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Routing

  • Jika ada lebih dari satu endpoint, kita membutuhkan routing
  • File main.go akan diubah agar parameter server, yaitu http.Server.Handler akan diarahkan ke file routing yang mengimplementasikan interface http.Handler
    // parameter server
    server := http.Server{
        Addr:         os.Getenv("APP_PORT"),
        Handler:      routing.API(db, log),
        ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
        WriteTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
    }
  • Berikut full kode main.go mengikuti perubahan parameter Handler
package main

import (
    "context"
    "essentials/libraries/config"
    "essentials/libraries/database"
    "essentials/routing"
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "os"
    "os/signal"
    "syscall"
    "time"

    _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)

func main() {
    if _, ok := os.LookupEnv("APP_ENV"); !ok {
        config.Setup(".env")
    }

    // =========================================================================
    // Logging
    log := log.New(os.Stdout, "Essentials : ", log.LstdFlags|log.Lmicroseconds|log.Lshortfile)

    if err := run(log); err != nil {
        log.Printf("error: shutting down: %s", err)
        os.Exit(1)
    }
}

func run(log *log.Logger) error {

    // =========================================================================
    // App Starting

    log.Printf("main : Started")
    defer log.Println("main : Completed")

    // =========================================================================

    // Start Database

    db, err := database.Open()
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("connecting to db: %v", err)
    }
    defer db.Close()

    // parameter server
    server := http.Server{
        Addr:         os.Getenv("APP_PORT"),
        Handler:      routing.API(db, log),
        ReadTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
        WriteTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
    }

    serverErrors := make(chan error, 1)
    // mulai listening server
    go func() {
        log.Println("server listening on", server.Addr)
        serverErrors <- server.ListenAndServe()
    }()

    // Membuat channel untuk mendengarkan sinyal interupsi/terminate dari OS.
    // Menggunakan channel buffered karena paket signal membutuhkannya.
    shutdown := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
    signal.Notify(shutdown, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)

    // Mengontrol penerimaan data dari channel,
    // jika ada error saat listenAndServe server maupun ada sinyal shutdown yang diterima
    select {
    case err := <-serverErrors:
        return fmt.Errorf("Starting server: %v", err)

    case <-shutdown:
        log.Println("caught signal, shutting down")

        // Jika ada shutdown, meminta tambahan waktu 5 detik untuk menyelesaikan proses yang sedang berjalan.
        const timeout = 5 * time.Second
        ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), timeout)
        defer cancel()

        if err := server.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
            log.Printf("main : Graceful shutdown did not complete in %v : %v", timeout, err)
            if err := server.Close(); err != nil {
                return fmt.Errorf("could not stop server gracefully: %v", err)
            }
        }
    }

    return nil
}
  • Kode di atas error karena kita belum mebuat file routing/route.go yang menghandle routing

Routing Menggunakan ServeMux

  • Golang sudah mempunyai routing bawaan yaitu http.ServeMux
  • Kita akan buat routing yang mengimplementasikan interface http.Handler. Buat file routing/route.go yang berisi :
package routing

import (
    "database/sql"
    "essentials/controllers"
    "log"
    "net/http"
)

type app struct {
    mux *http.ServeMux
}

// API : implement a http.Handler interface
func API(db *sql.DB, log *log.Logger) http.Handler {
    app := new(app)
    app.mux = http.NewServeMux()

    users := controllers.Users{Db: db, Log: log}

    app.mux.HandleFunc("/users", users.List)

    return app
}
  • Kode di atas jika dijalankan akan error *app does not implement http.Handler (missing ServeHTTP method) karena func API return-nya adalah interface http.Handler namun nyatanya yang direturn adalah *app
  • Interface http.Handler mempunyai method abstract bernama ServeHTTP
  • Karena itu, *app harus mengimplementasikan interface http.Handler dengan membuat method konkret ServeHTTP
package routing

import (
    "database/sql"
    "essentials/controllers"
    "log"
    "net/http"
)

type app struct {
    mux *http.ServeMux
}

// API : implement a http.Handler interface
func API(db *sql.DB, log *log.Logger) http.Handler {
    app := new(app)
    app.mux = http.NewServeMux()

    users := controllers.Users{Db: db, Log: log}

    app.mux.HandleFunc("/users", users.List)

    return app
}

// ServeHTTP implements the http.Handler interface.
func (a *app) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    a.mux.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

