MikroLeo

4-bit Didactic Microcomputer

The hardware is finished and working.
However, it needs exhaustive testing over a long period to see if the hardware will fail when operating at full speed. It implies that if the hardware fails, the maximum clock speed must be reduced, for example, to 2.5 MHz.

This project was developed mainly for educational purposes.

I hope it will be a good learning platform for anyone who likes electronics, computers and programming.

Since my first attempts, many efforts have been made to make this project real.

It is aimed at students, enthusiasts, hackers, professors and anyone who wants to understand or improve their knowledge of electronics and learn how a simple computer works. In addition, it is also an attempt to rescue the story about the beginning of the development of integrated circuits and computers on a single chip, to demonstrate the capabilities that these machines had at that time.

It is a fully open-source hardware and software project that can be built at home. Only the printed circuit board (PCB) needs to be produced by some company.

For the next steps, an important thing is to make good documentation for MikroLeo!

Support this project!
Help to promote and disseminate the knowledge.
Copyright (C) 2020-2024 MikroLeo Devs

Main Features:

Implements a 4 bit CPU
2k x 16 Program Memory (up to 4k)
2k x 4 RAM (up to 4k)
4 Output Ports (16 outputs)
4 Input Ports (16 inputs)
Single Cycle Instruction/RISC
Harvard Architecture
3 execution modes:
- step by step
- 3MHz (precise time base)
- adjustable - low clock speed ( $\approx$ 1 Hz - 200 Hz)
No MPU/MCU or complex chips
No microcode
No stack
Indirect addressing to facilitate the implementation of subroutines
Program memory implemented with RAM to easy programming
It can be programmed using physical input switches or via Arduino/Esp32
It accepts 300 and 600 mils memories (for those with old DIP versions)
Supercapacitor or battery to keep the program in RAM (for low power version)
Built with 74HCTxxx integrated circuits for low power consumption and compatibility with TTL circuits
All parts are through-hole for easy assembly
All control signals, registers and the program counter are available through the pin header connectors
Dual layer Single board with 295.9mm x 196.9mm

MikroLeo Architecture

Note that some buffers are used to allow viewing the contents of registers at any time, since this project is mainly intended for educational purposes.
Reset Vector: 0x000

The MikroLeo Instruction Set

Although MikroLeo has only 20 instructions, using the AMODE bit (b14) and the modifier bits (b13:b12), it is possible to encode 64 combinations of instructions, as can be seen below.

Instruction Set explanation and examples

In binary, the Instruction Word is coded as,

ROMH (Most significant byte of program memory):

_b15	_b14	_b13	_b12	_b11	_b10	_b9	_b8
_{MICRO2_IN}	_AMODE	_MOD1	_MOD0	_MICRO3	_MICRO2	_MICRO1	_MICRO0

ROML (Least significant byte of program memory):

_b7	_b6	_b5	_b4	_b3	_b2	_b1	_b0
_MAddr3	_MAddr2	_MAddr1	_MAddr0	_Operand3	_Operand2	_Operand1	_Operand0

$\text{\small\textcolor{brown}{- Note: b15 = bit15 ... b0 = bit0}}$

Below is more detailed information about the instruction word,

Instruction Set Description

LDI - Load with Immediate
Description: Loads the operand value into a register.
Registers: ACC, RA, RB or RC
Operation: Register <─ Operand

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x00Xn	0x00	LDI ACC,n	ZF
0x10Xn	0x10	LDI RA,n	-
0x20Xn	0x20	LDI RB,n	-
0x30Xn	0x30	LDI RC,n	-

Note:
The operand (immediate) is represented by the letter "n".
'X' (in capital letter) means it doesn't matter.
'x' (in lowercase) is used to represent a hexadecimal number.

