diff --git a/.github/workflows/push.yml b/.github/workflows/push.yml
index b7e9a7f..8e2ecb5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/push.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/push.yml
@@ -58,7 +58,10 @@ jobs:
       - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
         with:
           bundler-cache: true
-          ruby-version: "3.3"
+          # Setting this later than 3.1 requires use of anonymous positional
+          #  arguments forwarding, which breaks all versions earlier than 3.2
+          #  in our test matrix
+          ruby-version: "3.1"
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: bundle install
       - name: Run the tests
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index a95f483..8390f69 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -29,3 +29,4 @@ csvlint-earl.ttl
 .byebug_history
 
 gemfiles/*.lock
+/util/csv_testing.csv
diff --git a/.standard.yml b/.standard.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72b2693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.standard.yml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ruby_version: 3.1
diff --git a/csvlint.gemspec b/csvlint.gemspec
index d20f5b0..d947e0d 100644
--- a/csvlint.gemspec
+++ b/csvlint.gemspec
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-lib = File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+lib = File.expand_path("lib", __dir__)
 $LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
 require "csvlint/version"
 
@@ -18,35 +18,35 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
 
   spec.required_ruby_version = [">= 2.5", "< 3.4"]
 
-  spec.add_dependency "csv"
-  spec.add_dependency "rainbow"
-  spec.add_dependency "open_uri_redirections"
   spec.add_dependency "activesupport"
   spec.add_dependency "addressable"
-  spec.add_dependency "typhoeus"
+  spec.add_dependency "csv"
   spec.add_dependency "escape_utils"
-  spec.add_dependency "uri_template"
-  spec.add_dependency "thor"
-  spec.add_dependency "rack"
   spec.add_dependency "net-http-persistent"
+  spec.add_dependency "open_uri_redirections"
+  spec.add_dependency "rack"
+  spec.add_dependency "rainbow"
+  spec.add_dependency "thor"
+  spec.add_dependency "typhoeus"
+  spec.add_dependency "uri_template"
 
+  spec.add_development_dependency "appraisal"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "aruba"
   spec.add_development_dependency "bundler", ">= 1.3"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "cucumber"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "simplecov"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "simplecov-rcov"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "spork"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "webmock"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "rspec"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "rspec-pride"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "rspec-expectations"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "coveralls"
   spec.add_development_dependency "byebug"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "coveralls"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "cucumber"
   spec.add_development_dependency "github_changelog_generator"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "aruba"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "henry"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake"
   spec.add_development_dependency "rdf", "< 4.0"
   spec.add_development_dependency "rdf-turtle"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "henry"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rspec"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rspec-expectations"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rspec-pride"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "simplecov"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "simplecov-rcov"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "spork"
   spec.add_development_dependency "standardrb"
-  spec.add_development_dependency "appraisal"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "webmock"
 end
diff --git a/spec/validator_spec.rb b/spec/validator_spec.rb
index 6af2e85..06c3380 100644
--- a/spec/validator_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/validator_spec.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
   end
 
   it "should validate from a URL" do
-    stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200, headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+    stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
+      headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
     validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
 
     expect(validator.valid?).to eql(true)
@@ -19,7 +20,8 @@
   end
 
   it "should validate from a file path" do
-    validator = Csvlint::Validator.new(File.new(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+    validator = Csvlint::Validator.new(File.new(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures",
+      "valid.csv")))
 
     expect(validator.valid?).to eql(true)
     expect(validator.instance_variable_get(:@expected_columns)).to eql(3)
@@ -28,7 +30,8 @@
   end
 
   it "should validate from a file path including whitespace" do
-    validator = Csvlint::Validator.new(File.new(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "white space in filename.csv")))
+    validator = Csvlint::Validator.new(File.new(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures",
+      "white space in filename.csv")))
 
     expect(validator.valid?).to eql(true)
   end
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@
   end
 
   context "validation with multiple lines: " do
-    # TODO multiple lines permits testing of warnings
+    # TODO: multiple lines permits testing of warnings
     # TODO need more assertions in each test IE @formats
     # TODO the phrasing of col_counts if only consulting specs might be confusing
     # TODO ^-> col_counts and data.size should be equivalent, but only data is populated outside of if row.nil?
@@ -53,7 +56,7 @@
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new(data)
 
       expect(validator.valid?).to eql(true)
-      # TODO would be beneficial to know how formats functions WRT to headers - check_format.feature:17 returns 3 rows total
+      # TODO: would be beneficial to know how formats functions WRT to headers - check_format.feature:17 returns 3 rows total
       # TODO in its formats object but is provided with 5 rows (with one nil row) [uses validation_warnings_steps.rb]
       expect(validator.instance_variable_get(:@expected_columns)).to eql(3)
       expect(validator.instance_variable_get(:@col_counts).count).to eql(4)
@@ -221,7 +224,7 @@
       expect(validator.errors.first.type).to eql(:unclosed_quote)
     end
 
