bibliography.bib

@misc{JiriRichter2016,
author = {{Jiri Richter}},
title = {{How to fight the jet lag – Sleep as Android}},
url = {http://sleep.urbandroid.org/how-to-fight-the-jet-lag/},
urldate = {2017-04-13},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Leea,
abstract = {People believe that weather conditions influence their everyday work life, but to date, little is known about how weather affects individual productivity. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we predict and find that bad weather increases individual productivity and that it does so by eliminating potential cognitive distractions resulting from good weather. When the weather is bad, individuals appear to focus more on their work than on alternate outdoor activities. We investigate the proposed relationship between worse weather and higher productivity through 4 studies: (a) field data on employees' productivity from a bank in Japan, (b) 2 studies from an online labor market in the United States, and (c) a laboratory experiment. Our findings suggest that worker productivity is higher on bad-, rather than good-, weather days and that cognitive distractions associated with good weather may explain the relationship. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our research. In this article, we seek to understand the impact of weather on worker productivity. Although researchers have investigated the effect of weather on everyday phenomena, such as stock market returns (Hirshleifer {\&} Shumway, 2003; Saunders, 1993), tipping (Rind, 1996), consumer spending (Murray, Di Muro, Finn, {\&} Popkowski Leszczyc, 2010), aggression in sports (Larrick, Tim-merman, Carton, {\&} Abrevaya, 2011), and willingness to help (Cunningham, 1979), few studies have directly investigated the effect of weather on work productivity. Moreover, to date, no studies have examined psychological mechanisms through which weather affects individual worker productivity, the focus of our current investigation. We theorize that thoughts related to salient outdoor options come to mind more easily on good weather days than on bad weather days. Consistent with our theorizing, Simonsohn (2010) found that cloud cover during visits to a college known for its academic rigor by prospective students predicted whether they enrolled in the visited school. Prospective students who visited on a cloudier day were more likely to enroll than were those who visited on a sunnier day. Cloudy weather reduced the opportunity costs of outdoor activities such as sports or hiking and thus increased the attractiveness of academic activities. To gain insight into how people intuitively think about this relationship, we asked 198 adults (M age ϭ 38 years, SD ϭ 14.19; 42{\%} male) to predict the impact of weather on individuals' work productivity. Among our respondents, about 82{\%} stated that good weather conditions would increase productivity, and about 83{\%} responded that bad weather conditions would decrease productiv-ity. These survey results indicate that people indeed believe that weather will impact their productivity and that bad weather con-ditions in particular will be detrimental to it. This conventional wisdom may be based on the view that bad weather induces a negative mood and therefore impairs executive functions (Keller et al., 2005). In contrast to this view, we propose that bad weather actually increases productivity through an alter-native psychological route. We theorize that the positive effects of bad weather on worker productivity stem from the likelihood that people may be cognitively distracted by the attractive outdoor options available to them on good weather days. Consequently, workers will be less distracted and more focused on bad weather days, when such outdoor options do not exist, and therefore will perform their tasks more effectively.},
author = {Lee, Jooa Julia and Gino, Francesca and Staats, Bradley R},
keywords = {distractions,opportunity cost,productivity,weather},
title = {{Rainmakers: Why Bad Weather Means Good Productivity}}
}
@misc{TracieWhite2016,
author = {{Tracie White}},
booktitle = {Stanford Medicine},
title = {{Study finds possible new jet-lag treatment: Exposure to flashing light | News Center | Stanford Medicine}},
url = {https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/02/study-finds-possible-new-jet-lag-treatment.html},
urldate = {2017-04-13},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Lee,
