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From [email protected] Tue Dec 19 10:25:34 2000
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2000 09:32:20 -0500 (EST)
From: [email protected]
Reply-To: [email protected]
Subject: NATURE (DEC 7 2000)
##################################################3615953.1#
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# Institute for Scientific Information #
# Table of Contents Alerting Services #
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############################################################
Account Number: 14615 ISI Order Number: 0000224733
ISI Product Code: JT
Number of Articles in Issue: 60
To purchase the full text of a document, provide the information
requested at the end of this e-mail, and return this message as a
reply to sender or forward to [email protected].
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Rays of hope in eastern Europe
AU -
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 625
EP - 625
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Successes in fight to save ozone layer could close holes by 2050
AU - Schrope,M.
U1 - News Item
SP - 627
EP - 627
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Gridlock stalls NIH budget rise
AU - Smaglik,P.
U1 - News Item
SP - 627
EP - 627
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - US puts global collaboration at heart of AIDS effort
AU - Dalton,R.
U1 - News Item
SP - 628
EP - 628
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Scientists win vote of confidence from French public
AU - Butler,D.
U1 - News Item
SP - 628
EP - 628
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Mars images may be legacy of lakeside view
AU - Reichhardt,T.
U1 - News Item
SP - 628
EP - 628
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - NIH cash tied to compulsory training in good behaviour
AU - Dalton,R.
U1 - News Item
SP - 629
EP - 629
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - France opens door to use of embryos in stem-cell research
AU - Butler,D.
U1 - News Item
SP - 629
EP - 629
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Medical schools in concert on research ethics
AU - Nadis,S.
U1 - News Item
SP - 630
EP - 630
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Xenotransplantation opponents take FDA to court
AU - Smaglik,P.
U1 - News Item
SP - 630
EP - 630
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Japan makes polluters pay after landmark court ruling
AU - Cyranoski,D.
U1 - News Item
SP - 631
EP - 631
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Academics bid to transcend the Arab-Israeli conflict
AU - Watzman,H.
U1 - News Item
SP - 631
EP - 631
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - The great ice mystery
AU - Copley,J.
U1 - Article
SP - 634
EP - 636
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Island-hopping invaders hitch a ride with tourists in South Georgia
AU - Chown,S.L.
AU - Gaston,K.J.
U1 - Letter
SP - 637
EP - 637
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Status of Japanese monkeys under debate
AU - Obata,K.
U1 - Letter
SP - 637
EP - 637
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Call for a fairer deal on grant applications
AU - Dorazi,R.
U1 - Letter
SP - 637
EP - 637
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - The quantum centennial - One hundred years ago, a simple concept
changed our world view forever.
AU - Zeilinger,A.
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 639
EP - 641
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Human natures: Genes, cultures, and the human prospect, by P.R.
Ehrlich
AU - Smil,V.
U1 - Book Review
SP - 643
EP - 644
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Quantum reflections, by J. Ellis, D. Amati
AU - Greenberger,D.
U1 - Book Review
SP - 644
EP - 645
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Henry Norris Russell: Dean of American astronomers, by D.H. DeVorkin
AU - Hoffleit,D.
U1 - Book Review
SP - 645
EP - 646
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - A chair of one's own - The upper reaches of academe remain stubbornly
inaccessible to women.
AU - Wenneras,C.
AU - Wold,N.
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 647
EP - 647
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Murphy's cat - Take care who sits next to you at conferences...
AU - Vinge,J.D.
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 649
EP - 649
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - What drives climate?
AU - Kump,L.R.
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 651
EP - 652
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Earth science - Not making waves
AU - Garwin,L.
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 651
EP - 651
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Human evolution - A start for population genomics
AU - Hedges,S.B.
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 652
EP - 653
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Photonics - On the threshold of success
AU - De La Rue,R.
AU - Smith,C.
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 653
EP - 656
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Plant biology - Coping with human CO2 emissions
AU - Serna,L.
AU - Fenoll,C.
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 656
EP - 657
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Geochemistry - Mantle recycled in Sardinia
AU - Hanan,B.B.
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 657
EP - 659
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Immunology - A toll for DNA vaccines
AU - Modlin,R.L.
U1 - Editorial Material
SP - 659
EP - 660
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Quantum theory's last challenge
AU - Amelino-Camelia,G.