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x0005	LDI ACC,5	Load ACC with operand n
0x1006	LDI RA,6	Load RA with operand n
0x2007	LDI RB,7	Load RB with operand n
0x300a	LDI RC,10	Load ACC with operand n

The MAddr nibble is not used with this instruction, so it is left at 0.
The Instruction Word, for example, for LDI RA,6 is coded as,

0x1006
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = 6
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 0
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = 0
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 1

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0001 0000 0000 0110
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = 6
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = 0 (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 1 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 1)

NAND - bitwise Nand
Description: Performs the bitwise Nand operation between ACC with (Operand n, RA, RB or RAM).
The result is stored in ACC.
Operations:
ACC <─ ACC NAND Operand
ACC <─ ACC NAND Register
ACC <─ ACC NAND RAM

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x01Xn	0x01	NAND ACC,n	ZF
0x11XX	0x11	NAND ACC,RA	ZF
0x21XX	0x21	NAND ACC,RB	ZF
0x31mn	0x31	NAND ACC,@RAM	ZF
0x71XX	0x71	NAND ACC,@R	ZF

Note:
The RAM address for @RAM is pointed by RC:MAddr:LAddr.
The RAM address for @R is pointed by RC:RB:RA.
The MAddr is represented by the letter "m".

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x0105	NAND ACC,5	NAND operation between the accumulator and the operand and stores it in ACC
0x1100	NAND ACC,RA	NAND operation between the accumulator and register RA and stores it in ACC
0x2100	NAND ACC,RB	NAND operation between the accumulator and register RB and stores it in ACC
0x310a	NAND ACC,@0x0a	NAND the contents of the RAM address with ACC and stores it in ACC. In this case, the RAM address = RC:0:a
0x7100	NAND ACC,@R	NAND the contents of the RAM address with ACC and stores it in ACC. In this case, the RAM address = RC:RB:RA

The Instruction Word, for example, for NAND ACC,5 is coded as,

0x0105
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = 5
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 0
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = 1
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 0

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0000 0001 0000 0101
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = 5
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = 1 (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 0 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 0)

LDW - Load from RAM Memory
Description: Loads the contents of RAM into ACC.
Operation: ACC <─ RAM

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x02mn	0x02	LDW ACC,@RAM	ZF
0x42XX	0x42	LDW ACC,@R	ZF

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x023b	LDW ACC,@0x3b	Loads the contents of the RAM address (RC:3:b) in ACC
0x4200	LDW ACC,@R	Loads the contents of the RAM address (RC:RB:RA) in ACC

The Instruction Word, for example, for LDW ACC,@0x3b is coded as,

0x023b
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = b
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 3
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = 2
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 0

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0000 0010 0011 1011
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = b
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 3
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = 2 (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 0 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 0)

LDA - Load Accumulator
Description: Loads the contents of a register into the ACC.
Registers: RA, RB or RC
Operation: ACC <─ Register

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x13XX	0x13	LDA RA	ZF
0x23XX	0x23	LDA RB	ZF
0x33XX	0x33	LDA RC	ZF

Note: 'X' means it doesn't matter.

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x1300	LDA RA	Load into ACC the content of RA
0x2300	LDA RB	Load into ACC the content of RB
0x3300	LDA RC	Load into ACC the content of RC

The MAddr/LAddr nibble is not used with this instruction, so it is left at 0.

The Instruction Word, for example, for LDA RA is coded as,

0x1300
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = 0
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 0
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = 3
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 1

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0001 0011 0000 0000
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = 3 (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 1 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 1)

OUTA - Send to OUTA output port
Description: Sends the operand/Register or RAM value to the OUTA output port.
Operations:
OUTA <─ Operand
OUTA <─ ACC
OUTA <─ RA
OUTA <─ RAM

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x04Xn	0x04	OUTA n	-
0x14XX	0x14	OUTA ACC	-
0x24XX	0x24	OUTA RA	-
0x34mn	0x34	OUTA @RAM	-
0x74XX	0x74	OUTA @R	-

Note:
The RAM address for @RAM is pointed by RC:MAddr:LAddr.
The RAM address for @R is pointed by RC:RB:RA.
The MAddr is represented by the letter "m".

