diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/area_rel_area_encoding_random.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/area_rel_area_encoding_random.rs
index 7095e1d..8c43c98 100644
--- a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/area_rel_area_encoding_random.rs
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/area_rel_area_encoding_random.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 use earthstar::identity_id::IdentityIdentifier as IdentityId;
 use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
 use willow_data_model::grouping::Area;
-use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_relation_random;
+use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_random;
 
 fuzz_target!(|data: (&[u8], Area<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>)| {
     // fuzzed code goes here
     let (random_bytes, area) = data;
 
-    relative_encoding_relation_random::<Area<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>, Area<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>>(
-        area,
+    relative_encoding_random::<Area<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>, Area<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>>(
+        &area,
         random_bytes,
     )
 });
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_entry_encoding_random.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_entry_encoding_random.rs
index befe28d..36d0bb2 100644
--- a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_entry_encoding_random.rs
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_entry_encoding_random.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use earthstar::identity_id::IdentityIdentifier as IdentityId;
 use earthstar::namespace_id::NamespaceIdentifier as EsNamespaceId;
 use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
 use willow_data_model::Entry;
-use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_relation_random;
+use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_random;
 use willow_fuzz::placeholder_params::FakePayloadDigest;
 
 fuzz_target!(|data: (
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ fuzz_target!(|data: (
 )| {
     let (random_bytes, ref_entry) = data;
 
-    relative_encoding_relation_random::<
+    relative_encoding_random::<
         Entry<16, 16, 16, EsNamespaceId, IdentityId, FakePayloadDigest>,
         Entry<16, 16, 16, EsNamespaceId, IdentityId, FakePayloadDigest>,
-    >(ref_entry, random_bytes)
+    >(&ref_entry, random_bytes)
 });
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_namespace_area_encoding_random.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_namespace_area_encoding_random.rs
index 0cc0d82..41aca5b 100644
--- a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_namespace_area_encoding_random.rs
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_namespace_area_encoding_random.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use earthstar::namespace_id::NamespaceIdentifier as EsNamespaceId;
 use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
 use willow_data_model::grouping::Area;
 use willow_data_model::Entry;
-use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_relation_random;
+use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_random;
 use willow_fuzz::placeholder_params::FakePayloadDigest;
 
 fuzz_target!(
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ fuzz_target!(
         // fuzzed code goes here
         let (random_bytes, namespaced_area) = data;
 
-        relative_encoding_relation_random::<
+        relative_encoding_random::<
             (EsNamespaceId, Area<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>),
             Entry<16, 16, 16, EsNamespaceId, IdentityId, FakePayloadDigest>,
-        >(namespaced_area, random_bytes)
+        >(&namespaced_area, random_bytes)
     }
 );
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_namespace_range_encoding_random.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_namespace_range_encoding_random.rs
index 018eb57..3916229 100644
--- a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_namespace_range_encoding_random.rs
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/entry_rel_namespace_range_encoding_random.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use earthstar::namespace_id::NamespaceIdentifier as EsNamespaceId;
 use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
 use willow_data_model::grouping::Range3d;
 use willow_data_model::Entry;
-use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_relation_random;
+use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_random;
 use willow_fuzz::placeholder_params::FakePayloadDigest;
 
 fuzz_target!(
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ fuzz_target!(
         // fuzzed code goes here
         let (random_bytes, namespaced_range_3d) = data;
 
-        relative_encoding_relation_random::<
+        relative_encoding_random::<
             (EsNamespaceId, Range3d<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>),
             Entry<16, 16, 16, EsNamespaceId, IdentityId, FakePayloadDigest>,
-        >(namespaced_range_3d, random_bytes);
+        >(&namespaced_range_3d, random_bytes);
     }
 );
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/mc_capability_rel_area_encoding_random.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/mc_capability_rel_area_encoding_random.rs
index 92e5922..2929927 100644
--- a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/mc_capability_rel_area_encoding_random.rs
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/mc_capability_rel_area_encoding_random.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
 use meadowcap::McCapability;
 use willow_data_model::grouping::Area;
-use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_canonical_random;
+use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_random;
 use willow_fuzz::silly_sigs::{SillyPublicKey, SillySig};
 
 fuzz_target!(|data: (&[u8], Area<3, 3, 3, SillyPublicKey>,)| {
     let (random_bytes, out) = data;
 
-    relative_encoding_canonical_random::<
+    relative_encoding_random::<
         Area<3, 3, 3, SillyPublicKey>,
         McCapability<3, 3, 3, SillyPublicKey, SillySig, SillyPublicKey, SillySig>,
-    >(out, random_bytes)
+    >(&out, random_bytes)
 });
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random.rs
index 4ddd01b..644aeda 100644
--- a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random.rs
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
 use willow_data_model::Path;
-use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_canonical_random;
+use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_random;
 
 const MCL: usize = 300;
 const MCC: usize = 300;
@@ -11,8 +11,5 @@ const MPL: usize = 300;
 fuzz_target!(|data: (&[u8], Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>)| {
     let (random_bytes, ref_path) = data;
 
-    relative_encoding_canonical_random::<Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>, Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>>(
-        ref_path,
-        random_bytes,
-    )
+    relative_encoding_random::<Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>, Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>>(&ref_path, random_bytes)
 });
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random2.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random2.rs
index b473cfa..16d6e70 100644
--- a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random2.rs
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random2.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
 use willow_data_model::Path;
-use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_canonical_random;
+use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_random;
 
 const MCL: usize = 2;
 const MCC: usize = 3;
@@ -11,8 +11,5 @@ const MPL: usize = 3;
 fuzz_target!(|data: (&[u8], Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>)| {
     let (random_bytes, ref_path) = data;
 
