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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
<script src="index_files/libs/clipboard/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="index_files/libs/quarto-html/tabby.min.js"></script>
<script src="index_files/libs/quarto-html/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="index_files/libs/quarto-html/tippy.umd.min.js"></script>
<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-html/tippy.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-html.min.css" rel="stylesheet" data-mode="light">
<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-syntax-highlighting.css" rel="stylesheet" id="quarto-text-highlighting-styles"><meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.2.475">
<title>Hello, Quarto</title>
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, minimal-ui">
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<style>
code{white-space: pre-wrap;}
span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;}
div.columns{display: flex; gap: min(4vw, 1.5em);}
div.column{flex: auto; overflow-x: auto;}
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ul.task-list li input[type="checkbox"] {
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margin: 0 0.8em 0.2em -1.6em;
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color: #aaaaaa;
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code span { color: #003b4f; } /* Normal */
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code span.cn { color: #8f5902; } /* Constant */
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code span.cv { color: #5e5e5e; font-style: italic; } /* CommentVar */
code span.do { color: #5e5e5e; font-style: italic; } /* Documentation */
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code span.er { color: #ad0000; } /* Error */
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</style>
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<style type="text/css">
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margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
border-radius: .25rem;
}
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padding: 0em 0.5em;
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
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border-top: solid 1px silver;
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opacity: 85%;
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width: 1rem;
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background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 1rem 1rem;
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height: 0.9rem;
width: 0.9rem;
display: inline-block;
content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 0.9rem 0.9rem;
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display: flex
}
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margin-top: 1rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
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margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}
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margin-top: .5rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
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div.callout-note.callout-style-default .callout-caption {
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div.callout-important {
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<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
<h1 class="title">Hello, Quarto</h1>
<div class="quarto-title-authors">
</div>
</section>
<section>
<section id="data" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Data</h1>
</section>
<section id="r-package-jmpwashdata" class="slide level2">
<h2>R Package jmpwashdata</h2>
<p>For this analysis we will use the <strong>jmpwashdata</strong> R Package by <span class="citation" data-cites="jmpwashdata">Dickinson (<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2021</a>)</span>. The package contains all data compiled by the <a href="https://washdata.org">WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)</a>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(jmpwashdata)</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(tidyverse)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(gt)</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggthemes)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="world-bank-income-groups" class="slide level2">
<h2>World Bank income groups</h2>
<p>We will also use the World Bank income classification for 218 countries. This data was downloaded and stored as an XLSX file using an R script in <code>src</code>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a><span class="co">#|echo: false</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3"></a>income_groups_df <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_rds</span>(<span class="st">"data/wb-income-groups.rds"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1"></a>income_groups_df <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2"></a> <span class="fu">count</span>(income_group) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3"></a> <span class="fu">gt</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<thead>
<tr class="gt_col_headings">
<th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1" scope="col" id="income_group">income_group</th>
<th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1" scope="col" id="n">n</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="gt_table_body">
<tr><td headers="income_group" class="gt_row gt_center">High income</td>
<td headers="n" class="gt_row gt_right">81</td></tr>
<tr><td headers="income_group" class="gt_row gt_center">Upper middle income</td>
<td headers="n" class="gt_row gt_right">54</td></tr>
<tr><td headers="income_group" class="gt_row gt_center">Lower middle income</td>
<td headers="n" class="gt_row gt_right">54</td></tr>
<tr><td headers="income_group" class="gt_row gt_center">Low income</td>
<td headers="n" class="gt_row gt_right">28</td></tr>
<tr><td headers="income_group" class="gt_row gt_center">NA</td>
<td headers="n" class="gt_row gt_right">1</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section></section>
<section>
<section id="data-wrangling" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Data Wrangling</h1>
</section>
<section id="basic-sanitation-gdp" class="slide level2">
<h2>Basic Sanitation & GDP</h2>
<p>Data for the most recent year, basic sanitation in urban areas, calculate urban population, and join income groups.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1"></a><span class="co"># Perform data manipulation operations on the jmp_wld_sanitation data frame</span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2"></a>jmp_wld_sanitation_gdp_income <span class="ot"><-</span> jmp_wld_sanitation <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3"></a> <span class="co"># Filter the rows where the year column is equal to the maximum year value</span></span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(year <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="fu">max</span>(year)) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5"></a> <span class="co"># Select the columns from name to prop_u and the san_bas_u column</span></span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(name<span class="sc">:</span>prop_u, san_bas_u) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb4-7"><a href="#cb4-7"></a> <span class="co"># Create a new column named pop_u</span></span>
<span id="cb4-8"><a href="#cb4-8"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">pop_u =</span> pop_n <span class="sc">*</span> <span class="dv">1000</span> <span class="sc">*</span> prop_u <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="dv">100</span>) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb4-9"><a href="#cb4-9"></a> <span class="co"># Drop the pop_n and prop_u columns</span></span>
