid()
+
     def test_step(
         self, batch: list[torch.Tensor], batch_idx: int
     ) -> torch.Tensor:
         features, labels, ids = batch
 
         prediction = self.net(features)
-        loss = F.binary_cross_entropy(
+        loss = F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(
             prediction, labels, weight=self.loss_weight
         )
 
@@ -264,6 +271,9 @@ def test_step(
             sync_dist=False,
         )
 
+        # convert prediction to probability
+        prediction = self.sigmoid(prediction)
+
         # update f1_test
         self.f1_test.update(
             torch.squeeze(prediction, -1), torch.squeeze(labels, -1)
@@ -273,6 +283,7 @@ def test_step(
         idx = os.path.basename(
             self.trainer.datamodule.data_test.data[str(ids[0].item())]["path"]
         )
+
         tmp = pd.DataFrame(
             {
                 "id": [idx],
@@ -299,6 +310,9 @@ def on_predict_start(self):
         # create prediction data frame to which all predictions are appended
         self.prediction_data = pd.DataFrame(columns=["id", "prediction"])
 
+        # get sigmoid for predictions
+        self.sigmoid = nn.Sigmoid()
+
     def predict_step(
         self, batch: list[torch.Tensor], batch_idx: int
     ) -> torch.Tensor:
@@ -306,6 +320,9 @@ def predict_step(
 
         prediction = self.net(features)
 
+        # convert prediction to probability
+        prediction = self.sigmoid(prediction)
+
         # save predictions and labels
         idx = os.path.basename(
             self.trainer.datamodule.data_predict.data[str(ids[0].item())][