From b85e075b7f9bd241aeb9c7674d9c3bc282476e55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jineon Baek <jineon@umich.edu>
Date: Fri, 15 Nov 2024 01:01:37 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] sorry-free

---
 Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean | 232 +++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 130 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean b/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
index c453705f32969..8dd2849e5cb31 100644
--- a/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
+++ b/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
@@ -21,13 +21,10 @@ non-constant polynomial solution of the equation `u * a ^ p + v * b ^ q + w * c
 `p, q, r ≥ 3` with `p * q + q * r + r * p ≤ p * q * r` and not divisible by `char k`
 and `u, v, w` are nonzero elements in `k`.
 
-Proof uses Mason-Stothers theorem (Polynomial ABC theorem) and infinite descent
+The proof uses Mason-Stothers theorem (Polynomial ABC theorem) and infinite descent
 (for characteristic p case).
-
 -/
 
-noncomputable section
-
 open Polynomial UniqueFactorizationMonoid UniqueFactorizationDomain
 
 variable {k : Type _} [Field k]
@@ -64,8 +61,7 @@ private lemma ineq_pqr_contradiction {p q r a b c : Nat}
     (hpa : p * a < a + b + c)
     (hqb : q * b < a + b + c)
     (hrc : r * c < a + b + c) : False := by
-  suffices h : p * q * r * (a + b + c) + 1 ≤ p * q * r * (a + b + c) by
-    simp at h
+  suffices h : p * q * r * (a + b + c) + 1 ≤ p * q * r * (a + b + c) by simp at h
   calc
     _ = (p * a) * (q * r) + (q * b) * (r * p) + (r * c) * (p * q) + 1 := by ring
     _ ≤ (a + b + c) * (q * r) + (a + b + c) * (r * p) + (a + b + c) * (p * q) := by
@@ -90,8 +86,7 @@ private lemma derivative_pow_eq_zero_iff {n : ℕ} (chn : ¬ringChar k ∣ n) {a
     rw [derivative_pow, C_eq_natCast, mul_eq_zero, mul_eq_zero] at apd
     rcases apd with (nz | powz) | goal
     · rw [←C_eq_natCast, C_eq_zero] at nz
-      exfalso
-      exact chn (ringChar.dvd nz)
+      exact (chn (ringChar.dvd nz)).elim
     · have az : a = 0 := pow_eq_zero powz
       rw [az, map_zero]
     · exact goal
@@ -101,17 +96,14 @@ private lemma derivative_pow_eq_zero_iff {n : ℕ} (chn : ¬ringChar k ∣ n) {a
 private lemma mul_eq_zero_left_iff
     {M₀ : Type*} [MulZeroClass M₀] [NoZeroDivisors M₀]
     {a : M₀} {b : M₀}  (ha : a ≠ 0) : a * b = 0 ↔ b = 0 := by
-  -- use `mul_eq_zero`, `or_iff_not_imp_left`, and `trans`
   rw [mul_eq_zero]
   tauto
 
-variable [DecidableEq k]
-
-private lemma radical_natDegree_le {a : k[X]} (h : a ≠ 0) :
+private lemma radical_natDegree_le [DecidableEq k] {a : k[X]} (h : a ≠ 0) :
     (radical a).natDegree ≤ a.natDegree :=
   natDegree_le_of_dvd (radical_dvd_self a) h
 
-private theorem Polynomial.flt_catalan_deriv
+private theorem Polynomial.flt_catalan_deriv [DecidableEq k]
     {p q r : ℕ} (hp : 0 < p) (hq : 0 < q) (hr : 0 < r)
     (hineq : q * r + r * p + p * q ≤ p * q * r)
     (chp : ¬ringChar k ∣ p) (chq : ¬ringChar k ∣ q) (chr : ¬ringChar k ∣ r)
@@ -171,99 +163,96 @@ private theorem Polynomial.flt_catalan_deriv
         derivative_pow_eq_zero_iff chr] at dr0
     exact dr0
 
