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week3.qmd
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---
title: "Week 3 語音的世界 (1) "
author: "謝舒凱 台大語言所"
format:
revealjs:
slide-number: true
preview-links: true
chalkboard: true
# multiplex: true
logo: /pics/logo_round.png
bibliography: tol.bib
---
# 今天的主題
- 上次的題目討論
- 語音學入門
# 聲音與語言
## 聲音三要素
Sound is a physical phenomenon that can be described in terms of three properties
物理上來說：
- 音量 (大小) loudness 《》 振幅大小
- 音調 (高低) pitch 《》振動頻率高低
- 音色 (差異) quality 《》許多正弦波疊合而成的複雜波形
## 聲音無所不在
- [(Human) sounds of the world](http://www.audiomicro.com/free-sound-effects/free-human)
- [Sound and Geography](https://aporee.org/maps/)
## 語音（聲音）是什麼？
Speech Sounds
- 聲音是一種(縱)波：聲帶震動發出聲響，發音位置修飾在口／鼻腔產生共鳴，以空氣為介質，以波的形式傳遞，在耳中的鼓膜震動，訊號傳入大腦解析。
## Speech Sounds: Phonemes
- 音位（英語：[Phoneme]{.blue-text}），又譯音素，是人類語言中能夠區別意義的最小聲音單位。傳統上用 **Minimal pair** (最小音對) 方法來辨認。
- 人類語言中平均的音素數目（大約）是 30（ranging from 141 phonemes in `!Xū` to 11 phonemes in `Pirahā`）
## Speech Sounds: Some (Interesting) Facts
- Vowelless word/sentence in Bella coola (`Nuxalk`): [聽看看](https://www.bilibili.com/video/av74640614/?from=search&seid=8899596122082178682)
## Speech Sounds: Applications
- 語音辨識 Speech-to-Text
- 語音合成 Text-to-Speech
- 多模態 AI 的時代，Speech 可以跟 XXX (melody, emoji, ...) 各種互動轉換
## Linguistic approach
- 語音學 (Phonetics)
- 發音學 (Articulatory Phonetics)
- 語音聲學 (Acoustic Phonetics)
- 語音聽覺學 (Auditory Phonetics)
- 音韻學 (Phonology)
:::{.callout-note}
聲與音的詞彙語意差異，已經透漏了古人的語音學觀念。
:::
## Sound Segments
- Knowing a language includes knowing the sounds of that language
- Phonetics is the study of speech sounds
- We are able to segment a continuous stream of speech into distinct parts and recognize the parts in other words
## Identity of Speech Sounds
- Our linguistic knowledge allows us to *ignore nonlinguistic differences in speech* (such as individual pitch levels, rates of speed, coughs)
- We are capable of making sounds that are not speech sounds in English (but are in other languages)
- The click tsk that signals disapproval in English is a speech sound in languages such as Zulu.
## Identity of Speech Sounds
The science of phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of all the world’s languages
- **Acoustic** phonetics: focuses on the physical properties of the sounds of language
- **Auditory** phonetics: focuses on how listeners perceive the sounds of language
- **Articulatory** phonetics: focuses on how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language
## 圖示
## Representing Sounds
怎麼（科學的）描述/表示/轉寫語音？
- Spelling, or orthography, does not consistently represent the sounds of language. Why?
## Some Problems
## Some Problems
## The Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
In 1888 the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was invented in order to have a system in which there was a one-to-one correspondence between each sound in language and each phonetic symbol
> Someone who knows the IPA knows (basically) how to pronounce any word in any language
<!-- Ref: phonetics.tutorial.pdf (in class folder) -->
## Practice with IPA (值得的投資)
[IPA Chart](https://www.wikiwand.com/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99)
<!-- - [For language learners](http://www.languagebasecamp.com/linguistics-for-language-learners-what-is-the-ipa/) -->
- [Mimic method](https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/#tab-con-3) 用英文來想像發音的位置
- [照表發音](http://www.ipachart.com/) 是推薦的學習法，但是要先學會表格的意義
- 如果妳對發音生理也有興趣，可以參考 [Articulatory information with ULTRASOUND-enhanced videos and animations](https://enunciate.arts.ubc.ca/linguistics/world-sounds/)
## In-class Exercise [1]: German
[German IPA -enhanced Pronunciation 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German)
## In-class Exercise [2]: Korean
從微量數據先來試著推敲韓語的發音
## 語言系譜資料
- [世界語言結構地圖集 (WALS)](https://wals.info/) 涵蓋 2662 種語言、192 種結構特徵
- `lingtypology` (`Python` 與 `R` 皆有套件)
```{python}
# import lingtypology
# from pycldf import Dataset
# import pandas as pd
# pd.options.plotting.backend = "plotly"
```
```{r, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE}
library(lingtypology)
wordOrder <- wals.feature(c("81a"))
map.feature(wordOrder$language,
features = wordOrder$`81a`,
latitude = wordOrder$latitude,
longitude = wordOrder$longitude,
label = wordOrder$language,
title = "Word Order",
control=T,
zoom.control = T)
```
## 子音數目分佈
## 母音數目分佈
# 如何紀錄與分析語音
- 辨音能力 ([挑戰]: [IOL 2016 team contest](https://ioling.org/booklets/iol-2016-team-prob.en.pdf))
- 語音轉寫架構與工具
- 語音參考資料庫與參考語法
- 文化人類知識背景
# 語音轉寫與挑戰
以布農語爲例
# 辨音練習
- 以團體討論方式，來練習 **Turkish Bird Languages** (kuş dili) 的辨音能力。（請關掉電腦，只用耳朵）
> Turkish bird language is a [whistled](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Whistled_language) register of Turkish, which is currently used by around 10,000 people in the mountainous regions of Turkey.
[介紹](https://youtu.be/l117wfB0g3o?t=14)
<!-- {{< video https://youtu.be/l117wfB0g3o >}} -->
##
[題目](https://onling.org/contests/2021/online/eng/)
# 本週作業在 **NTU COOL** 上，請同時做兩件事：
- 瞭解 `IPA`。
- 安裝 [`Praat` 軟體](https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/)。