U1 - Article
SP - 661
EP - 664
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - A giant atomic slide-puzzle - Atoms crammed tightly together in metal
crystal surfaces are surprisingly mobile.
AU - van Gastel,R.
AU - Somfai,E.
AU - van Saarloos,W.
AU - Frenken,J.W.M.
U1 - Article
SP - 665
EP - 665
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Psychology - An electoral butterfly effect
AU - Sinclair,R.C.
AU - Mark,M.M.
AU - Moore,S.E.
AU - Lavis,C.A.
AU - Soldat,A.S.
U1 - Article
SP - 665
EP - 666
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Geophysics - Timing of the Martian dynamo
AU - Schubert,G.
AU - Russell,C.T.
AU - Moore,W.B.
U1 - Article
SP - 666
EP - 667
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - ATP-dependent proteases - Docking of components in a bacterial complex
AU - Ishikawa,T.
AU - Maurizi,M.R.
AU - Belnap,D.
AU - Steven,A.C.
U1 - Article
SP - 667
EP - 668
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - ATP-dependent proteases - Docking of components in a bacterial
complex - Reply
AU - Bochtler,M.
AU - Hartmann,C.
AU - Song,H.K.
AU - Ramachandran,R.
AU - Huber,R.
U1 - Article
SP - 668
EP - 668
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - A new model for protein stereospecificity (vol 403, pg 614, 2000)
AU - Mesecar,A.D.
AU - Koshland,D.E. Jr.
U1 - Correction
SP - 668
EP - 668
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Granite magma formation, transport and emplacement in the Earth's
crust
AU - Petford,N.
AU - Cruden,A.R.
AU - McCaffrey,K.J.W.
AU - Vigneresse,J.L.
U1 - Review
SP - 669
EP - 673
N2 - The origin of granites was once a question solely for petrologists
and geochemists. But in recent years a consensus has emerged that
recognizes the essential role of deformation in the segregation,
transport and emplacement of silica-rich melts in the continental
crust. Accepted petrological models are being questioned, either
because they require unrealistic rheological behaviours of rocks and
magmas, or because they do not satisfactorily explain the available
structural or geophysical data. Provided flow is continuous,
mechanical considerations suggest that-far from being geologically
sluggish-granite magmatism is a rapid, dynamic process operating at
timescales of less than or equal to 100,000 years, irrespective of
tectonic setting.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Fossiliferous Lana'i deposits formed by multiple events rather than a
single giant tsunami
AU - Rubin,K.H.
AU - Fletcher,C.H. III.
AU - Sherman,C.
U1 - Article
SP - 675
EP - 681
N2 - Giant tsunamis, generated by submarine landslides in the Hawaiian
Islands, have been thought to be responsible for the deposition of
chaotic gravels high on the southern coastal slopes of the islands of
Lana'i and Moloka'i, Hawaii. Here we investigate this hypothesis,
using uranium-thorium dating of the Hulopoe gravel (on Lana'i) and a
study of stratigraphic relationships, such as facies changes and
hiatuses, within the deposit. The Hulopoe gravel contains corals of
two age groups, representing marine isotope stages be and 7 (similar
to 135,000 and 240,000 years ago, respectively), with significant
geographical and stratigraphic ordering. We show that the Hulopoe
gravel was formed by multiple depositional events, separated by
considerable periods of time, thus invalidating the main premise of
the 'giant wave' hypothesis. Instead, the gravels were probably
deposited during interglacial periods (when sea level was relatively
high) by typical Hawaiian shoreline processes such as seasonal wave
patterns, storm events and possibly 'normal' tsunamis, and reached
their present height by uplift: of Lana'i.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Crystal structure of Rac1 in complex with the guanine nucleotide
exchange region of Tiam1
AU - Worthylake,D.K.
AU - Rossman,K.L.
AU - Sondek,J.