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x0405	OUTA 5	Sends the operand to the OUTA port
0x1400	OUTA ACC	Sends the ACC to the OUTA port.
0x2400	OUTA RA	Sends the RA to the OUTA port.
0x342a	OUTA @0x2a	Sends the content of RAM to the OUTA port. In this case, the RAM address = RC:2:a
0x7400	OUTA @R	Sends the content of RAM to the OUTA port. In this case, the RAM address = RC:RB:RA

The Instruction Word, for example, for OUTA ACC is coded as,

0x1400
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = 0
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 0
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = 4
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 1

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0001 0100 0000 0000
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = 0
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = 4 (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 1 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 0)

OUTB - Send to OUTB output port
Description: Sends the operand/Register or RAM value to the OUTB output port.
Operations:
OUTB <─ Operand
OUTB <─ ACC
OUTB <─ RA
OUTB <─ RAM

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x05Xn	0x05	OUTB n	-
0x15XX	0x15	OUTB ACC	-
0x25XX	0x25	OUTB RA	-
0x35mn	0x35	OUTB @RAM	-
0x75XX	0x75	OUTB @R	-

Note:
The RAM address for @RAM is pointed by RC:MAddr:LAddr.
The RAM address for @R is pointed by RC:RB:RA.
The MAddr is represented by the letter "m".

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x0507	OUTB 7	Sends the operand to the OUTB port
0x1500	OUTB ACC	Sends the ACC to the OUTB port.
0x2500	OUTB RA	Sends the RA to the OUTB port.
0x35f1	OUTB @0xf1	Sends the content of RAM to the OUTB port. In this case, the RAM address = RC:f:1
0x7500	OUTB @R	Sends the content of RAM to the OUTB port. In this case, the RAM address = RC:RB:RA

The Instruction Word, for example, for OUTB 7 is coded as,

0x0507
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = 7
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 0
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = 5
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 0

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0001 0101 0000 0111
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = 7
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = 5 (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 0 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 0)

OUTC - Send to OUTC output port
Description: Sends the operand/Register or RAM value to the OUTC output port.
Operations:
OUTC <─ Operand
OUTC <─ ACC
OUTC <─ RA
OUTC <─ RAM

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x06Xn	0x06	OUTC n	-
0x16XX	0x16	OUTC ACC	-
0x26XX	0x26	OUTC RA	-
0x36mn	0x36	OUTC @RAM	-
0x76XX	0x76	OUTC @R	-

Note:
The RAM address for @RAM is pointed by RC:MAddr:LAddr.
The RAM address for @R is pointed by RC:RB:RA.
The MAddr is represented by the letter "m".

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x0607	OUTC 0xf	Sends the operand to the OUTC port
0x1600	OUTC ACC	Sends the ACC to the OUTC port.
0x2600	OUTC RA	Sends the RA to the OUTC port.
0x3683	OUTC @0x83	Sends the content of RAM to the OUTC port. In this case, the RAM address = RC:8:3
0x7600	OUTC @R	Sends the content of RAM to the OUTC port. In this case, the RAM address = RC:RB:RA

The Instruction Word, for example, for OUTC @0x83 is coded as,

0x3683
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = 3
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 8
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = 6
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 3

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0011 0110 1000 0011
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = 3
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 8
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = 6 (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 3 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 3)

LDR - Loads a Register with the Accumulator.
Description: Load the contents of the ACC into a register.
Registers: RA, RB or RC
Operation: Register <─ ACC

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x17XX	0x17	LDR RA	-
0x27XX	0x27	LDR RB	-
0x37XX	0x37	LDR RC	-

Note: 'X' means it doesn't matter.

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x1700	LDR RA	Load into RA the content of ACC
0x2700	LDR RB	Load into RB the content of ACC
0x3700	LDR RC	Load into RC the content of ACC

The MAddr/LAddr nibble is not used with this instruction, so it is left at 0.