<span id="cb4-10"><a href="#cb4-10"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(<span class="sc">-</span>pop_n, <span class="sc">-</span>prop_u) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb4-11"><a href="#cb4-11"></a> <span class="co"># Perform a left join with the income_groups_df data frame</span></span>
<span id="cb4-12"><a href="#cb4-12"></a> <span class="fu">left_join</span>(income_groups_df) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb4-13"><a href="#cb4-13"></a> <span class="co"># Drop the rows that have missing values in the san_bas_u & income_group cols</span></span>
<span id="cb4-14"><a href="#cb4-14"></a> <span class="fu">drop_na</span>(san_bas_u, income_group)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="basic-sanitation-uganda" class="slide level2">
<h2>Basic Sanitation Uganda</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1"></a><span class="co"># Create a vector of color codes</span></span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2"></a>color_scale_sanitation <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"#8cce8f"</span>, <span class="st">"#fff381"</span>, <span class="st">"#ffda5a"</span>, <span class="st">"#ffbc02"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4"></a><span class="co"># Create a vector of sanitation indicators</span></span>
<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5"></a>fct_sanitation <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"basic"</span>, <span class="st">"limited"</span>, <span class="st">"unimproved"</span>, <span class="st">"open defecation"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-7"><a href="#cb5-7"></a><span class="co"># Perform data manipulation operations on the jmp_wld_sanitation data frame</span></span>
<span id="cb5-8"><a href="#cb5-8"></a>jmp_uga_sanitation <span class="ot"><-</span> jmp_wld_sanitation <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb5-9"><a href="#cb5-9"></a> <span class="co"># Filter the rows where the iso3 column is equal to "UGA" and the year column </span></span>
<span id="cb5-10"><a href="#cb5-10"></a> <span class="co"># is equal to 2000 or 2020</span></span>
<span id="cb5-11"><a href="#cb5-11"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(iso3 <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"UGA"</span>) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb5-12"><a href="#cb5-12"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(year <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">2000</span> <span class="sc">|</span> year <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">2020</span>) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb5-13"><a href="#cb5-13"></a> <span class="co"># Select the name, iso3, year, and columns from san_bas_n to san_od_n</span></span>
<span id="cb5-14"><a href="#cb5-14"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(name, iso3, year, san_bas_n<span class="sc">:</span>san_od_n) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb5-15"><a href="#cb5-15"></a> <span class="co"># Reshape the data frame from wide to long format</span></span>
<span id="cb5-16"><a href="#cb5-16"></a> <span class="fu">pivot_longer</span>(<span class="at">cols =</span> san_bas_n<span class="sc">:</span>san_od_n, </span>
<span id="cb5-17"><a href="#cb5-17"></a> <span class="at">names_to =</span> <span class="st">"indicator"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb5-18"><a href="#cb5-18"></a> <span class="at">values_to =</span> <span class="st">"percent"</span>) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb5-19"><a href="#cb5-19"></a> <span class="co"># Rename the indicator column based on the values of the san_bas_n to san_od_n</span></span>
<span id="cb5-20"><a href="#cb5-20"></a> <span class="co"># columns</span></span>
<span id="cb5-21"><a href="#cb5-21"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">indicator =</span> <span class="fu">case_when</span>(</span>
<span id="cb5-22"><a href="#cb5-22"></a> indicator <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"san_bas_n"</span> <span class="sc">~</span> <span class="st">"basic"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb5-23"><a href="#cb5-23"></a> indicator <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"san_lim_n"</span> <span class="sc">~</span> <span class="st">"limited"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb5-24"><a href="#cb5-24"></a> indicator <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"san_unimp_n"</span> <span class="sc">~</span> <span class="st">"unimproved"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb5-25"><a href="#cb5-25"></a> indicator <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"san_od_n"</span> <span class="sc">~</span> <span class="st">"open defecation"</span></span>
<span id="cb5-26"><a href="#cb5-26"></a> )) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb5-27"><a href="#cb5-27"></a> <span class="co"># Convert the indicator column to a factor with levels specified by the </span></span>
<span id="cb5-28"><a href="#cb5-28"></a> <span class="co"># fct_sanitation vector</span></span>
<span id="cb5-29"><a href="#cb5-29"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">indicator =</span> <span class="fu">factor</span>(indicator, <span class="at">level =</span> fct_sanitation))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="photo-of-a-toilet" class="slide level2">
<h2>Photo of a toilet</h2>
<img data-src="img/26473744850_32578ea50b_w.jpg" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><p class="caption">This is a foto of a toilet.</p></section></section>
<section>
<section id="results" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Results</h1>
</section>
<section id="income" class="slide level2 smaller">
<h2>Income</h2>
<p><a href="#/fig-san-bas-u-income">Figure 1</a> is a box- and jitterplot of countries with percentages of populations with access to basic sanitation in 2020 grouped by income classifications.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1"></a><span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> jmp_wld_sanitation_gdp_income,</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2"></a> <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> income_group, </span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3"></a> <span class="at">y =</span> san_bas_u, </span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4"></a> <span class="at">color =</span> income_group)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5"></a> <span class="fu">geom_boxplot</span>(<span class="at">outlier.shape =</span> <span class="cn">NA</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6"></a> <span class="fu">geom_jitter</span>(<span class="at">width =</span> <span class="fl">0.1</span>, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb6-7"><a href="#cb6-7"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="cn">NULL</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"percent"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb6-8"><a href="#cb6-8"></a> <span class="fu">scale_color_colorblind</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb6-9"><a href="#cb6-9"></a> <span class="fu">theme_minimal</span>(<span class="at">base_size =</span> <span class="dv">16</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb6-10"><a href="#cb6-10"></a> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">legend.position =</span> <span class="st">"none"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="income-output" class="slide level2 smaller output-location-slide"><h2>Income</h2><div class="cell output-location-slide">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div id="fig-san-bas-u-income" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><img data-src="index_files/figure-revealjs/fig-san-bas-u-income-1.png" alt="A boxplot with jittered points overlaid. The x-axis represents income groups, while the y-axis represents the percentage of the population with access to basic sanitation. There is a positive, linear association increases." width="960"></p>