abstract = {People believe that weather conditions influence their everyday work life, but to date, little is known about how weather affects individual productivity. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we predict and find that bad weather increases individual productivity and that it does so by eliminating potential cognitive distractions resulting from good weather. When the weather is bad, individuals appear to focus more on their work than on alternate outdoor activities. We investigate the proposed relationship between worse weather and higher productivity through 4 studies: (a) field data on employees' productivity from a bank in Japan, (b) 2 studies from an online labor market in the United States, and (c) a laboratory experiment. Our findings suggest that worker productivity is higher on bad-, rather than good-, weather days and that cognitive distractions associated with good weather may explain the relationship. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our research. In this article, we seek to understand the impact of weather on worker productivity. Although researchers have investigated the effect of weather on everyday phenomena, such as stock market returns (Hirshleifer {\&} Shumway, 2003; Saunders, 1993), tipping (Rind, 1996), consumer spending (Murray, Di Muro, Finn, {\&} Popkowski Leszczyc, 2010), aggression in sports (Larrick, Tim-merman, Carton, {\&} Abrevaya, 2011), and willingness to help (Cunningham, 1979), few studies have directly investigated the effect of weather on work productivity. Moreover, to date, no studies have examined psychological mechanisms through which weather affects individual worker productivity, the focus of our current investigation. We theorize that thoughts related to salient outdoor options come to mind more easily on good weather days than on bad weather days. Consistent with our theorizing, Simonsohn (2010) found that cloud cover during visits to a college known for its academic rigor by prospective students predicted whether they enrolled in the visited school. Prospective students who visited on a cloudier day were more likely to enroll than were those who visited on a sunnier day. Cloudy weather reduced the opportunity costs of outdoor activities such as sports or hiking and thus increased the attractiveness of academic activities. To gain insight into how people intuitively think about this relationship, we asked 198 adults (M age ϭ 38 years, SD ϭ 14.19; 42{\%} male) to predict the impact of weather on individuals' work productivity. Among our respondents, about 82{\%} stated that good weather conditions would increase productivity, and about 83{\%} responded that bad weather conditions would decrease productiv-ity. These survey results indicate that people indeed believe that weather will impact their productivity and that bad weather con-ditions in particular will be detrimental to it. This conventional wisdom may be based on the view that bad weather induces a negative mood and therefore impairs executive functions (Keller et al., 2005). In contrast to this view, we propose that bad weather actually increases productivity through an alter-native psychological route. We theorize that the positive effects of bad weather on worker productivity stem from the likelihood that people may be cognitively distracted by the attractive outdoor options available to them on good weather days. Consequently, workers will be less distracted and more focused on bad weather days, when such outdoor options do not exist, and therefore will perform their tasks more effectively.},
author = {Lee, Jooa Julia and Gino, Francesca and Staats, Bradley R},
keywords = {distractions,opportunity cost,productivity,weather},
title = {{Rainmakers: Why Bad Weather Means Good Productivity}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035559.supp}
}
@article{Chetty2013,
abstract = {Does temperature affect economic performance? Has temperature always affected social welfare through its impact on physical and cognitive function? While many economic studies have explored the indirect links between climate and welfare (e.g. agriculture, conflict, sea-level rise), few address the possibility of direct impacts operating through physiology, despite a deep medical literature documenting the temperature sensitivity of human task performance. This paper attempts a synthesis of these literatures by (1) presenting a microeconomic model of labor supply under thermal stress, and (2) using country-level panel data on temperature and income (1950-2005) to illustrate the potential magnitude of temperature-driven productivity impacts. Using a fixed effects estimation strategy, we find significant temperature sensitivity of per capita income that varies, crucially, with a country's position relative to an optimal temperature zone. Hotter-than-average years are associated with lower output per capita for countries in hot climates and higher output per capita for countries in cold ones: approximately 3{\%}-4{\%} per degree C in both directions. Air-conditioning mediates the adverse impact of hotter years, consistent with the physiological explanation. This more direct causal link between climate and social welfare has important implications for both the economics of climate change and comparative development.},