U1 - Article
SP - 682
EP - 688
N2 - The principal guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho family G
proteins contain tandem Dbl-homology (DH) and pleckstrin-homology
(PH) domains that catalyse nucleotide exchange and the activation of
G proteins. Here we have determined the crystal structure of the DH
and PH domains of the T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis factor 1
(Tiam1) protein in complex with its cognate Rho family G protein,
Rac1. The two switch regions of Rac1 are stabilized in conformations
that disrupt both magnesium binding and guanine nucleotide
interaction. The resulting cleft in Rac1 is devoid of nucleotide and
highly exposed to solvent. The PH domain of Tiam1 does not contact
Rac1, and the position and orientation of the PH domain is markedly
altered relative to the structure of the uncomplexed, GTPase-free
DH/PH element from Sos1. The Tiam1/Rac1 structure highlights the
interactions that catalyse nucleotide exchange on Rho family G
proteins, and illustrates structural determinants dictating
specificity between individual Rho family members and their
associated Dbl-related guanine nucleotide exchange factors.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - An optical counterpart to the anomalous X-ray pulsar 4U0142+61
AU - Hulleman,F.
AU - van Kerkwijk,M.H.
AU - Kulkarni,S.R.
U1 - Article
SP - 689
EP - 692
N2 - The energy source of the anomalous X-ray pulsars' (AXPs) is not
understood, hence their designation as anomalous. Unlike binary X-ray
pulsars, no companions are seen, so the energy cannot be supplied by
accretion of matter from a companion star. The loss of rotational
energy, which powers radio pulsars, is insufficient to power AXPs.
Two models are generally considered: accretion from a large disk left
over from the birth process(2,3), or decay of a very strong magnetic
field (10(15) G) associated with a 'magnetar'(4). The lack of
counterparts at other wavelengths has hampered progress in our
understanding of these objects. Here we report deep optical
observations of the field around 4U0142+61, which is the brightest
AXP in X-rays. The source has no associated supernova remnant, which,
together with its spin-down timescale of similar to 10(5)yr (ref. 5),
suggests that it may be relatively old. We find an object with
peculiar optical colours at the position of the X-ray source, and
argue that it is the optical counterpart. The optical emission is too
faint to admit the presence of a large accretion disk, but may be
consistent with magnetospheric emission from a magnetar.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Direct observation of growth and collapse of a Bose-Einstein
condensate with attractive interactions
AU - Gerton,J.M.
AU - Strekalov,D.
AU - Prodan,I.
AU - Hulet,R.G.
U1 - Article
SP - 692
EP - 695
N2 - Quantum theory predicts that Bose-Einstein condensation of a
spatially homogeneous gas with attractive interactions is precluded
by a conventional phase transition into either a liquid or solid(1).
When confined to a trap, however, such a condensate can form(2),
provided that its occupation number does not exceed a limiting
value(3,4). The stability limit is determined by a balance between
the self-attractive fortes and a repulsion that arises from position-
momentum uncertainty under conditions of spatial confinement. Near
the stability limit, self-attraction can overwhelm the repulsion,
causing the condensate to collapse(5-8). Growth of the condensate is
therefore punctuated by intermittent collapses(9,10) that are
triggered by either macroscopic quantum tunnelling or thermal
fluctuation. Previous observations of growth and collapse dynamics
have been hampered by the stochastic nature of these mechanisms. Here
we report direct observations of the growth and subsequent collapse
of a Li-7 condensate with attractive interactions, using phase-
contrast imaging. The success of the measurement lies in our ability
to reduce the stochasticity in the dynamics by controlling the
initial number of condensate atoms using a two-photon transition to a
diatomic molecular state.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Direct observation of molecular cooperativity near the glass
transition
AU - Russell,E.V.
AU - Israeloff,N.E.
U1 - Article
SP - 695
EP - 698
N2 - The increasingly sluggish response of a supercooled liquid as it
nears its glass transition(1) (for example, refrigerated honey) is
prototypical of glassy dynamics found in proteins, neural networks
and superconductors. The notion that molecules rearrange
cooperatively has long been postulated(2) to explain diverging
relaxation times and broadened (non-exponential) response functions
near the glass transition. Recently, cooperativity was observed and
analysed in colloid glasses(3) and in simulations of binary liquids
well above the glass transition(4). But nanometre-scale studies of
cooperativity at the molecular glass transition are lacking(5).
Important issues to be resolved include the precise form of the
cooperativity and its length scale(6), and whether the broadened
response is intrinsic to individual cooperative regions, or arises
only from heterogeneity(7-9) in an ensemble of such regions. Here we
describe direct observations of molecular cooperativity near the
glass transition in polyvinylacetate (PVAc), using nanometre-scale
probing of dielectric fluctuations. Molecular dusters switched
spontaneously among two to four distinct configurations, producing
random telegraph noise. Our analysis of these noise signals and their
power spectra reveals that individual dusters exhibit transient
dynamical heterogeneity and non-exponential kinetics.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Evidence for decoupling of atmospheric CO2 and global climate during
the Phanerozoic eon
AU - Veizer,J.