Penggunaan HTTP Method dalam ServeMux

  • HandleFunc tidak memperhatikan http method, sehingga baik method GET, POST, PUT, DELETE akan mengeksekusi handler users.List
  • Untuk mendukung method kita perlu merubah fungsi HandleFunc di atas.
package routing

import (
    "database/sql"
    "essentials/controllers"
    "log"
    "net/http"
)

type app struct {
    mux *http.ServeMux
}

// ServeHTTP implements the http.Handler interface.
func (a *app) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    a.mux.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

// API : implement a http.Handler interface
func API(db *sql.DB, log *log.Logger) http.Handler {
    app := new(app)
    app.mux = http.NewServeMux()

    users := controllers.Users{Db: db, Log: log}

    app.mux.HandleFunc("/users", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        switch r.Method {
        case http.MethodGet:
            users.List(w, r)
        case http.MethodPost:
            users.Create(w, r)
        default:
            http.NotFound(w, r)
        }
    })

    app.mux.HandleFunc("/users/detail", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        switch r.Method {
        case http.MethodGet:
            users.View(w, r)
        case http.MethodPut:
            users.Update(w, r)
        case http.MethodDelete:
            users.Delete(w, r)
        default:
            http.NotFound(w, r)
        }
    })

    return app
}
  • Tambahkan method lainnya di file controllers/users.go
package controllers

import (
    "database/sql"
    "encoding/json"
    "essentials/models"
    "essentials/payloads/response"
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net/http"
)

// Users : struct for set Users Dependency Injection
type Users struct {
    Db  *sql.DB
    Log *log.Logger
}

// List : http handler for returning list of users
func (u *Users) List(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    user := new(models.User)
    list, err := user.List(u.Db)
    if err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error get list user", err)
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
        return
    }

    var responseList []response.UserResponse
    for _, l := range list {
        var res response.UserResponse
        res.Transform(l)
        responseList = append(responseList, res)
    }

    data, err := json.Marshal(responseList)
    if err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error marshalling result", err)
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
        return
    }

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
    if _, err := w.Write(data); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// Create new user
func (u *Users) Create(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "User telah dibuat"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(json)); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// View user by id
func (u *Users) View(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    var id string
    if keys, ok := r.URL.Query()["id"]; ok {
        id = string(keys[0])
    }

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "Lihat User %s"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(json, id))); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// Update user by id
func (u *Users) Update(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    var id string
    if keys, ok := r.URL.Query()["id"]; ok {
        id = string(keys[0])
    }

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "User %s telah diupdate"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(json, id))); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// Delete user by id
func (u *Users) Delete(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    var id string
    if keys, ok := r.URL.Query()["id"]; ok {
        id = string(keys[0])
    }

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "User %s telah dihapus"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(json, id))); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

Routing dengan httprouter

  • http.ServeMux sangat handal performance-nya. Namun http.ServeMux tidak support pattern dalam routing url, sehingga terkesan tidak modern. Padahal umumnya sekarang untuk routing ResT kita menggunakan pattern, seperti :
GET /users/:id
PUT /users/:id
DELETE /users/:id
  • Karena itulah terpaksa kita harus membuat routing sendiri atau memilih menggunakan library routing lain yang sudah ada. Salah satunya adalah httprouter
  • Performance httprouter sangat handal -- lihat benchmark --
  • Kekurangan httprouter adalah tidak mendukung standard http.Handler dan tidak ada middleware
  • Tapi kita bisa membuat middleware sendiri dan mengubah sedikit agar httprouter mendukung standar http.Handler.
  • Ubah file routing/route.go menjadi :
package routing

import (
    "database/sql"
    "essentials/controllers"
    "log"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)

type app struct {
    mux *httprouter.Router
}

// ServeHTTP implements the http.Handler interface.
func (a *app) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    a.mux.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

// API : implement a http.Handler interface
func API(db *sql.DB, log *log.Logger) http.Handler {
    app := new(app)
    app.mux = httprouter.New()

    users := controllers.Users{Db: db, Log: log}

    app.mux.Handle(http.MethodGet, "/users", users.List)
    app.mux.Handle(http.MethodPost, "/users", users.Create)
    app.mux.Handle(http.MethodGet, "/users/:id", users.View)
    app.mux.Handle(http.MethodPut, "/users/:id", users.Update)
    app.mux.Handle(http.MethodDelete, "/users/:id", users.Delete)

    return app
}
  • Ubah file controllers/users.go menjadi :
package controllers

import (
    "database/sql"
    "encoding/json"
    "essentials/models"
    "essentials/payloads/response"
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)

