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<font size="5" color="white"><b>Appunti di Sistematica vegetale</b></font><font size="4" color="red"></font><br>
<font color="white">(di Graziano Propetto, realizzazione Web di Gianni Dose)</font></div>
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<img src="images_sistematica/divisione_plantae.jpg" alt="" height="531" width="800"><font size="4">Sistematica</font><br>
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Questa scheda esplicativa riguarda la sistematica fino alla Classe e comprende la quasi totalità della Divisione Magnoliophyta (Angiosperme), le cosidette "piante a fiori".<br>
Valida per tutte le piante, tranne Felci, Muschi, Licheni.<br>
<br>
<i><font color="red">Graziano Propetto</font></i><br>(dal topic n.17234 del 6/04/2005 - <a href="http://forum.funghiitaliani.it/index.php?showtopic=17234">VEDI</a>)</div>
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Lo schema è tratto dalla nuova nomenclatura botanica codificata e approvata a Tokio nel 1994 art.1(Code of Botanical Nomenclature).<br>
<br>
Il Super-regno o Dominio <b>EUKARYOTA</b> o <b>Eukaria</b> (eucariota) comprende organismi formati da cellule con un vero nucleo racchiuso da una membrana e contenente il DNA; il nucleo è circondato dal citoplasma che contiene diversi organuli deputati a varie funzioni, il tutto racchiuso da una membrana citoplasmatica.<br>
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Sulla base della suddivisione in 5 Regni, proposta da Whittaker nel 1959, gli "Organismi viventi" costituisco i regni: <b>Monera</b>, <b>Protista</b>, <b>Plantae</b>, <b>Fungi</b>, <b>Animalia</b>.<br>
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<font size="3"><b>Regno Plantae </b></font>(Piante):<br>
nella nuova sistematica è la voce che comprende gli organismi viventi pluricellulari autotrofi, cioè capaci, mediante la fotosintesi clorofilliana, di procurarsi l'alimentazione tramite l'aria atmosferica, sali minerali disciolti in acqua e la luce solare.<br>
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<li>Sottoregno <b>Tracheophyta</b> (Tracheofita) o anche Tracheobionta, Cormophyta<br>
<li>Superdivisione <b>Spermatophyta</b> (Spermatofita) o anche Phanerogamae (Fanerogame) o Antophyta (Antofita):<br>
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<td>comprende gli organismi vegetali vascolari(trachee o tracheidi), cioè che hanno tessuti adatti a trasportare la linfa grezza da un apparato radicale(radici) attraverso un fusto e un apparato fogliare (foglie) da cui discende la linfa elaborata dalla fotosintesi a tutti i tessuti.<br>
La superdivisione indica che si tratta di piante che producono semi per la riproduzione.<br>
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<li>Divisione o Phylum (Tipo) <b>Pinophyta</b> (Pinofita) o <b>Gymnospermae</b> (Gimnosperme):<br>
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<td>indica una categoria di vegetali quasi sempre arboree o arbustive (alcune Gnetales sono di tipo lianoso), che hanno ovoli nudi cioè non protetti da un ovario come nelle Angiosperme e di conseguenza esposti al polline che li feconda direttamente. Gli sporofilli sono raggruppati in formazioni chiamate strobili o coni. La fecondazione è anemofila (tramite il vento)<br>
Sono anche caratterizzate dalla formazione di legno di tipo omoxilo(non differenziato in alburno e duramen).<br>
Le Pinophyta sono molto più antiche delle Magnoliophyta(Angiosperme), risalgono dal Paleozoico (230-600 milioni di anni fa), ma il loro massimo sviluppo si è avuto forse, durante i periodi Carbonifero e Permiano dai 230 ai 350 milioni di anni fa.<br>
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<li>Divisione o Phylum (Tipo) <b>Magnoliophyta</b> (Magnoliofita) o <b>Angiospermae</b> (Angiosperme),<br>
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<li>Sottodivisione <b>Magnoliophytina</b> o <b>Angiospermatophytina</b>,<br>
<li>Classe <b>Magnoliopsida</b> o <b>Dicotyledones</b> (Dicotiledoni),<br>
<li>Classe <b>Liliopsida</b> o <b>Monocotyledones</b> (Monocotiledoni)<br>
raggruppa le piante provviste di un fiore vero che, con l'ovario che è parte del pistillo, protegge gli ovuli dalle avversità, aggressioni e dalla disidratazione, in più il pistillo tramite barriere, contribuisce al controllo della qualità del polline e lo stigma crea un ambiente ideale per la germinazione del granulo pollinico.<br>
Il legno secondario è eteroxilo, cioè si divide in alburno e duramen, tranne in alcuni casi della sottocl. Magnoliidae.<br>
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Le Magnoliophyta pare siano comparse circa 200 milioni di anni più tardi delle Gimnosperme e cioè nel Cretaceo, circa 130 milioni di anni fa quando il clima si fece caldo umido aumentando e favorendo il meccanismo di speciazione in rapido aumento anche dovuto ai veloci cambiamenti climatici che le Angiosperme più ben organizzate, hanno potuto irradiarsi ed affermarsi a spese di molte specie esistenti a quel tempo. Hanno tuttora, una grande capacità di adattamento a condizioni estreme, superiore alle Gimnosperme. Contano nel mondo, circa 350.000 specie, circa 13.000 generi e circa 500 famiglie.<br>
Le Dicotiledoni si differenziano per avere già nel seme due foglie primordiali attaccate all'embrione, che alla germinazione fotosintetizzano<br>
Le Dicotiledoni legnose vengono normalmente chiamate Latifoglie e sono circa 60.000 specie.<br>
Le Monocotiledoni sono generalmente erbacee e il seme contiene una foglia primordiale attaccata all'embrione.<br>
<br>
<font color="#0000cd">Graziano Propetto</font></div>
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<a class="link2" href="http://www.funghiitaliani.it">Home Page Funghi Italiani</a></div>
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<a class="link2" href="http://forum.funghiitaliani.it">Forum Funghi Italiani</a></div>
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<a class="link2" href="http://www.funghiitaliani.it/micologia/indice.html">Indice</a></div>