-private theorem expcont {a : k[X]} (ha : a ≠ 0) (hda : derivative a = 0) (chn0 : ringChar k ≠ 0) :
-    ∃ ca, ca ≠ 0 ∧ a = expand k (ringChar k) ca ∧ a.natDegree = ca.natDegree * ringChar k :=
-  by
+-- helper lemma that gives a baggage of small facts on `contract (ringChar k) a`
+private lemma find_contract {a : k[X]}
+    (ha : a ≠ 0) (hda : derivative a = 0) (chn0 : ringChar k ≠ 0) :
+    ∃ ca, ca ≠ 0 ∧
+      a = expand k (ringChar k) ca ∧
+      a.natDegree = ca.natDegree * ringChar k := by
   have heq := (expand_contract (ringChar k) hda chn0).symm
-  refine ⟨_, ?_, heq, ?_⟩
-  · intro h; rw [h] at heq; simp only [map_zero] at heq; solve_by_elim
+  refine ⟨contract (ringChar k) a, ?_, heq, ?_⟩
+  · intro h
+    rw [h, map_zero] at heq
+    exact ha heq
   · rw [←natDegree_expand, ←heq]
 
 private theorem expand_dvd {a b : k[X]} (n : ℕ) (h : a ∣ b) :
     expand k n a ∣ expand k n b := by
   rcases h with ⟨t, eqn⟩
-  use expand k n t; rw [eqn, map_mul]
+  use expand k n t
+  rw [eqn, map_mul]
 
-private theorem is_coprime_of_expand {a b : k[X]} {n : ℕ} (hn : n ≠ 0) :
-    IsCoprime (expand k n a) (expand k n b) → IsCoprime a b :=
-  by
+variable [DecidableEq k]
+
+private theorem is_coprime_of_expand
+    {a b : k[X]} {n : ℕ} (hn : n ≠ 0) :
+    IsCoprime (expand k n a) (expand k n b) → IsCoprime a b := by
   simp_rw [← EuclideanDomain.gcd_isUnit_iff]
-  rw [← not_imp_not]; intro h
   cases' EuclideanDomain.gcd_dvd a b with ha hb
-  have hh := EuclideanDomain.dvd_gcd (expand_dvd n ha) (expand_dvd n hb)
-  intro h'; apply h; have tt := isUnit_of_dvd_unit hh h'
-  rw [Polynomial.isUnit_iff] at tt ⊢
-  rcases tt with ⟨zz, yy⟩; rw [eq_comm, expand_eq_C (zero_lt_iff.mpr hn), eq_comm] at yy
-  refine ⟨zz, yy⟩
+  have he := EuclideanDomain.dvd_gcd (expand_dvd n ha) (expand_dvd n hb)
+  intro hu
+  have heu := isUnit_of_dvd_unit he hu
+  rw [Polynomial.isUnit_iff] at heu ⊢
+  rcases heu with ⟨r, hur, eq_r⟩
+  rw [eq_comm, expand_eq_C (zero_lt_iff.mpr hn), eq_comm] at eq_r
+  exact ⟨r, hur, eq_r⟩
 
