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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="author" content="Matt Makai">
<meta name="description" content="Web 应用编程接口 (APIs) 为数据在机器间传输提供了一种机制。到 Full Stack Python 上学习有关 API 的更多知识。">
<title>应用程序编程接口 - Full Stack Python</title>
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<h1>应用程序编程接口</h1>
<p>应用程序编程接口 (APIs) 使得应用程序间能进行数据转移和信号交换。</p>
<h2>API 为什么重要？</h2>
<p>HTML、 CSS 和 JavaScript 为人类创建网页。但是，这些页面难以被机器使用。</p>
<p>有很多的抓取工具或库可以用来提取 HTML 页面中的数据，但是通过 API 来获取数据会更加容易。例如，要想获取一篇新闻内容，通过 API 来获取比从 HTML 页面中提取会更加容易。</p>
<h2>API 关键概念</h2>
<p>API 的世界里有几个关键概念。在深入研究 API 之前最好把它们都弄明白先。</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>表述性状态转移 (REST)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Webhooks</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>JavaScript 对象标记 (JSON) 及可扩展标记语言 (XML)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Endpoints</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Webhooks</h2>
<p>一个 Webhook 就是由用户定义的 一个 HTTP 回调 URL，它会在系统条件满足时被调用。回调会以 POST 或 GET 请求的方式进行，通常也进行传输数据，从而知会其它系统。</p>
<p>Webhooks 之所以重要是因为它们能为 API 开启双向通讯。Webhook 的便捷性，源自它是由 API 用户定义的，而非 API 本身定义。</p>
<p>例如，在 <a href="https://www.twilio.com/api">Twilio API</a> 中，当一条短信发送到 Twilio 的手机号码后，Twilio 会向用户指定的某个 URL 发送一条 HTTP POST 请求。该 URL 通过 Twilio 号码页上的一个文本框进行定义，如下图所示。</p>
<p><img src="/img/twilio-webhook-definition.jpg" width="100%" alt="在 Twilio APi 中定义的 Webhook。" class="technical-diagram" /></p>
<h2>API 开源项目</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/wordnik/swagger-core">Swagger</a> 是一个用 Scala 编写的开源项目，它为 RESTful API 定义了一个标准接口。</li>
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<h2>API 相关资源</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://zapier.com/">Zapier</a> 上有一份免费指南叫 <a href="https://zapier.com/blog/apis-101/">APIs 101</a>，讲述了什么是 API，为什么它们很有价值及如何正确使用。</p>
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<p><a href="https://medium.com/get-put-post">GET PUT POST</a> 是一份专注于 API 知识的时讯。已发行版中包含有对 Stripe、 Dropbox 和 Coinbase 开发人员的采访。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://codewords.recurse.com/issues/five/what-restful-actually-means">RESTful 到底是什么</a> 用平实的语言对 REST 的原理进行了精彩的讲解，并讲述了它们进化到当前状态的相关历史背景。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>由 <a href="https://twitter.com/YayNickQ">Nick Quinlan</a> 写的 <a href="https://sendgrid.com/blog/whats-webhook/">什么是 webhook？</a> 这篇文章，用平实的语言解释了什么是 Webhook，以及为什么它们在 API 世界中有必要存在。 </p>
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<p><a href="http://keithba.net/simplicity-and-utility-or-why-soap-lost">简单性和实用性，或者，为什么 SOAP 衰败了</a> 就当前为何基于 JSON 的 Web 服务会比那个在 21 世纪早期曾盛极一时的 SOAP 更流行等问题提供了相关的背景知识。</p>
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<p><a href="https://medium.com/@orliesaurus/api-tools-for-every-occasion-10-api-tools-released-in-2015-i-can-t-live-without-d5947d9ca9c3">适合各种场合的 API 工具</a> 列出了 10 个工具列出，它们在处理 API 时真得非常有用，并且都是 2015 年最新的。</p>
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<h2>API 学习清单</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p>学习 API 相关概念--使用 JSON、XML、Endpoint 和 Webhook 的机器间通信。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>将 API，比如 Twilio 或 Stripe，集成到你的 Web 应用中。阅读 <a href="/api-integration.html">API 集成</a> 那一章来学习更多相关信息。</p>
</li>
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<p>使用框架为你自己的应用创建一份 API。到 <a href="/api-creation.html">API 创建</a> 页学习关于 Web API 框架的相关知识。</p>
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<li>
<p>将你的 Web 应用 API 公布出来，从而使其它应用能获取你想共享的那些数据。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>你想学习更多关于整合或创建 API 的知识吗？</h3>
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. 简介</a><a href="/learning-programming.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>学习编程</a><a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>为什么用 Python？</a><a href="/python-2-or-3.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Python 2 还是 3？</a><a href="/enterprise-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>企业 Python</a><a href="/python-community.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Python Community</a><a href="/best-python-podcasts.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Best Python Podcasts</a><a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>最佳 Python 资源</a><a href="/best-python-videos.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>最佳 Python 视频</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. 开发环境</a><a href="/vim.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Vim</a><a href="/emacs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Emacs</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. 核心语言</a><a href="/generators.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>生成器</a><a href="/comprehensions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>推导式</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. 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Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>API 集成</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>API 的创建</a><a href="/twilio.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Twilio</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 部署</a><a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>服务器</a><a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>平台即服务（PaaS）</a><a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>操作系统</a><a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; 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需要更加详细的教程吗？请看
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<a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. 部署</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. 测试</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
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