The Instruction Word, for example, for LDR RA is coded as,

0x1700
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = 0
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 0
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = 7
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 1

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0001 0111 0000 0000
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = 7 (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 1 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 1)

CMP - Compare ACC
Description: Performs the comparison between ACC with (Operand n, RA, RB or RAM).
The comparison is like a Subtraction, but it doesn't change the ACC. The comparison result can be checked by Flags.
Operations:
ACC - Operand
ACC - Register
ACC - RAM

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x08Xn	0x08	CMP ACC,n	CF,ZF
0x18XX	0x18	CMP ACC,RA	CF,ZF
0x28XX	0x28	CMP ACC,RB	CF,ZF
0x38mn	0x38	CMP ACC,@RAM	CF,ZF
0x78XX	0x78	CMP ACC,@R	CF,ZF

Note:
The RAM address for @RAM is pointed by RC:MAddr:LAddr.
The RAM address for @R is pointed by RC:RB:RA.
The MAddr is represented by the letter "m".

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x0801	CMP ACC,1	Compare ACC with operand n
0x1800	CMP ACC,RA	Compare ACC with register RA
0x2800	CMP ACC,RB	Compare ACC with register RB
0x38c3	CMP ACC,@0xc3	Compare ACC with RAM address. In this case, the RAM address = RC:c:3
0x7800	CMP ACC,@R	Compare ACC with RAM address. In this case, the RAM address = RC:RB:RA

The Instruction Word, for example, for CMP ACC,1 is coded as,

0x0801
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = 1
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 0
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = 8
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 0

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0000 1000 0000 0001
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = 1
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = 8 (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 0 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 0)

OUTD - Send to OUTD output port
Description: Sends the operand/Register or RAM value to the OUTD output port.
Operations:
OUTD <─ Operand
OUTD <─ ACC
OUTD <─ RA
OUTD <─ RAM

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x09Xn	0x09	OUTD n	-
0x19XX	0x19	OUTD ACC	-
0x29XX	0x29	OUTD RA	-
0x39mn	0x39	OUTD @RAM	-
0x79XX	0x79	OUTD @R	-

Note:
The RAM address for @RAM is pointed by RC:MAddr:LAddr.
The RAM address for @R is pointed by RC:RB:RA.
The MAddr is represented by the letter "m".

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x090b	OUTD 0xb	Sends the operand to the OUTD port
0x1900	OUTD ACC	Sends the ACC to the OUTD port.
0x2900	OUTD RA	Sends the RA to the OUTD port.
0x39c3	OUTD @0xc3	Sends the content of RAM to the OUTD port. In this case, the RAM address = RC:c:3
0x7900	OUTD @R	Sends the content of RAM to the OUTD port. In this case, the RAM address = RC:RB:RA

The Instruction Word, for example, for OUTD @R is coded as,

0x7900
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = 0
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 0
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = 9
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 7

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0111 1001 0000 0000
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = 9 (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 7 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 1, MOD = 3)

STW - Store in RAM Memory
Description: Stores the contents of the ACC in RAM.
Operation: RAM <─ ACC

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x0Amn	0x0A	STW @RAM,ACC	-
0x4AXX	0x4A	STW @R,ACC	-

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x0A1f	STW @0x1f,ACC	Stores the contents of the ACC in RAM (address RC:1:f)
0x4A00	STW @R,ACC	Stores the contents of the ACC in RAM (address RC:RB:RA)

The Instruction Word, for example, for STW @0x1f,ACC is coded as,

0x0A1f
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = f
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 1
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = A
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 0

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0000 1010 0001 1111
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = f
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 1
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = A (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 0 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 0)

SUB - Subtract from accumulator
Description: Subtracts from the accumulator the content of (Operand n, RA, RB or RAM) and stores the result in the accumulator.
Operation:
ACC <─ ACC - Operand
ACC <─ ACC - Register
ACC <─ ACC - RAM