 theorem Polynomial.flt_catalan_aux
-    {p q r : ℕ} (hp : 0 < p) (hq : 0 < q) (hr : 0 < r)
+    {p q r : ℕ} {a b c : k[X]} {u v w : k}
+    (heq : C u * a ^ p + C v * b ^ q + C w * c ^ r = 0)
+    (hp : 0 < p) (hq : 0 < q) (hr : 0 < r)
     (hineq : q * r + r * p + p * q ≤ p * q * r)
     (chp : ¬ringChar k ∣ p) (chq : ¬ringChar k ∣ q) (chr : ¬ringChar k ∣ r)
-    {a b c : k[X]} (ha : a ≠ 0) (hb : b ≠ 0) (hc : c ≠ 0) (hab : IsCoprime a b)
-    {u v w : k} (hu : u ≠ 0) (hv : v ≠ 0) (hw : w ≠ 0)
-    (heq : C u * a ^ p + C v * b ^ q + C w * c ^ r = 0) :
-    a.natDegree = 0 :=
-  by
-  -- have hbc : IsCoprime b c := by
-  --   apply rot_coprime <;> assumption
-  -- have hbc : IsCoprime c a := by
-  --   apply rot_coprime (add_rotate.symm.trans heq) <;> assumption
+    (ha : a ≠ 0) (hb : b ≠ 0) (hc : c ≠ 0) (hab : IsCoprime a b)
+    (hu : u ≠ 0) (hv : v ≠ 0) (hw : w ≠ 0) :
+    a.natDegree = 0 := by
   cases' eq_or_ne (ringChar k) 0 with ch0 chn0
-  -- Characteristic zero
-  · have hderiv : derivative a = 0 ∧ derivative b = 0 ∧ derivative c = 0 := by
-      apply Polynomial.flt_catalan_deriv hp hq hr hineq _ _ _ ha hb hc _ hu hv hw <;> assumption
+  -- characteristic zero
+  · have hderiv := Polynomial.flt_catalan_deriv
+      hp hq hr hineq chp chq chr ha hb hc hab hu hv hw heq
     rcases hderiv with ⟨da, -, -⟩
-    have ii : CharZero k := by
-      apply charZero_of_inj_zero; intro n; rw [ringChar.spec]
-      rw [ch0]; exact zero_dvd_iff.mp
-    have tt := eq_C_of_derivative_eq_zero da
-    rw [tt]; exact natDegree_C _
-  /- Positive characteristic, where we use infinite descent.
-    We use proof by contradiction (`by_contra`) combined with strong induction
-    (`Nat.case_strong_induction_on`) to formalize the proof.
-    -/
-  . set d := a.natDegree with eq_d;
-
-    clear_value d; by_contra hd
-    revert a b c eq_d hd
+    have czk : CharZero k := by
+      apply charZero_of_inj_zero
+      intro n
+      rw [ringChar.spec, ch0]
+      exact zero_dvd_iff.mp
+    rw [eq_C_of_derivative_eq_zero da]
+    exact natDegree_C _
+  -- characteristic p > 0
+  · set d := a.natDegree with eq_d; clear_value d
+    -- set up infinite descent
+    -- strong induct on `d := a.natDegree`
+    revert ha hb hc hab heq
+    revert eq_d
+    revert a b c
     induction' d using Nat.case_strong_induction_on with d ih_d
-    · intros; tauto
-
-
-    -- intros a b c ha hb hc hab heq hbc hca eq_d hd
-    intros a b c ha hb hc hab heq
-    have hderiv : derivative a = 0 ∧ derivative b = 0 ∧ derivative c = 0 := by
-      apply Polynomial.flt_catalan_deriv hp hq hr _ _ _ _ ha hb hc _ hu hv hw <;> assumption
-    rcases hderiv with ⟨ad, bd, cd⟩
-    rcases expcont ha ad chn0 with ⟨ca, ca_nz, eq_a, eq_deg_a⟩
-    rcases expcont hb bd chn0 with ⟨cb, cb_nz, eq_b, eq_deg_b⟩
-    rcases expcont hc cd chn0 with ⟨cc, cc_nz, eq_c, eq_deg_c⟩
-    set ch := ringChar k with eq_ch
-    apply @ih_d ca.natDegree _ ca cb cc ca_nz cb_nz cc_nz <;> clear ih_d <;> try rfl
-    · apply is_coprime_of_expand chn0; rw [← eq_a, ← eq_b]; exact hab
-    · rw [eq_a, eq_b, eq_c, ←expand_C ch u, ←expand_C ch v, ←expand_C ch w] at heq
-      simp_rw [← map_pow, ← map_mul, ← map_add] at heq
-      rw [Polynomial.expand_eq_zero (zero_lt_iff.mpr chn0)] at heq
-      exact heq
-    · apply is_coprime_of_expand chn0; rw [← eq_b, ← eq_c]; exact hbc
-    · apply is_coprime_of_expand chn0; rw [← eq_c, ← eq_a]; exact hca
-    . rw [eq_d, eq_deg_a] at hd; exact (mul_ne_zero_iff.mp hd).1
-    . have hch1 : ch ≠ 1 := by rw [eq_ch]; exact CharP.ringChar_ne_one
-      clear eq_ch; clear_value ch
-      have hch2 : 2 ≤ ch := by omega
-      -- Why can't a single omega handle things from here?
-      rw [←Nat.succ_le_succ_iff]
-      #check eq_d
-      #check hd
-      rw [eq_d, eq_deg_a] at hd ⊢
-      rw [mul_eq_zero, not_or] at hd
-      rcases hd with ⟨ca_nz, _⟩
-      rw [Nat.succ_le_iff]
-      rewrite (config := {occs := .pos [1]}) [←Nat.mul_one ca.natDegree]
-      rw [Nat.mul_lt_mul_left]
-      tauto
-      omega
+    · intros; solve_by_elim
+    · intros a b c eq_d heq ha hb hc hab
+      -- have derivatives of `a, b, c` zero
+      have hderiv := Polynomial.flt_catalan_deriv
+        hp hq hr hineq chp chq chr ha hb hc hab hu hv hw heq
+      rcases hderiv with ⟨ad, bd, cd⟩
+      -- find contracts `ca, cb, cc` so that `a(k) = ca(k^ch)`
+      rcases find_contract ha ad chn0 with ⟨ca, ca_nz, eq_a, eq_deg_a⟩
+      rcases find_contract hb bd chn0 with ⟨cb, cb_nz, eq_b, eq_deg_b⟩
+      rcases find_contract hc cd chn0 with ⟨cc, cc_nz, eq_c, eq_deg_c⟩
+      set ch := ringChar k with eq_ch
+      suffices hca : ca.natDegree = 0 by
+        rw [eq_d, eq_deg_a, hca, zero_mul]
+      by_contra hnca; apply hnca
+      apply ih_d _ _ rfl _ ca_nz cb_nz cc_nz <;> clear ih_d <;> try rfl
+      · apply is_coprime_of_expand chn0
+        rw [← eq_a, ← eq_b]
+        exact hab
+      · have _ : ch ≠ 1 := CharP.ringChar_ne_one
+        have hch2 : 2 ≤ ch := by omega
+        rw [← add_le_add_iff_right 1, eq_d, eq_deg_a]
+        refine le_trans ?_ (Nat.mul_le_mul_left _ hch2)
+        omega
+      · rw [eq_a, eq_b, eq_c, ←expand_C ch u, ←expand_C ch v, ←expand_C ch w] at heq
+        simp_rw [← map_pow, ← map_mul, ← map_add] at heq
+        rw [Polynomial.expand_eq_zero (zero_lt_iff.mpr chn0)] at heq
+        exact heq
 