author = {Chetty, Raj and Katz, Lawrence and Shleifer, Andrei and Glaeser, Edward and Mullainathan, Sendhil and Aldy, Joseph and Fryer, Roland and Cutler, David and Miron, Jeff and Weitzman, Martin and Hanemann, Michael and Smith, Kerry and Hsiang, Sol and Meng, Kyle and Schlenker, Wolfram and Graff-Zivin, Josh and Teal, Francis and El-Sayed, Abdulrahman and Brown, Lucas and {Ho Hong}, Jong and Sands, Emily and Gilchrist, Duncan and Sweeney, Richard and Carson, Richard and Deaton, Angus and Hong, Harrison and Heal, Geoffrey and Park, Jisung},
title = {{Feeling the Heat: Temperature, Physiology {\&} the Wealth of Nations}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w19725},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Muller2012,
abstract = {UNLABELLED Several industries experience periods of cold exposure and rewarming throughout the workday but mental performance under these conditions is unknown. A better understanding of cognition during the rewarming phase after cold exposure may help reduce accidents and improve performance. Ten young men (wearing {\~{}}0.1 clo) underwent three consecutive mornings trials where they were exposed to cold air (10°C) and then subsequently rewarmed (25°C air). A computerised test battery was administered during each stage of the protocol to determine working memory, choice reaction time, executive function and maze navigation. Rectal and skin temperature, oxygen consumption and thermal sensation were also measured throughout and showed a typical response. Relative to baseline performance, working memory, choice reaction time and executive function declined during exposure to 10°C, and these impairments persisted 60 min into the recovery period (i.e. once physiological parameters had returned to baseline). Further work is needed to develop countermeasures to this predicament. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY This study showed that working memory, choice reaction time and executive function declined during exposure to 10°C air, and these impairments persisted 60 min into the rewarming period (i.e. once measurable physiological parameters had returned to normal). Individuals may be at risk for injury after removal from a cold environment.},
author = {Muller, Matthew D and Gunstad, John and Alosco, Michael L and Miller, Lindsay A and Updegraff, John and Spitznagel, Mary Beth and Glickman, Ellen L},
doi = {10.1080/00140139.2012.665497},
issn = {1366-5847},
journal = {Ergonomics},
number = {7},
pages = {792--8},
pmid = {22506538},
publisher = {NIH Public Access},
title = {{Acute cold exposure and cognitive function: evidence for sustained impairment.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22506538 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3375336},
volume = {55},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Taylor2015,
abstract = {Cognitive function defines performance in objective tasks that require conscious mental effort. Extreme environments, namely heat, hypoxia, and cold can all alter human cognitive function due to a variety of psychological and/or biological processes. The aims of this Focused Review were to discuss; (1) the current state of knowledge on the effects of heat, hypoxic and cold stress on cognitive function, (2) the potential mechanisms underpinning these alterations, and (3) plausible interventions that may maintain cognitive function upon exposure to each of these environmental stressors. The available evidence suggests that the effects of heat, hypoxia, and cold stress on cognitive function are both task and severity dependent. Complex tasks are particularly vulnerable to extreme heat stress, whereas both simple and complex task performance appear to be vulnerable at even at moderate altitudes. Cold stress also appears to negatively impact both simple and complex task performance, however, the research in this area is sparse in comparison to heat and hypoxia. In summary, this focused review provides updated knowledge regarding the effects of extreme environmental stressors on cognitive function and their biological underpinnings. Tyrosine supplementation may help individuals maintain cognitive function in very hot, hypoxic, and/or cold conditions. However, more research is needed to clarify these and other postulated interventions.},
author = {Taylor, Lee and Watkins, Samuel L and Marshall, Hannah and Dascombe, Ben J and Foster, Josh},
doi = {10.3389/fphys.2015.00372},
journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
keywords = {altitude,cognition,cognitive function,cold,environment,heat,hypoxia},
pages = {372},
pmid = {26779029},
publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
title = {{The Impact of Different Environmental Conditions on Cognitive Function: A Focused Review.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26779029 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4701920},
volume = {6},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Chepesiuk2009,
author = {Chepesiuk, Ron},
issn = {0091-6765},
journal = {Environmental health perspectives},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {A20--7},
pmid = {19165374},
publisher = {National Institute of Environmental Health Science},