-    # TODO stray quotes is not covered in any spec in this library
+    # TODO: stray quotes is not covered in any spec in this library
     # it "checks for stray quotes" do
     #   stream = "\"a\",“b“,\"c\"" "\r\n"
     #   validator = Csvlint::Validator.new(stream)
@@ -241,7 +244,7 @@
     end
 
     it "returns line break errors if incorrectly specified" do
-      # TODO the logic for catching this error message is very esoteric
+      # TODO: the logic for catching this error message is very esoteric
       stream = "\"a\",\"b\",\"c\"\n"
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new(StringIO.new(stream), {"lineTerminator" => "\r\n"})
       expect(validator.valid?).to eql(false)
@@ -255,7 +258,7 @@
       data = StringIO.new("minimum, minimum")
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new(data)
       validator.reset
-      expect(validator.validate_header(["minimum", "minimum"])).to eql(true)
+      expect(validator.validate_header(%w[minimum minimum])).to eql(true)
       expect(validator.warnings.size).to eql(1)
       expect(validator.warnings.first.type).to eql(:duplicate_column_name)
       expect(validator.warnings.first.category).to eql(:schema)
@@ -338,7 +341,7 @@
 
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
 
-      rows.each_with_index do |row, i|
+      rows.each_with_index do |row, _i|
         validator.build_formats(row)
       end
 
@@ -354,7 +357,7 @@
 
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
 
-      rows.each_with_index do |row, i|
+      rows.each_with_index do |row, _i|
         validator.build_formats(row)
       end
 
@@ -415,7 +418,7 @@
     end
   end
 
-  # TODO the below tests are all the remaining tests from validator_spec.rb, annotations indicate their status HOWEVER these tests may be best refactored into client specs
+  # TODO: the below tests are all the remaining tests from validator_spec.rb, annotations indicate their status HOWEVER these tests may be best refactored into client specs
   context "when detecting headers" do
     it "should default to expecting a header" do
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
@@ -436,21 +439,24 @@
     end
 
     it "should look in content-type for header=absent" do
-      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200, headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=absent"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
+        headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=absent"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
       expect(validator.header?).to eql(false)
       expect(validator.errors.size).to eql(0)
     end
 
     it "should look in content-type for header=present" do
-      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200, headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
+        headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
       expect(validator.header?).to eql(true)
       expect(validator.errors.size).to eql(0)
     end
 
     it "assume header present if not specified in content type" do
-      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200, headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
+        headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
       expect(validator.header?).to eql(true)
       expect(validator.errors.size).to eql(0)
@@ -459,7 +465,8 @@
     end
 
     it "give wrong content type error if content type is wrong" do
-      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200, headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
+        headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
       expect(validator.header?).to eql(true)
       expect(validator.errors.size).to eql(1)
@@ -504,22 +511,26 @@
     end
 
     it "should not be an error if we have assumed a header, there is no dialect and content-type doesn't declare header, as we assume header=present" do
-      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200, headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
+        headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
       expect(validator.valid?).to eql(true)
     end
 
     it "should be valid if we have a dialect and the data is from the web" do
-      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200, headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
+        headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
       # header defaults to true in csv dialect, so this is valid
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv", {})
       expect(validator.valid?).to eql(true)
 
-      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200, headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
+        headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv", {"header" => true})
       expect(validator.valid?).to eql(true)
 
-      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200, headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
+        headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv"}, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
       validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv", {"header" => false})
       expect(validator.valid?).to eql(true)
     end
@@ -527,7 +538,10 @@
 
   context "accessing metadata" do
     before :all do
-      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/crlf.csv").to_return(status: 200, body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "windows-line-endings.csv")))
+      stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/crlf.csv").to_return(status: 200,
+        body: File.read(File.join(
+          File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "windows-line-endings.csv"
+        )))
       stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/crlf.csv-metadata.json").to_return(status: 404)
     end
 