AU - Godderis,Y.
AU - Francois,L.M.
U1 - Article
SP - 698
EP - 701
N2 - Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are believed to drive
climate changes from glacial to interglacial modes', although
geological(1-3) and astronomical(4-6) mechanisms have been invoked as
ultimate causes. Additionally, it is unclear(7,8) whether the changes
between cold and warm modes should be regarded as a global
phenomenon, affecting tropical and high-latitude temperatures alike(9-
13), or if they are better described as an expansion and contraction
of the latitudinal climate zones, keeping equatorial temperatures
approximately constant(14-16). Here we present a reconstruction of
tropical sea surface temperatures throughout the phanerozoic eon (the
past similar to 550 Myr) from our database(17) of oxygen isotopes in
calcite and aragonite shells. The data indicate large oscillations of
tropical sea surface temperatures in phase with the cold-warm cycles,
thus favouring the idea of climate variability as a global
phenomenon. But our data conflict with a temperature reconstruction
using an energy balance model that is forced by reconstructed
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations(18). The results can be
reconciled if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were not the
principal driver of climate variability on geological timescales for
at least one-third of the Phanerozoic eon, or if the reconstructed
carbon dioxide concentrations are not reliable.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Evidence from Sardinian basalt geochemistry for recycling of plume
heads into the Earth's mantle
AU - Gasperini,D.
AU - Bilchert-Toft,J.
AU - Bosch,D.
AU - Del Moro,A.
AU - Macera,P.
AU - Telouk,P.
AU - Albarede,F.
U1 - Article
SP - 701
EP - 704
N2 - Up to 10 per cent of the ocean floor consists of plateaux(1)-regions
of unusually thick oceanic crust thought to be formed by the heads of
mantle plumes. Given the ubiquitous presence of recycled oceanic
crust in the mantle source of hotspot basalts, it follows that
plateau material should also be an important mantle constituent. Here
we show that the geochemistry of the Pleistocene basalts from
Logudoro, Sardinia, is compatible with the remelting of ancient ocean
plateau material that has been recycled into the mantle. The Sr, Nd
and Hf isotope compositions of these basalts do not show the
signature of pelagic sediments. The basalts' low CaO/Al2O3 and Ce/Pb
ratios, their unradiogenic Pb-206 and Pb-208, and their Sr, Ba, Eu
and Pb excesses indicate that their mantle source contains ancient
gabbros formed initially by plagioclase accumulation, typical of
plateau material. Also, the high Th/U ratios of the mantle source
resemble those of plume magmas. Geochemically, the Logudoro basalts
resemble those from Pitcairn Island, which contain the controversial
EM-1 component that has been interpreted as arising from a mantle
source sprinkled with remains of pelagic sediments(2,3). We argue,
instead, that the EM-1 source from these two localities is
essentially free of sedimentary material, the geochemical
characteristics of these lavas being better explained by the presence
of recycled oceanic plateaux. The storage of plume heads in the deep
mantle through time offers a convenient explanation for the
persistence of chemical and mineralogical layering in the mantle.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur
AU - Xu,X.
AU - Zhou,Z.H.
AU - Wang,X.L.
U1 - Article
SP - 705
EP - 708
N2 - Non-avian dinosaurs are mostly medium to large-sized animals, and to
date all known mature specimens are larger than the most primitive
bird, Archaeopteryx(1). Here we report on a new dromaeosaurid
dinosaur, Microraptor zhaoianus gen. et sp. nov., from the Early
Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning, China(2). This is the
first mature non-avian dinosaur to be found that is smaller than
Archaeopteryx(1), and it eliminates the size disparity between the
earliest birds and their closest non-avian theropod relatives. The
more bird-like teeth, the Rahonavis-like ischium and the small number
of caudal vertebrae of Microraptor are unique among dromaeosaurids
and improve our understanding of the morphological transition to
birds. The nearly completely articulated foot shows features, such as
distally positioned digit I, slender and recurved pedal claws, and
elongated penultimate phalanges, that are comparable to those of
arboreal birds(3-6). The discovery of these in non-avian theropods
provides new insights for studying the palaeoecology of some bird-
like theropod dinosaurs.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans
AU - Ingman,M.