_{Instruction Word}	_ROMH	_Instruction	_{Affected Flags}
0x0BXn	0x0B	SUB ACC,n	CF,ZF
0x1BXX	0x1B	SUB ACC,RA	CF,ZF
0x2BXX	0x2B	SUB ACC,RB	CF,ZF
0x3Bmn	0x3B	SUB ACC,@RAM	CF,ZF
0x7BXX	0x7B	SUB ACC,@R	CF,ZF

Examples:

_{Instruction Word}	_Instruction	_Comment
0x0B0f	SUB ACC,0xf	Subtract from ACC the operand n and store the result in ACC
0x1B00	SUB ACC,RA	Subtract from ACC the Register RA and store the result in ACC
0x2B00	SUB ACC,RB	Subtract from ACC the Register RA and store the result in ACC
0x3B9a	SUB ACC,@0x9a	Subtract from ACC the RAM address. In this case, the RAM address = RC:9:a
0x7B00	SUB ACC,@R	Subtract from ACC the RAM address. In this case, the RAM address = RC:RB:RA

The Instruction Word, for example, for SUB ACC,RB is coded as,

0x2B00
  ┆┆┆└──> Least significant Nibble => Operand[b3:b0] = 0
  ┆┆└───> Second Nibble => MAddr[b7:b4] = 0
  ┆└────> Third Nibble => MICRO[b11:b8] = B
  └─────> Most significant Nibble => HiNB[b15:b12] = 2

Also, the instruction word (in binary) to be manually programmed into MikroLeo using physical switches is,

0010 1011 0000 0000
  ┆    ┆    ┆    └──> Operand = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    ┆    └───────> MAddr = 0 (For this instruction, it doesn't matter)
  ┆    └────────────> MICRO = B (OPCode)
  └─────────────────> HiNB = 2 (MICRO2_IN = 0, AMODE = 0, MOD = 2)

...

Basic Documentation

- MikroLeo has four Registers
ACC - Accumulator (4 bit) - Stores the result of logical and arithmetic operations. Moreover, ACC stores data that is read from or written to RAM.
RA - 4 bit General purpose Register (also used for addressing).
RB - 4 bit General purpose Register (also used for addressing).
RC - 4 bit Special purpose Register used for addressing.

- Two Flags
Flags can only be checked by conditional jump instructions (JPC and JPZ).

CF - Carry Flag - It is Set (CF=1) by ADD Instruction if it produces a carry or by SUB/CMP instruction if it results in a borrow.
ZF - Zero Flag - It is affected by operations that modify the contents of the ACC and by CMP instruction. It is Set (ZF=1) if the result of the last operation was zero.

Example of how CF and ZF are Set:

LDI ACC,1    ;Load the operand value into the ACC accumulator.
ADD ACC,0xF  ;Performs the addition between the accumulator and the operand and stores the
             ;result in the accumulator.

This code does it,

   0001
+  1111
-------  
 1 0000  
 ↓   ↓  
CF  ACC

As the value zero is written to ACC, ZF=1.

- Addressing Modes

Immediate

In immediate addressing, the operand (n) is contained in the lower nibble of the instruction (b3:b0), and it is denoted by Operand, LAddr or OPR.

Example 1:

LDI ACC,1    ;Load the operand value into the ACC accumulator.

Example 2:

LDI ACC,0xA

Example 3:

NAND ACC,0   ;Performs the NAND operation between the accumulator and the operand value and
             ;stores the result in the accumulator.

Example 4:

OUTA 0xF     ;Sends the operand value to the OUTA output port.

Example 5:

CMP ACC,0    ;Performs the comparison between the accumulator and the operand.

Example 6:

SUB ACC,1    ;Performs the subtraction between the accumulator and the operand and stores
             ;the result in the accumulator.

Example 7:

ADD ACC,5    ;Performs the addition between the accumulator and the operand and stores the
             ;result in the accumulator.

