[SPARK-51482][SQL] Support cast from string to time

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
In the PR, I propose to support `CAST` from `STRING` to `TIME(n)`. The format of input strings should match to:
```
[h]h:[m]m:[s]s.[ms][ms][ms][us][us][us]
```

### Why are the changes needed?
Before the changes, such casting allowed by the SQL standard failed w/ the error:
```scala
scala> Seq("17:18:19").toDS.select($"value".cast(TimeType())).show()
org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.ExtendedAnalysisException: [DATATYPE_MISMATCH.CAST_WITHOUT_SUGGESTION] Cannot resolve "CAST(value AS TIME(6))" due to data type mismatch: cannot cast "STRING" to "TIME(6)". SQLSTATE: 42K09;
```

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
Yes. After the changes, the cast above works as expected:
```scala
scala> Seq("17:18:19").toDS.select($"value".cast(TimeType())).show()
+--------+
|   value|
+--------+
|17:18:19|
+--------+
```

### How was this patch tested?
By running the new tests:
```
$ build/sbt "test:testOnly *CastWithAnsiOffSuite"
$ build/sbt "test:testOnly *CastWithAnsiOnSuite"
```

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
No.

Closes apache#50236 from MaxGekk/string-to-time.

Authored-by: Max Gekk <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Max Gekk <[email protected]>

Author: MaxGekk

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/Cast.scala

@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ object Cast extends QueryErrorsBase {
     case (_: YearMonthIntervalType, _: YearMonthIntervalType) => true
 
     case (_: StringType, DateType) => true
+    case (_: StringType, _: TimeType) => true
     case (TimestampType, DateType) => true
     case (TimestampNTZType, DateType) => true
 
@@ -219,6 +220,7 @@ object Cast extends QueryErrorsBase {
     case (TimestampType, TimestampNTZType) => true
 
     case (_: StringType, DateType) => true
+    case (_: StringType, _: TimeType) => true
     case (TimestampType, DateType) => true
     case (TimestampNTZType, DateType) => true
 
@@ -727,6 +729,15 @@ case class Cast(
       buildCast[Long](_, t => microsToDays(t, ZoneOffset.UTC))
   }
 
+  private[this] def castToTime(from: DataType): Any => Any = from match {
+    case _: StringType =>
+      if (ansiEnabled) {
+        buildCast[UTF8String](_, s => DateTimeUtils.stringToTimeAnsi(s, getContextOrNull()))
+      } else {
+        buildCast[UTF8String](_, s => DateTimeUtils.stringToTime(s).orNull)
+      }
+  }
+
   // IntervalConverter
   private[this] def castToInterval(from: DataType): Any => Any = from match {
     case _: StringType =>
@@ -1134,6 +1145,7 @@ case class Cast(
         case s: StringType => castToString(from, s.constraint)
         case BinaryType => castToBinary(from)
         case DateType => castToDate(from)
+        case _: TimeType => castToTime(from)
         case decimal: DecimalType => castToDecimal(from, decimal)
         case TimestampType => castToTimestamp(from)
         case TimestampNTZType => castToTimestampNTZ(from)
@@ -1241,6 +1253,7 @@ case class Cast(
       (c, evPrim, _) => castToStringCode(from, ctx, s.constraint).apply(c, evPrim)
     case BinaryType => castToBinaryCode(from)
     case DateType => castToDateCode(from, ctx)
+    case _: TimeType => castToTimeCode(from, ctx)
     case decimal: DecimalType => castToDecimalCode(from, decimal, ctx)
     case TimestampType => castToTimestampCode(from, ctx)
     case TimestampNTZType => castToTimestampNTZCode(from, ctx)
@@ -1335,6 +1348,34 @@ case class Cast(
     }
   }
 
+  private[this] def castToTimeCode(
+      from: DataType,
+      ctx: CodegenContext): CastFunction = {
+    from match {
+      case _: StringType =>
+        val longOpt = ctx.freshVariable("longOpt", classOf[Option[Long]])
+        (c, evPrim, evNull) =>
+          if (ansiEnabled) {
+            val errorContext = getContextOrNullCode(ctx)
+            code"""
+              $evPrim = $dateTimeUtilsCls.stringToTimeAnsi($c, $errorContext);
+            """
+          } else {
+            code"""
+              scala.Option<Long> $longOpt = $dateTimeUtilsCls.stringToTime($c);
+              if ($longOpt.isDefined()) {
+                $evPrim = ((Long) $longOpt.get()).longValue();
+              } else {
+                $evNull = true;
+              }
+            """
+          }
+
+      case _ =>
+        (_, _, evNull) => code"$evNull = true;"
+    }
+  }
+
   private[this] def changePrecision(
       d: ExprValue,
       decimalType: DecimalType,

sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/CastSuiteBase.scala

@@ -1469,4 +1469,16 @@ abstract class CastSuiteBase extends SparkFunSuite with ExpressionEvalHelper {
       checkEvaluation(Cast(Literal(time), StringType), expectedStr)
     }
   }
+
+  test("cast string to time") {
+    checkEvaluation(cast(Literal.create("0:0:0"), TimeType()), 0L)
+    checkEvaluation(cast(Literal.create(" 01:2:3.01   "), TimeType(2)), localTime(1, 2, 3, 10000))
+    checkEvaluation(cast(Literal.create(" 12:13:14.999"),
+      TimeType(3)), localTime(12, 13, 14, 999 * 1000))
+    checkEvaluation(cast(Literal.create("23:0:59.0001 "), TimeType(4)), localTime(23, 0, 59, 100))
+    checkEvaluation(cast(Literal.create("23:59:0.99999"),
+      TimeType(5)), localTime(23, 59, 0, 999990))
+    checkEvaluation(cast(Literal.create("23:59:59.000001     "),
+      TimeType(6)), localTime(23, 59, 59, 1))
+  }
 }

sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/CastWithAnsiOffSuite.scala

@@ -901,4 +901,10 @@ class CastWithAnsiOffSuite extends CastSuiteBase {
           castOverflowErrMsg(toType))
     }
   }
+
+  test("cast invalid string input to time") {
+    Seq("a", "123", "00:00:00ABC", "24:00:00").foreach { invalidInput =>
+      checkEvaluation(cast(invalidInput, TimeType()), null)
+    }
+  }
 }

sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/CastWithAnsiOnSuite.scala

@@ -737,4 +737,12 @@ class CastWithAnsiOnSuite extends CastSuiteBase with QueryErrorsBase {
     val input = Literal.create(Decimal(0.000000123), DecimalType(9, 9))
     checkEvaluation(cast(input, StringType), "0.000000123")
   }
+
+  test("cast invalid string input to time") {
+    Seq("a", "123", "00:00:00ABC", "24:00:00").foreach { invalidInput =>
+      checkExceptionInExpression[DateTimeException](
+        cast(invalidInput, TimeType()),
+        castErrMsg(invalidInput, TimeType()))
+    }
+  }
 }