AU - Kaessmann,H.
AU - Paabo,S.
AU - Gyllensten,U.
U1 - Article
SP - 708
EP - 713
N2 - The analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been a potent tool in
our understanding of human evolution, owing to characteristics such
as high copy number, apparent lack of recombination(1), high
substitution rate(2) and maternal mode of inheritance(3). However,
almost all studies of human evolution based on mtDNA sequencing have
been confined to the control region, which constitutes less than 7%
of the mitochondrial genome. These studies are complicated by the
extreme variation in substitution rate between sites, and the
consequence of parallel mutations(4) causing difficulties in the
estimation of genetic distance and making phylogenetic inferences
questionable(5). Most comprehensive studies of the human
mitochondrial molecule have been carried out through restriction-
fragment length polymorphism analysis(6), providing data that are ill
suited to estimations of mutation rate and therefore the timing of
evolutionary events. Here, to improve the information obtained from
the mitochondrial molecule for studies of human evolution, We
describe the global mtDNA diversity in humans based on analyses of
the complete mtDNA sequence of 53 humans of diverse origins. Our
mtDNA data, in comparison with those of a parallel study of the
Xq13.3 region(7) in the same individuals, provide a concurrent view
on human evolution with respect to the age of modern humans.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - The HIC signalling pathway links CO2 perception to stomatal
development
AU - Gray,J.E.
AU - Holroyd,G.H.
AU - van der Lee,F.M.
AU - Bahrami,A.R.
AU - Sijmons,P.C.
AU - Woodward,F.I.
AU - Schuch,W.
AU - Heterington,A.M.
U1 - Article
SP - 713
EP - 716
N2 - Stomatal pores on the leaf surface control both the uptake of CO2 for
photosynthesis and the loss of water during transpiration. Since the
industrial revolution, decreases in stomatal numbers in parallel with
increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration have provided evidence of
plant responses to changes in CO2 levels caused by human
activity(1,2). This inverse correlation between stomatal density and
CO2 concentration also holds for fossil material from the past 400
million years(3) and has provided dues to the causes of global
extinction events(4). Here we report the identification of the
Arabidopsis gene HIC (for high carbon dioxide), which encodes a
negative regulator of stomatal development that responds to CO2
concentration. This gene encodes a putative 3-keto acyl coenzyme A
synthase-an enzyme involved in the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty
acids(5). Mutant hic plants exhibit up to a 42% increase in stomatal
density in response to a doubling of CO2. Our results identify a gene
involved in the signal transduction pathway responsible for
controlling stomatal numbers at elevated CO2.
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - The ELF3 zeitnehmer regulates light signalling to the circadian clock
AU - McWatters,H.G.
AU - Bastow,R.M.
AU - Hall,A.
AU - Millar,A.J.
U1 - Article
SP - 716
EP - 720
N2 - The circadian system regulates 24-hour biological rhythms' and
seasonal rhythms, such as flowering(2). Long-day flowering plants
like Arabidopsis thaliana, measure day length with a rhythm that is
not reset at lights-off(3), whereas short-day plants measure night
length on the basis of circadian rhythm of light sensitivity that is
set from dusk(2). early flowering 3 (elf3) mutants of Arabinopsis are
aphotoperiodic(4) and exhibit light-conditional arrhythmia(5,6). Here
we show that the elf3-7 mutant retains oscillator function in the
light but blunts circadian gating of CAB gene activation, indicating
that deregulated phototransduction may mask rhythmicity. Furthermore,
elf3 mutations confer the resetting pattern of short-day
photoperiodism, indicating that gating of phototransduction may
control resetting. Temperature entrainment can bypass the requirement
for normal ELF3 function for the oscillator and partially restore
rhythmic CAB expression. Therefore, ELF3 specifically affects light
input to the oscillator, similar to its function in gating CAB
activation, allowing oscillator progression past a light-sensitive
phase in the subjective evening. ELF3 provides experimental
demonstration of the zeitnehmer ('time-taker') Concept(7,8).
ER -
TY - JFULL
VL - 408
IS - 6813
U4 - 382GU
Y1 - 2000/12/07/
JF - NATURE
SN - 0028-0836
T1 - mu-Opioid receptor desensitization by beta-arrestin-2 determines