 theorem Polynomial.flt_catalan
     {p q r : ℕ} (hp : 0 < p) (hq : 0 < q) (hr : 0 < r)
@@ -275,15 +264,20 @@ theorem Polynomial.flt_catalan
     a.natDegree = 0 ∧ b.natDegree = 0 ∧ c.natDegree = 0 :=
   by
   -- WLOG argument: essentially three times flt_catalan_aux
-  have hbc : IsCoprime b c := by apply rot_coprime heq hab <;> assumption
-  have heq' : C v * b ^ q + C w * c ^ r + C u * a ^ p = 0 := by rw [add_rotate] at heq; exact heq
-  have hca : IsCoprime c a := by apply rot_coprime heq' hbc <;> assumption
+  have hbc : IsCoprime b c := by
+    apply rot_coprime heq hab <;> assumption
+  have heq' : C v * b ^ q + C w * c ^ r + C u * a ^ p = 0 := by
+    rw [add_rotate] at heq; exact heq
+  have hca : IsCoprime c a := by
+    apply rot_coprime heq' hbc <;> assumption
   refine ⟨?_, ?_, ?_⟩
-  · apply Polynomial.flt_catalan_aux _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ heq <;> try assumption
-  · rw [add_rotate] at heq hineq; rw [mul_rotate] at hineq
-    apply Polynomial.flt_catalan_aux _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ heq <;> try assumption
-  · rw [← add_rotate] at heq hineq; rw [← mul_rotate] at hineq
-    apply Polynomial.flt_catalan_aux _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ heq <;> try assumption
+  · apply Polynomial.flt_catalan_aux heq <;> assumption
+  · rw [add_rotate] at heq hineq
+    rw [mul_rotate] at hineq
+    apply Polynomial.flt_catalan_aux heq <;> assumption
+  · rw [← add_rotate] at heq hineq
+    rw [← mul_rotate] at hineq
+    apply Polynomial.flt_catalan_aux heq <;> assumption
 