// Users : struct for set Users Dependency Injection
type Users struct {
    Db  *sql.DB
    Log *log.Logger
}

// List : http handler for returning list of users
func (u *Users) List(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) {
    user := new(models.User)
    list, err := user.List(u.Db)
    if err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error get list user", err)
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
        return
    }

    var responseList []response.UserResponse
    for _, l := range list {
        var res response.UserResponse
        res.Transform(l)
        responseList = append(responseList, res)
    }

    data, err := json.Marshal(responseList)
    if err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error marshalling result", err)
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
        return
    }

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
    if _, err := w.Write(data); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// Create new user
func (u *Users) Create(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, _ httprouter.Params) {
    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "User telah dibuat"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(json)); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// View user by id
func (u *Users) View(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
    id := ps.ByName("id")

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "Lihat User %s"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(json, id))); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// Update user by id
func (u *Users) Update(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
    id := ps.ByName("id")

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "User %s telah diupdate"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(json, id))); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// Delete user by id
func (u *Users) Delete(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
    id := ps.ByName("id")

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "User %s telah dihapus"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(json, id))); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}
  • Routing ini sudah berjalan dengan baik. Namun agar kode routing lebih dimaintenance, file routing/route.go akan dipecah menjadi dua file. Kode-kode yang mengatur tentang app akan dijadikan library tersendiri.
  • Ubah file routing/route.go menjadi :
package routing

import (
    "database/sql"
    "essentials/controllers"
    "essentials/libraries/api"
    "log"
    "net/http"
)

// API : implement a http.Handler interface
func API(db *sql.DB, log *log.Logger) http.Handler {
    app := api.NewApp(log)

    users := controllers.Users{Db: db, Log: log}

    app.Handle(http.MethodGet, "/users", users.List)
    app.Handle(http.MethodPost, "/users", users.Create)
    app.Handle(http.MethodGet, "/users/:id", users.View)
    app.Handle(http.MethodPut, "/users/:id", users.Update)
    app.Handle(http.MethodDelete, "/users/:id", users.Delete)

    return app
}
  • Buat file libraries/api/app.go yang berisi :
package api

import (
    "log"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)

// App is the entrypoint into our application and what controls the context of
// each request. Feel free to add any configuration data/logic on this type.
type App struct {
    log *log.Logger
    mux *httprouter.Router
}

// Handle associates a httprouter Handle function with an HTTP Method and URL pattern.
func (a *App) Handle(method, url string, h httprouter.Handle) {
    a.mux.Handle(method, url, h)
}

// ServeHTTP implements the http.Handler interface.
func (a *App) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    a.mux.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

//NewApp is function to create new App
func NewApp(log *log.Logger) *App {
    return &App{
        log: log,
        mux: httprouter.New(),
    }
}

Standard http.Handler

  • httprouter tidak menggunakan standard http handle dengan 3 params, yaitu : http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, dan httprouter.Params. Pada sub bab ini, kita akan mengubah httprouter.Handle menggunakan standard http.Handle
  • Buat type Handler func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) di file libraries/api/app.go
  • Buat type Ctx string di file libraries/api/app.go untuk dijadikan key saat memindahkan httrouter.params ke context
  • Ubah parameter httprouter.Handle menjadi http.Handle di fungsi App.Handle di file libraries/api/app.go
// Handle associates a httprouter Handle function with an HTTP Method and URL pattern.
func (a *App) Handle(method, url string, h Handler) {

    fn := func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
        ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), Ctx("ps"), ps)
        h(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
    }

    a.mux.Handle(method, url, fn)
}
  • Keseluruhan file libraries/api/app.go setelah mengalami perubahan adalah sebagai berikut:
package api

import (
    "context"
    "log"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)

// App is the entrypoint into our application and what controls the context of
// each request. Feel free to add any configuration data/logic on this type.
type App struct {
    log *log.Logger
    mux *httprouter.Router
}

// Handler type as standard http.Handle
type Handler func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request)