title = {{Missing the dark: health effects of light pollution.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165374 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2627884},
volume = {117},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Stansfeld2003,
author = {Stansfeld, S. A and Matheson, Mark P},
doi = {10.1093/bmb/ldg033},
issn = {1471-8391},
journal = {British Medical Bulletin},
keywords = {noise,noise exposure},
month = {dec},
number = {1},
pages = {243--257},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Noise pollution: non-auditory effects on health}},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/bmb/ldg033},
volume = {68},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Lemmer2002,
abstract = {In healthy male top athletes several functions were measured after either a westbound flight over six time-zones (WEST: Frankfurt–Atlanta; n=13) or an eastbound flight over eight time-zones (EAST: Munich–Osaka; n=6). Under either condition the athletes performed two standardized exercise training units in the morning and in the afternoon within 24 h, investigations were done as controls in Germany and on day 1, 4, 6, and 11, after arrival. The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of time-zone transitions on the 24h profiles of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) using an ambulatory BP device (SpaceLabs 90207), for up to 11 d after arrival at the destination. As additional parameters, we studied jet-lag symptoms, training performance, and training coordination by using visual analog scales. Finally, oral temperature and grip strength were measured, and saliva samples were analyzed for cortisol and melatonin. The study showed that all functions were disturbed on the first day after arriva...},
author = {Lemmer, Bj{\"{o}}rn and Kern, Ralph-Ingo and Nold, Gudrun and Lohrer, Heinz},
doi = {10.1081/CBI-120005391},
issn = {0742-0528},
journal = {Chronobiology International},
keywords = {Athletes,East and west time-zone transition,Jet lag,Saliva melatonin and cortisol,Temperature and grip strength,Training performance},
month = {jan},
number = {4},
pages = {743--764},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{JET LAG IN ATHLETES AFTER EASTWARD AND WESTWARD TIME-ZONE TRANSITION}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1081/CBI-120005391},
volume = {19},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Cho,
abstract = {Traveling across time zones causes disruption to the normal circadian rhythms and social schedules because of travelers' shift in time. As the endogenous circadian timing system adapts slowly to new time cues, the phase relationship be-tween biological rhythms and external time cues are out of synchronization for a period of time. This disturbance of circa-dian rhythms has been shown to impair physical and psycho-logical health (Winget et al., 1984). To test the effects of re-peated jet lag on mental abilities, airline cabin crew were compared with ground crew. Salivary cortisol was used as a physiological marker for circadian disruption. The cabin crew group, who had a history of repeated jet lag, had significantly higher salivary cortisol levels in an average working day. In addition, this elevated level of cortisol was only seen in the same subjects when the cabin crew were on transmeridian flights but not domestic flights. Cabin crew also exhibited cognitive deficits, possibly in working memory, that became apparent after several years of chronic disruption of circadian rhythms.},
author = {Cho, Kwangwook and Ennaceur, A and Cole, Jon C and Suh, Chang Kook},
title = {{Chronic Jet Lag Produces Cognitive Deficits}},
url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bd7d/3455a8f033693bbc8e7b9851ded3e9325f11.pdf}
}
@article{Sack2010,
abstract = {A 55-year-old physician is planning a trip from Los Angeles to London to attend a scientific conference. His previous trip to Europe was complicated by sleepiness during meetings and difficulty falling asleep and remaining asleep at night. He wants to know what he can do to avoid jet lag. What would you advise?},
author = {Sack, Robert L.},
doi = {10.1056/NEJMcp0909838},
issn = {0028-4793},
journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
month = {feb},
number = {5},
pages = {440--447},
publisher = { Massachusetts Medical Society },
title = {{Jet Lag}},
url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMcp0909838},
volume = {362},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Chung2004,
abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that administration of the air with 30{\%} oxygen compared with normal air (21{\%} oxygen) enhances cognitive functioning through increased activation in the brain. A visuospatial task was presented while brain images were scanned by a 3 T fMRI system. The results showed that there was an improvement in performance and also increased activation in several brain areas in the higher oxygen condition. These results suggest that a higher concentration of breathed oxygen increases saturation of blood oxygen in the brain and facilitates performance.},