Register Direct

In this mode, the operand must be one of the four registers (ACC, RC, RB, RA). Thus, the contents of the lower and medium nibble of the instruction (MAdrr, b7:b4 and LAddr, b3:b0) do not matter. Note that in the LDR instruction, the operand (ACC) is implied. LDR stands for load the Register Rx with ACC, being x={A,B,C}. In the LDA instruction, the operand must be one of the three registers (RC, RB, RA). LDA stands for load the accumulator with one of Rx Registers. Note that in register direct addressing mode, data can be read from or written to a register.

Example 1:

LDR RA     ;Loads the value of the ACC accumulator into the RA register.

Example 2:

LDR RB     ;Loads the value of the ACC accumulator into the RB register.

Example 3:

LDA RA     ;Loads the value from the RA Register into the ACC accumulator.

Example 4:

LDA RC     ;Loads the value from the RC Register into the accumulator ACC.

Register Indirect + Absolute

In this addressing mode, the RC Register points to the high address (b11:b8). The medium (MAddr) and low (LAddr) nibble of the instruction, point to the medium and low address, respectively.

The final address is composed by RC:MAddr:LAddr.

For example, if:

RC = 3  
MAddr = 2  
LAddr = 1

The address to be accessed is 321h.
In the MikroLeo python assembler, absolute addresses (MAddr:LAddr) are indicated by an @.

Example 1:

LDI RC,1       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
OUTA @0xF4     ;Sends the contents of the RAM address pointed to by RC:MAddr:LAddr to output
               ;port A, in this case, the RAM address is RC:MAddr:LAddr = 1F4h.

Example 2:

LDI RC,3       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
ADD ACC,@0xFC  ;Sum the contents of the RAM address pointed to by RC:MAddr:LAddr with ACC
               ;and stores it in ACC. In this case, the RAM address is RC:MAddr:LAddr = 3FCh.

Example 3:

LDI RC,1       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
JPI @0x23      ;Jumps to the specified label. In this case, the label address is
               ;RC:MAddr:LAddr = 123h.

Example 4:

LDI RC,2       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
CMP ACC,0      ;Compares the contents of ACC with the operand. Is ACC equal to 0?
JPZ @0x34      ;Jumps to the specified label if ZF=1 (ACC = 0). In this case, the label
               ;address is PCH:MAddr:LAddr = PCH:34h. JPZ does not affect PCH.

Example 5:

LOOP:  
  LDI RC,3       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
  STW @0x21,ACC  ;Stores the contents of the accumulator in the RAM address pointed by
                 ;RC:MAddr:LAddr, in this case, the RAM address is RC:MAddr:LAddr = 321h.
  LDI RC,>LOOP   ;Gets the address of the label, as this code changes the contents of the
                 ;Register RC.
  JPI LOOP       ;Jumps to the specified label.

Example 6:

LOOP:  
  LDI RC,3       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
  LDW ACC,@0x21  ;Loads the contents of the RAM address pointed by RC:MAddr:LAddr in the
                 ;accumulator, in this case, the RAM address is RC:MAddr:LAddr = 321h.
  LDI RC,>LOOP   ;Gets the address of the label, as this code changes the contents of the
                 ;Register RC.
  JPI LOOP

Example 7:

LOOP:  
  LDI RC,4       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
  CMP ACC,@0x32  ;Compares the contents of ACC with the contents of the RAM address
                 ;pointed by RC in this case, the RAM address is RC:MAddr:LAddr = 432h.
                 ;Is ACC equal to @432h?
  JPZ LOOP       ;Jumps to the specified label if ZF=1 (ACC = @432h).

Register Indirect

In this addressing mode, the RC Register points to the high address (b11:b8). Likewise, the RB Register points to the medium Address (MA) while the RA Register points to the low Address (LA). Note that the contents of the lower and medium nibble of the instruction (MAddr, b7:b4 and LAddr, b3:b0) do not matter.

The final address is composed by RC:RB:RA.