 /- FLT is special case of nonsolvability of Fermat-Catalan equation.
 Take p = q = r = n and u = v = 1, w = -1.
@@ -309,7 +303,41 @@ theorem Polynomial.flt'
 theorem fermatLastTheoremPolynomial {n : ℕ} (hn : 3 ≤ n) (chn : ¬ringChar k ∣ n):
     FermatLastTheoremWith' k[X] n := by
   rw [FermatLastTheoremWith']
-  intros a b c ha hb hc heq;
-  -- have flt := Polynomial.flt' hn chn ha hb hc _ heq
-  sorry
-end
+  intros a b c ha hb hc heq
+  rcases gcd_dvd_left a b with ⟨a', eq_a⟩
+  rcases gcd_dvd_right a b with ⟨b', eq_b⟩
+  set d := gcd a b
+  have hd : d ≠ 0 := gcd_ne_zero_of_left ha
+  rw [eq_a, eq_b, mul_pow, mul_pow, ← mul_add] at heq
+  have hdc : d ∣ c := by
+    have hn : 0 < n := by omega
+    have hdncn : d^n ∣ c^n := ⟨_, heq.symm⟩
+
+    rw [dvd_iff_normalizedFactors_le_normalizedFactors hd hc]
+    rw [dvd_iff_normalizedFactors_le_normalizedFactors
+          (pow_ne_zero n hd) (pow_ne_zero n hc),
+        normalizedFactors_pow, normalizedFactors_pow] at hdncn
+    simp_rw [Multiset.le_iff_count, Multiset.count_nsmul,
+      mul_le_mul_left hn] at hdncn ⊢
+    exact hdncn
+  rcases hdc with ⟨c', eq_c⟩
+  rw [eq_a, mul_ne_zero_iff] at ha
+  rw [eq_b, mul_ne_zero_iff] at hb
+  rw [eq_c, mul_ne_zero_iff] at hc
+  rw [mul_comm] at eq_a eq_b eq_c
+  refine ⟨d, a', b', c', ⟨eq_a, eq_b, eq_c⟩, ?_⟩
+  rw [eq_c, mul_pow, mul_comm, mul_left_inj' (pow_ne_zero n hd)] at heq
+  suffices goal : a'.natDegree = 0 ∧ b'.natDegree = 0 ∧ c'.natDegree = 0 by
+    simp [natDegree_eq_zero] at goal
+    rcases goal with ⟨⟨ca', ha'⟩, ⟨cb', hb'⟩, ⟨cc', hc'⟩⟩
+    rw [← ha', ← hb', ← hc']
+    rw [← ha', C_ne_zero] at ha
+    rw [← hb', C_ne_zero] at hb
+    rw [← hc', C_ne_zero] at hc
+    exact ⟨ha.right.isUnit_C, hb.right.isUnit_C, hc.right.isUnit_C⟩
+  apply Polynomial.flt' hn chn ha.right hb.right hc.right _ heq
+  convert isCoprime_div_gcd_div_gcd _
+  · exact EuclideanDomain.eq_div_of_mul_eq_left ha.left eq_a.symm
+  · exact EuclideanDomain.eq_div_of_mul_eq_left ha.left eq_b.symm
+  · rw [eq_b]
+    exact mul_ne_zero hb.right hb.left

From 772ac1ce3eb101af27c2bf85d05160efc177e126 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jineon Baek <34874130+jcpaik@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Nov 2024 01:05:29 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] lint

Co-authored-by: github-actions[bot] <41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean b/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
index 8dd2849e5cb31..591fd40191aab 100644
--- a/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
+++ b/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ private lemma derivative_pow_eq_zero_iff {n : ℕ} (chn : ¬ringChar k ∣ n) {a
   · intro apd
     rw [derivative_pow, C_eq_natCast, mul_eq_zero, mul_eq_zero] at apd
     rcases apd with (nz | powz) | goal
-    · rw [←C_eq_natCast, C_eq_zero] at nz
+    · rw [← C_eq_natCast, C_eq_zero] at nz
       exact (chn (ringChar.dvd nz)).elim
     · have az : a = 0 := pow_eq_zero powz
       rw [az, map_zero]

From 1006aad253284c7fb298d8e09c6ad070179991c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jineon Baek <34874130+jcpaik@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Nov 2024 01:06:16 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] lint

Co-authored-by: github-actions[bot] <41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean b/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
index 591fd40191aab..f91becccbf4ce 100644
--- a/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
+++ b/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ private lemma find_contract {a : k[X]}
   · intro h
     rw [h, map_zero] at heq
     exact ha heq
-  · rw [←natDegree_expand, ←heq]
+  · rw [← natDegree_expand, ← heq]
 
 private theorem expand_dvd {a b : k[X]} (n : ℕ) (h : a ∣ b) :
     expand k n a ∣ expand k n b := by

From 579caabd04b9db1e5f1feb82a97d33985b784ee5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jineon Baek <34874130+jcpaik@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Nov 2024 01:06:25 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] lint

Co-authored-by: github-actions[bot] <41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean b/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
index f91becccbf4ce..3f94dc150217e 100644
--- a/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
+++ b/Mathlib/NumberTheory/FLT/Polynomial.lean
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ theorem Polynomial.flt_catalan_aux
         rw [← add_le_add_iff_right 1, eq_d, eq_deg_a]
         refine le_trans ?_ (Nat.mul_le_mul_left _ hch2)
         omega
-      · rw [eq_a, eq_b, eq_c, ←expand_C ch u, ←expand_C ch v, ←expand_C ch w] at heq
+      · rw [eq_a, eq_b, eq_c, ← expand_C ch u, ← expand_C ch v, ← expand_C ch w] at heq
         simp_rw [← map_pow, ← map_mul, ← map_add] at heq
         rw [Polynomial.expand_eq_zero (zero_lt_iff.mpr chn0)] at heq
         exact heq