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Tune Region Performance
Learn how to tune Region performance by adjusting the Region size and how to use buckets to optimize concurrent queries when the Region size is large.

Tune Region Performance

This document introduces how to tune Region performance by adjusting the Region size and how to use bucket to optimize concurrent queries when the Region size is large. In addition, this document introduces how to enhance the ability of PD to provide Region information to TiDB nodes by enabling the Active PD Follower feature.

Overview

TiKV automatically shards bottom-layered data. Data is split into multiple Regions based on the key ranges. When the size of a Region exceeds a threshold, TiKV splits it into two or more Regions.

In scenarios involving large datasets, if the Region size is relatively small, TiKV might have too many Regions, which causes more resource consumption and performance regression.

Note:

  • In v6.1.0, TiDB supports customizing Region size as an experimental feature.
  • Starting from v6.5.0, this feature becomes generally available (GA).
  • Starting from v8.4.0, the default size of the Region is resized from 96 MiB to 256 MiB. Increasing the Region size can reduce the number of Regions.

To reduce the performance overhead of many Regions, you can also enable Hibernate Region or Region Merge.

Use region-split-size to adjust Region size

Note:

The recommended range for the Region size is [48 MiB, 256 MiB]. Commonly used sizes include 96 MiB, 128 MiB, and 256 MiB. It is NOT recommended to set the Region size beyond 1 GiB. Avoid setting the size to more than 10 GiB. An excessively large Region size might result in the following side effects:

  • Performance jitters
  • Decreased query performance, especially for queries that deal with a large range of data
  • Slower Region scheduling

To adjust the Region size, you can use the coprocessor.region-split-size configuration item. When TiFlash or the Dumpling tool is used, the Region size should not exceed 1 GiB. After increasing the Region size, you need to reduce the concurrency if the Dumpling tool is used; otherwise, TiDB might run out of memory.

Use bucket to increase concurrency

Warning:

Currently, this is an experimental feature introduced in TiDB v6.1.0. It is not recommended that you use it in production environments.

After Regions are set to a larger size, if you want to further improve the query concurrency, you can set coprocessor.enable-region-bucket to true. When you use this configuration, Regions are divided into buckets. Buckets are smaller ranges within a Region and are used as the unit of concurrent query to improve the scan concurrency. You can control the bucket size using coprocessor.region-bucket-size.

Use the Active PD Follower feature to enhance the scalability of PD's Region information query service

Warning:

The Active PD Follower feature is experimental. It is not recommended that you use it in the production environment. This feature might be changed or removed without prior notice. If you find a bug, you can report an issue on GitHub.

In a TiDB cluster with a large number of Regions, the PD leader might experience high CPU load due to the increased overhead of handling heartbeats and scheduling tasks. If the cluster has many TiDB instances, and there is a high concurrency of requests for Region information, the CPU pressure on the PD leader increases further and might cause PD services to become unavailable.

To ensure high availability, the PD leader synchronizes Region information with its followers in real time. PD followers maintain and store Region information in memory, enabling them to process Region information requests. You can enable the Active PD Follower feature by setting the system variable pd_enable_follower_handle_region to ON. After this feature is enabled, TiDB evenly distributes Region information requests to all PD servers, and PD followers can also directly handle Region requests, thereby reducing the CPU pressure on the PD leader.

PD ensures that the Region information in TiDB is always up-to-date by maintaining the status of Region synchronization streams and using the fallback mechanism of TiKV client-go.

  • When the network between the PD leader and a follower is unstable or a follower is unavailable, the Region synchronization stream is disconnected, and the PD follower rejects Region information requests. In this case, TiDB automatically retries the request to the PD leader and temporarily marks the follower as unavailable.
  • When the network is stable, because there might be a delay in the synchronization between the leader and the follower, some Region information obtained from the follower might be outdated. In this case, if the KV request corresponding to the Region fails, TiDB automatically re-requests the latest Region information from the PD leader and sends the KV request to TiKV again.