For example, if:

not matter.
RC = 3  
RB = 2  
RA = 1

The address to be accessed is 321h.
In MikroLeo's python assembler, indirect register addresses (RC:RB:RA) are indicated by an @R.

Example 1:

LDI RC,1       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
LDI RB,0xF
LDI RA,4
OUTA @R        ;Sends the contents of the RAM address pointed to by RC:RB:RA to output
               ;port A,
               ;in this case, the RAM address is RC:RB:RA = 1F4h.

Example 2:

LDI RC,3       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
LDI RB,0xF
LDI RA,0xC
ADD ACC,@R     ;Sum the contents of the RAM address pointed to by RC:RB:RA with ACC
               ;and stores it in ACC. In this case, the RAM address is RC:RB:RA = 3FCh.

Example 3:

LDI RC,1       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
LDI RB,2
LDI RA,3
JPI @R         ;Jumps to the specified label. In this case, the label address is
               ;RC:RB:RA = 123h.

Example 4:

LDI RC,2       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
LDI RB,3
LDI RA,4
CMP ACC,0      ;Compares the contents of ACC with the operand. Is ACC equal to 0?
JPZ @R         ;Jumps to the specified label if ZF=1 (ACC = 0). In this case, the
               ;label address is PCH:RB:RA = PCH:34h. JPZ does not affect PCH.

Example 5:

LOOP:  
  LDI RC,3       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
  LDI RB,2
  LDI RA,1
  STW @R,ACC     ;Stores the contents of the accumulator in the RAM address pointed by
                 ;RC:RB:RA, in this case, the RAM address is RC:RB:RA = 321h.
  LDI RC,>LOOP   ;Gets the address of the label, as this code changes the contents of
                 ;the Register RC.
  JPI LOOP       ;Jumps to the specified label.

Example 6:

LOOP:  
  LDI RC,3       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
  LDI RB,2
  LDI RA,1
  LDW ACC,@R     ;Loads the contents of the RAM address pointed by RC:RB:RA in the
                 ;accumulator, in this case, the RAM address is RC:RB:RA = 321h.
  LDI RC,>LOOP   ;Gets the address of the label, as this code changes the contents of
                 ;the Register RC.
  JPI LOOP

Example 7:

LOOP:  
  LDI RC,4       ;Loads the operand value into the RC Register.
  LDI RB,3
  LDI RA,2
  CMP ACC,@R     ;Compares the contents of ACC with the contents of the RAM address
                 ;pointed by RC in this case, the RAM address is RC:RB:RA = 432h.
                 ;Is ACC equal to @432h?
  JPZ LOOP       ;Jumps to the specified label if ZF=1 (ACC = @432h).

Assembler Compiler

Released! See examples how to use...

How to transfer compiled program to MikroLeo

Download documentation (pdf file)

Emulator

In progress...🚧

Demo

MikroLeo in action!

A simple program to make a LED sequencer using the output ports.

Sequential_LEDs_small.mp4

A simple program to initialize an LCD.

LCD_HD44780_small.mp4

Building your own MikroLeo

...:soon:

Contribution guidelines

...:soon:

Pictures

Simulation of the MikroLeo circuit (Made with "Digital"):
Digital is free, open source and cross-platform software with a nice interface for digital logic design and circuit simulation.

Breadboard:

PCB (KiCad 3D viewer):
To carry out the project, the KiCad software was used, an excellent and powerful free and open-source tool for printed circuit board (PCB) designers.
Size: 295.9mm x 196.9mm

A simple seven-segment display interface (the PCB has a layout thought for educational purposes, that's why it got big),
Size: 88.65mm x 141.mm

PCB Prototype:

Development stages

History and Motivation

Since the time I took an 8086 assembly language programming course and took digital electronics and microprocessors classes in college, this project has been something I've always wanted to do. I'm fascinated by electronics, computers and programming!

The project started in 2020, and the first usable version was completed on April 20, 2020.

Initially, the development of the project used the Logisim-Evolution, and later it was migrated to the Digital.