// Ctx type for encapsulated context key
type Ctx string

// Handle associates a httprouter Handle function with an HTTP Method and URL pattern.
func (a *App) Handle(method, url string, h Handler) {

    fn := func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
        ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), Ctx("ps"), ps)
        h(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
    }

    a.mux.Handle(method, url, fn)
}

// ServeHTTP implements the http.Handler interface.
func (a *App) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    a.mux.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

//NewApp is function to create new App
func NewApp(log *log.Logger) *App {
    return &App{
        log: log,
        mux: httprouter.New(),
    }
}
  • Ubah kembali file controllers/users.go agar sesuai dengan standar http.Handle
package controllers

import (
    "database/sql"
    "encoding/json"
    "essentials/libraries/api"
    "essentials/models"
    "essentials/payloads/response"
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)

// Users : struct for set Users Dependency Injection
type Users struct {
    Db  *sql.DB
    Log *log.Logger
}

// List : http handler for returning list of users
func (u *Users) List(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    user := new(models.User)
    list, err := user.List(u.Db)
    if err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error get list user", err)
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
        return
    }

    var responseList []response.UserResponse
    for _, l := range list {
        var res response.UserResponse
        res.Transform(l)
        responseList = append(responseList, res)
    }

    data, err := json.Marshal(responseList)
    if err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error marshalling result", err)
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
        return
    }

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
    if _, err := w.Write(data); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// Create new user
func (u *Users) Create(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "User telah dibuat"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(json)); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// View user by id
func (u *Users) View(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    id := r.Context().Value(api.Ctx("ps")).(httprouter.Params).ByName("id")

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "Lihat User %s"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(json, id))); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// Update user by id
func (u *Users) Update(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    id := r.Context().Value(api.Ctx("ps")).(httprouter.Params).ByName("id")

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "User %s telah diupdate"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(json, id))); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

// Delete user by id
func (u *Users) Delete(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    id := r.Context().Value(api.Ctx("ps")).(httprouter.Params).ByName("id")

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json := `
        {
            "message": "User %s telah dihapus"
        }
    `
    if _, err := w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf(json, id))); err != nil {
        u.Log.Println("error writing result", err)
    }
}

Handle CORS

  • Untuk handle CORS tambahkan header seperti berikut di file libraries/api/app.go
package api

import (
    "context"
    "log"
    "net/http"

    "github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter"
)

// App struct for new api
type App struct {
    log *log.Logger
    mux *httprouter.Router
}

// Handler type as standard http.Handle
type Handler func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request)

// Ctx type for encapsulated context key
type Ctx string

// Handle associates a httprouter Handle function with an HTTP Method and URL pattern.
func (a *App) Handle(method, url string, h Handler) {

    fn := func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
        ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), Ctx("ps"), ps)

        header := w.Header()
        header.Add("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
        header.Add("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "DELETE, POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT")
        header.Add("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type, Access-Control-Allow-Headers, Authorization, X-Requested-With, Token")
        header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")

        h(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
    }

    a.mux.Handle(method, url, fn)
}

// HandleCors and OPTIONS response
func (a *App) HandleCors() {
    a.mux.GlobalOPTIONS = http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        if r.Header.Get("Access-Control-Request-Method") != "" {
            // Set CORS headers
            header := w.Header()
            header.Add("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
            header.Add("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "DELETE, POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT")
            header.Add("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type, Access-Control-Allow-Headers, Authorization, X-Requested-With, Token")
            header.Add("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
        }

        // Adjust status code to 204
        w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
    })
}

// ServeHTTP implements the http.Handler interface
func (a *App) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    a.mux.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

// NewApp for create new api
func NewApp(log *log.Logger) *App {
    return &App{log: log, mux: httprouter.New()}
}
  • File routing juga memanggil method HandleCors
package routing

import (
    "database/sql"
    "essentials/controllers"
    "essentials/libraries/api"
    "log"
    "net/http"
)

// API handling routing
func API(db *sql.DB, log *log.Logger) http.Handler {
    app := api.NewApp(log)
    app.HandleCors()

    // Users routing
    {
        users := controllers.Users{Db: db, Log: log}
        app.Handle(http.MethodGet, "/users", users.List)
        app.Handle(http.MethodPost, "/users", users.Create)
        app.Handle(http.MethodGet, "/users/:id", users.View)
        app.Handle(http.MethodPut, "/users/:id", users.Update)
        app.Handle(http.MethodDelete, "/users/:id", users.Delete)
    }

    return app
}