author = {Chung, Soon-Cheol and Tack, Gye-Rae and Lee, Bongsoo and Eom, Gwang-Moon and Lee, Soo-Yeol and Sohn, Jin-Hun},
doi = {10.1016/j.bandc.2004.07.005},
issn = {02782626},
journal = {Brain and Cognition},
number = {3},
pages = {279--285},
title = {{The effect of 30{\%} oxygen on visuospatial performance and brain activation: An fMRI study}},
volume = {56},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Chung2008,
abstract = {This study investigated the effect of 30{\%} oxygen inhalation on visuospatial cognitive performance, blood oxygen saturation, and heart rate. Six male (25.8(mean)±1.0(SD) years) and six female (23.8±1.9 years) college students participated in this experiment. Two psychological tests were developed to measure the performance level of visuospatial cognition. The experiment consisted of two runs: one was a visuospatial cognition task under normal air (21{\%} oxygen) condition and the other under hyperoxic air (30{\%} oxygen) condition. The experimental sequence in each run consisted of four phases, that were Rest1 (1min), Control (1min), Task (4min), and Rest2 (4min). Blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured throughout the course of four phases. The analysis of behavioral performance with 30{\%} oxygen administration when compared to 21{\%} oxygen revealed that the mean performance was improved. When supplied 30{\%} oxygen in the air, the blood oxygen saturation was increased while the heart rate was decreased compared to those under 21{\%} oxygen condition. We conclude that 30{\%} oxygen inhalation enhanced visuospatial performance by the increased the oxygen saturation in the blood.},
author = {Chung, Soon-Cheol and Lee, Bongsoo and Tack, Gye-Rae and Yi, Jeong-Han and Lee, Hang-Woon and Kwon, Ji-Hun and Choi, Mi-Hyun and Eom, Jin-Sup and Sohn, Jin-Hun},
doi = {10.1016/j.apergo.2007.05.008},
issn = {00036870},
journal = {Applied Ergonomics},
number = {2},
pages = {166--170},
title = {{Physiological mechanism underlying the improvement in visuospatial performance due to 30{\%} oxygen inhalation}},
volume = {39},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Scholey1999,
abstract = {It was recently established that supplemental oxygen administration significantly enhances memory formation in healthy young adults. In the present study, a double-blind, placebo-controled design was employed to assess the cognitive and physiological effects of subjects' inspiration of oxygen or air (control) prior to undergoing simple memory and reaction-time tasks. Arterial blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were monitored during each of six phases of the experiment, corresponding to baseline, gas inhalation, word presentation, reaction time, distractor and word recall, respectively. The results confirm that oxygen administration significantly enhances cognitive performance above that seen in the air inhalation condition. Subjects who received oxygen recalled more words and had faster reaction times. Moreover, compared to participants who inhaled air, they exhibited significant hyperoxia during gas administration, word presentation, and the reaction-time task, but not at other phases of the experiment. Compared to baseline, heart rate was significantly elevated during the word presentation, reaction-time, and distractor tasks in both the air and oxygen groups. In the oxygen group, significant correlations were found between changes in oxygen saturation and cognitive performance. In the air group, greater changes in heart rate were associated with more improved cognitive performance. These results are discussed in the context of cognitive demand and metabolic supply. It is suggested that under periods of cognitive demand a number of physiological responses are brought into play that serve to increase the delivery of metabolic substrates to active neural tissue. These mechanisms can be supplemented by increased availability of circulating blood oxygen, resulting in an augmentation of cognitive performance. Heart rate reactivity and the capacity for increased blood oxygen appear to be important physiological individual differences mediating these phenomena.},
author = {Scholey, Andrew B and Moss, Mark C and Neave, Nick and Wesnes, Keith},
doi = {10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00183-3},
issn = {00319384},
journal = {Physiology {\&} Behavior},
number = {5},
pages = {783--789},
title = {{Cognitive Performance, Hyperoxia, and Heart Rate Following Oxygen Administration in Healthy Young Adults}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938499001833},
volume = {67},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Research1996,
author = {Research, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition and Marriott, Bernadette M. and Carlson, Sydne J.},
publisher = {National Academies Press (US)},
title = {{The Effect of Altitude on Cognitive Performance and Mood States}},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232882/},
year = {1996}
}