Some sources of inspiration can be seen at:

http://www.sinaptec.alomar.com.ar/2018/03/computadora-de-4-bits-capitulo-1.html
https://www.bigmessowires.com/nibbler/
https://gigatron.io/
https://eater.net/
https://apollo181.wixsite.com/apollo181/specification
https://www.megaprocessor.com/
http://www.mycpu.eu/
https://minnie.tuhs.org/Programs/CrazySmallCPU/index.html

Dedication

I dedicate this project to my beloved son, Leonardo Pimentel Acordi.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank:

The IFPR (Instituto Federal do Paraná), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) and Fundação Araucária for the partial funding and support for this project.
The RENESAS (https://www.renesas.com/br/en) for sending me memory samples for tests with MikroLeo.
All people from the Github community and externals who support this project.

Sponsor

Starting with revision 1.02A (which will be finalized soon) MikroLeo has gained a sponsor for the printed circuit board, the PCBWAY company, a serious company that produces high-quality PCBs.
https://www.pcbway.com/

Authors

Edson Junior Acordi
Matheus Fernando Tasso
Carlos Daniel de Souza Nunes

License

Hardware: Licensed under CERN-OHL-S v2 or any later version
https://ohwr.org/cern_ohl_s_v2.txt

Software: Licensed under GNU GPL v3
https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt

Documentation: Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Note:
As this project is intended for educational purposes, I have decided to use the CERN-OHL-S license for hardware to ensure that it is always free, contributing, promoting and disseminating the essential knowledge. As such, all hardware derived from it will also be open source!
Likewise, for the software, the GNU GPL license was used.

Contact

Note: If you have any questions, please consider opening a discussion first, as your question may be helpful to others. If you want to report a bug, please open an issue.
You can also contact me via email: [email protected]

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 328 Commits
Arduino		Arduino
Compiler		Compiler
Docs		Docs
Emu		Emu
Kicad-files		Kicad-files
Photo-Gallery		Photo-Gallery
Programs		Programs
Simulation		Simulation
auxiliary		auxiliary
LICENSE-CC-BY-SA-4.0.md		LICENSE-CC-BY-SA-4.0.md
LICENSE-GNU-GPL-v3.md		LICENSE-GNU-GPL-v3.md
LICENSE.md		LICENSE.md
README.md		README.md

Provide feedback

Saved searches

Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly

Repository files navigation

MikroLeo

4-bit Didactic Microcomputer

The KiCad project files have been uploaded!

A Python program to generate machine code has been uploaded

How to transfer compiled program to MikroLeo

The Arduino program to transfer a compiled program to MikroLeo

MikroLeo Architecture

The MikroLeo Instruction Set

Instruction Set explanation and examples

Instruction Set Description

Basic Documentation

Assembler Compiler

How to transfer compiled program to MikroLeo

Emulator

Demo

Building your own MikroLeo

Contribution guidelines

Pictures

Development stages

History and Motivation

Some sources of inspiration can be seen at:

Dedication

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank:

Sponsor

Authors

License

Contact

Visitor count

About

Releases

Packages

Languages

License

edson-acordi/4bit-microcomputer

Folders and files

Latest commit

History

Repository files navigation

MikroLeo

4-bit Didactic Microcomputer

The KiCad project files have been uploaded!

A Python program to generate machine code has been uploaded

How to transfer compiled program to MikroLeo

The Arduino program to transfer a compiled program to MikroLeo

MikroLeo Architecture

The MikroLeo Instruction Set

Instruction Set explanation and examples

Instruction Set Description

Basic Documentation

Assembler Compiler

How to transfer compiled program to MikroLeo

Emulator

Demo

Building your own MikroLeo

Contribution guidelines

Pictures

Development stages

History and Motivation

Some sources of inspiration can be seen at:

Dedication

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank:

Sponsor

Authors

License

Contact

Visitor count

About

Topics

Resources

License

Stars

Watchers

Forks

Releases

Packages 0

Languages

Packages