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<font size="5" color="white"><b>Suddivisione delle Magnoliophyta</b></font><font size="4" color="red"></font><br>
<font color="white">(di Luirig, realizzazione Web di Gianni Dose)</font></div>
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Tratto dal Topic n.11111 del 6 ago 2006 "Sistematica delle Magnoliophyita" di Luirig - <a href="http://forum.funghiitaliani.it/index.php?showtopic=28298">VEDI</a><br>
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<font size="5" color="red">Classe Liliopsida (Monocotiledoni)</font><br>
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Ordini e Famiglie</div>
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<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Alismatales</b></font><br>
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<li>Alismataceae<br>
<li>Butomaceae<br>
<li>Limnocharitaceae<br>
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<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="190" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Arales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="170" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Acoraceae<br>
<li>Araceae<br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Arecales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Arecaceae<br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Bromeliales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Bromeliaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Commelinales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Commelinales<br>
<li>Mayacaceae<br>
<li>Xyridaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Cyclanthales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Cyclanthaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Cyperales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Cyperaceae<br>
<li>Poaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="25%">
<div align="center">
<table width="225" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Eriocaulales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Eriocaulaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Hydrocharitales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Hydrocharitaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Juncales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Juncaceae<br>
<li>Araliaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Liliales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Agavaceae<br>
<li>Aloeaceae<br>
<li>Amaryllidaceae<br>
<li>Dioscoreaceae<br>
<li>Haemodoraceae<br>
<li>Hanguanaceae<br>
<li>Iridaceae<br>
<li>Liliaceae<br>
<li>Philydraceae<br>
<li>Pontederiaceae<br>
<li>Smilacaceae<br>
<li>Stemonaceae<br>
<li>Taccaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="25%">
<div align="center">
<table width="225" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Najadales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Aponogetonaceae<br>
<li>Juncaginaceae<br>
<li>Najadaceae<br>
<li>Potamogetonaceae<br>
<li>Ruppiaceae<br>
<li>Scheuchzeriaceae<br>
<li>Zannichelliaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Orchidales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Burmanniaceae<br>
<li>Orchidaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Pandanales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Pandanaceae<br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="210" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td>
<div align="right">
<font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Potamogetonales</b></font></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Cymodoceaceae<br>
<li>Posidoniaceae<br>
<li>Zosteraceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Restionales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Joinvilleaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<table width="225" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Typhales</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Sparganiaceae<br>
<li>Typhaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="#00008b">Ordine <b>Zingiberaceae</b></font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Cannaceae<br>
<li>Costaceae<br>
<li>Heliconiaceae<br>
<li>Marantaceae<br>
<li>Musaceae<br>
<li>Zingiberaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<table width="1024" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#5176b5">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="1024">
<div align="left">
<table class="Testo3" width="1024" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="15" bgcolor="#dde6f2">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="980">
<div align="center">
<font size="5" color="red">Classe Magnoliopsida (Dicotiledoni)</font><br>
<br>
<table width="980" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b" height="540">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="980" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#add8e6" height="594">
<tr height="590">
<td align="center" valign="top" width="980" height="590">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo4" width="980" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td>
<div align="center">
Ordini e Famiglie</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="970" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" height="540">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="25%">
<div align="center">
<table width="225" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f0ffff">
<div align="center">
<table class="Testo3" width="188" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td><font color="red">Ordine Apiales</font><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="161" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td class="Testo3">
<li>Apiaceae<br>
<li>Araliaceae
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" bgcolor="#00008b">
<tr>
<td>
<table width="220" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#00008b">