-    relative_encoding_canonical_random::<Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>, Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>>(
-        ref_path,
-        random_bytes,
-    )
+    relative_encoding_random::<Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>, Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>>(&ref_path, random_bytes)
 });
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random3.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random3.rs
index 175efcf..4275232 100644
--- a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random3.rs
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/path_rel_path_encoding_random3.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
 use willow_data_model::Path;
-use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_canonical_random;
+use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_random;
 
 const MCL: usize = 4;
 const MCC: usize = 4;
@@ -11,8 +11,5 @@ const MPL: usize = 16;
 fuzz_target!(|data: (&[u8], Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>)| {
     let (random_bytes, ref_path) = data;
 
-    relative_encoding_canonical_random::<Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>, Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>>(
-        ref_path,
-        random_bytes,
-    )
+    relative_encoding_random::<Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>, Path<MCL, MCC, MPL>>(&ref_path, random_bytes)
 });
diff --git a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/range3d_rel_rang3d_encoding_random.rs b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/range3d_rel_rang3d_encoding_random.rs
index 49f9777..176e60c 100644
--- a/fuzz/fuzz_targets/range3d_rel_rang3d_encoding_random.rs
+++ b/fuzz/fuzz_targets/range3d_rel_rang3d_encoding_random.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 use earthstar::identity_id::IdentityIdentifier as IdentityId;
 use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
 use willow_data_model::grouping::Range3d;
-use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_relation_random;
+use willow_fuzz::encode::relative_encoding_random;
 
 fuzz_target!(|data: (&[u8], Range3d<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>)| {
     // fuzzed code goes here
     let (random_bytes, area) = data;
 
-    relative_encoding_relation_random::<
-        Range3d<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>,
-        Range3d<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>,
-    >(area, random_bytes);
+    relative_encoding_random::<Range3d<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>, Range3d<16, 16, 16, IdentityId>>(
+        &area,
+        random_bytes,
+    );
 });
diff --git a/fuzz/src/encode.rs b/fuzz/src/encode.rs
index 22965f5..ca391f6 100644
--- a/fuzz/src/encode.rs
+++ b/fuzz/src/encode.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,14 @@ where
     assert_eq!(decoded_item, item);
 }
 
+pub fn encoding_random<T>(data: &[u8])
+where
+    T: Encodable + Decodable + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq + Eq,
+{
+    encoding_canonical_random::<T>(data);
+    encoding_relation_random::<T>(data);
+}
+
 pub fn encoding_canonical_random<T>(data: &[u8])
 where
     T: Encodable + Decodable + std::fmt::Debug,
@@ -145,14 +153,23 @@ pub fn relative_encoding_canonical_roundtrip<T, R, C>(
     assert_eq!(decoded_item, subject);
 }
 
-pub fn relative_encoding_canonical_random<R, T>(reference: R, data: &[u8])
+pub fn relative_encoding_random<R, T>(reference: &R, data: &[u8])
+where
+    T: RelativeEncodable<R> + RelativeDecodable<R> + std::fmt::Debug + Eq,
+    R: std::fmt::Debug,
+{
+    relative_encoding_canonical_random::<R, T>(reference, data);
+    relative_encoding_relation_random::<R, T>(reference, data);
+}
+
+pub fn relative_encoding_canonical_random<R, T>(reference: &R, data: &[u8])
 where
     T: RelativeEncodable<R> + RelativeDecodable<R> + std::fmt::Debug,
     R: std::fmt::Debug,
 {
     let mut producer = FromSlice::new(data);
 
-    match T::relative_decode_canonical(&reference, &mut producer) {
+    match T::relative_decode_canonical(reference, &mut producer) {
         Ok(item) => {
             // It decoded to a valid item! Gasp!
             // Can we turn it back into the same encoding?
@@ -161,7 +178,7 @@ where
             //  println!("item {:?}", item);
             //  println!("ref {:?}", reference);
 
-            item.relative_encode(&reference, &mut consumer).unwrap();
+            item.relative_encode(reference, &mut consumer).unwrap();
 
             let encoded = consumer.as_ref();
 
@@ -180,14 +197,14 @@ where
     };
 }
 
-pub fn relative_encoding_relation_random<R, T>(reference: R, data: &[u8])
+pub fn relative_encoding_relation_random<R, T>(reference: &R, data: &[u8])
 where
     T: RelativeEncodable<R> + RelativeDecodable<R> + std::fmt::Debug + Eq,
     R: std::fmt::Debug,
 {
     let mut producer = FromSlice::new(data);
 
-    match T::relative_decode_relation(&reference, &mut producer) {
+    match T::relative_decode_relation(reference, &mut producer) {
         Ok(item) => {
             // It decoded to a valid item! Gasp!
             // Can we turn it back into the same encoding?
@@ -196,11 +213,11 @@ where
             //  println!("item {:?}", item);
             //  println!("ref {:?}", reference);
 
-            item.relative_encode(&reference, &mut consumer).unwrap();
+            item.relative_encode(reference, &mut consumer).unwrap();
 
             let mut producer_2 = FromSlice::new(consumer.as_ref());
 
-            match T::relative_decode_relation(&reference, &mut producer_2) {
+            match T::relative_decode_relation(reference, &mut producer_2) {
                 Ok(decoded_again) => {
                     assert_eq!(item, decoded_again);
                 }