@@ -540,20 +554,24 @@
   it "should give access to the complete CSV data file" do
     stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
       headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present"},
-      body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      body: File.read(File.join(
+        File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv"
+      )))
     validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
     expect(validator.valid?).to eql(true)
     data = validator.data
 
     expect(data.count).to eql 3
-    expect(data[0]).to eql ["Foo", "Bar", "Baz"]
-    expect(data[2]).to eql ["3", "2", "1"]
+    expect(data[0]).to eql %w[Foo Bar Baz]
+    expect(data[2]).to eql %w[3 2 1]
   end
 
   it "should count the total number of rows read" do
     stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
       headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present"},
-      body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      body: File.read(File.join(
+        File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv"
+      )))
     validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv")
     expect(validator.row_count).to eq(3)
   end
@@ -561,12 +579,14 @@
   it "should limit number of lines read" do
     stub_request(:get, "http://example.com/example.csv").to_return(status: 200,
       headers: {"Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present"},
-      body: File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv")))
+      body: File.read(File.join(
+        File.dirname(__FILE__), "..", "features", "fixtures", "valid.csv"
+      )))
     validator = Csvlint::Validator.new("http://example.com/example.csv", {}, nil, limit_lines: 2)
     expect(validator.valid?).to eql(true)
     data = validator.data
     expect(data.count).to eql 2
-    expect(data[0]).to eql ["Foo", "Bar", "Baz"]
+    expect(data[0]).to eql %w[Foo Bar Baz]
   end
 
   context "with a lambda" do
diff --git a/util/csv_testing.rb b/util/csv_testing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84828d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/csv_testing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "bundler/inline"
+
+gemfile(true) do
+  source "https://rubygems.org"
+  gem "csv"
+  gem "csvlint", path: "../"
+  gem "pry"
+end
+
+module Ct
+  puts "Ruby: #{RUBY_VERSION}"
+  #  puts "Csvlint: #{Csvlint::VERSION}"
+
+  class Test
+    EOL_MAP = {
+      "\r" => "CR",
+      "\n" => "LF",
+      "\r\n" => "CRLF"
+    }
+
+    def initialize(main_eol, test_eol, loc)
+      @main_eol = main_eol
+      @test_eol = test_eol
+      @loc = loc
+      @csv = set_csv
+    end
+
+    def csv_parse = @csv_parse ||= run_csv_parse
+
+    def lint = @lint ||= run_lint
+
+    def row_count
+      return unless @v.respond_to?(:row_count)
+
+      @v.row_count
+    end
+
+    def result = {
+      main_eol: EOL_MAP[main_eol],
+      test_eol: EOL_MAP[test_eol],
+      loc: loc,
+      csv: csv.inspect,
+      csvlint: lint,
+      csvlint_row_ct: row_count,
+      csv_parse: csv_parse
+    }
+
+    private
+
+    attr_reader :main_eol, :test_eol, :loc, :csv
+
+    def set_csv
+      case loc
+      when "final row ending"
+        "obj,note#{main_eol}val,val#{main_eol}val,val#{test_eol}"
+      when "extra blank row at end"
+        "obj,note#{main_eol}val,val#{main_eol}val,val#{main_eol}#{test_eol}"
+      when "blank row between populated rows"
+        "obj,note#{main_eol}val,val#{main_eol}#{test_eol}val,val#{main_eol}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def run_csv_parse
+      CSV.parse(csv, headers: true, nil_value: "")
+    rescue => e
+      "#{e.class}: #{e.message}"
+    else
+      "success"
+    end
+
+    def run_lint
+      @v = Csvlint::Validator.new(StringIO.new(csv))
+    rescue => e
+      @v = nil
+      "VALIDATION ERROR: #{e}"
+    else
+      return "valid" if @v.errors.empty?
+
+      @v.errors.map(&:type).join("; ")
+    end
+  end
+
+  module_function
+
+  def base_test_configs(main, test)
+    ["final row ending",
+      "extra blank row at end",
+      "blank row between populated rows"].map do |loc|
+      Test.new(main, test, loc)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def perms
+    [
+      ["\r", "\r"],
+      ["\r", "\n"],
+      ["\r", "\r\n"],
+      ["\n", "\n"],
+      ["\n", "\r"],
+      ["\n", "\r\n"],
+      ["\r\n", "\r\n"],
+      ["\r\n", "\r"],
+      ["\r\n", "\n"]
+    ]
+  end
+
+  tr = perms.map { |pair| base_test_configs(*pair) }
+    .flatten
+    .map(&:result)
+
+  headers = tr[0].keys
+
+  CSV.open("csv_testing.csv", "w", write_headers: true, headers: headers) do |csv|
+    tr.each do |result|
+      csv << result.values_at(*headers)
+    end
+  end
+end