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For this part, please refer to introduction in -C++ programming.

- +### 1 Number Representation #### 1.1 Number Base @@ -110,10 +104,16 @@ Conversion"/> -

Converting from base 10 to base 2 will create unsigned integers. -

+

Converting from base 10 to base 2 will create unsigned integers.

-

N-bit unsigned integers:

+ +

When convert number from base 10 to base 16, it is better to first convert from +base 10 to base 2 then to base 16.

+

For example, 15213_{10} = 0\text{b}11101101101101 = 0011 1011 0110 1101 = 3B6D

+Number Base Conversion +
+ +#### 1.2 Unsigned Integers
  • @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ Conversion"/> -#### 1.2 Signed Integers +#### 1.3 Signed Integers

    Idea: Use the left-most bit to indicate if the number is positive (0) or negative (1). This is @@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ representation.

    -#### 1.3 One's Complement +#### 1.4 One's Complement

    Idea: If the number is negative, flip the bits.

    @@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ increasing.

    -#### 1.4 Two's Complement +#### 1.5 Two's Complement

    Idea: If the number is negative, flip the bits, and add one (because we shifted to avoid @@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ signed decimal number:

    11 and –5 are the same number in mod land: 11 mod 16.

    -#### 1.5 Bias Notation +#### 1.6 Bias Notation

    Idea: Just like unsigned, but shifted on the number line.

    @@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ but shifted on the number line.

  • -Bias Notation +Bias Notation

    To convert from bias to decimal:

    @@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ but shifted on the number line.

    -#### 1.6 Sign Extension +#### 1.7 Sign Extension

    Leftmost is the most significant bit (MSB).

    @@ -529,6 +529,12 @@ but shifted on the number line.

    ### 2 C Introduction + +

    For more information, please refer to introduction in +C++ programming.

    +
    + #### 2.1 Variable C Types

    char: A char takes up to 1 @@ -1161,9 +1167,9 @@ and turn into garbage.

    ## Ⅱ Assembly Language -### 3 Introduction to Assembly Language +### 4 Introduction to Assembly Language -#### 3.1 Assembly Language +#### 4.1 Assembly Language

    Assembly (also known as Assembly language, ASM): A low-level programming language where the