From 4e3a018ccecccdfa7c99ab14e3d9f823e006c8e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Nov 2022 11:01:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 01/35] Version pin adjustment.

---
 setup.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 1af5b8c2..9579ad47 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
 	
 	install_requires = [
 			'marrow.package~=2.0.0',  # dynamic execution and plugin management
-			'web.dispatch>='
+			'web.dispatch~=3.0.1',  # endpoint discovery
 			'WebOb',  # HTTP request and response objects, and HTTP status code exceptions
 		],
 	

From 0d68aa60cfcd8b0ba8fd18b201fcf1fb77587278 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Nov 2022 09:56:24 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 02/35] Pin greater than.

---
 setup.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 9579ad47..1de8a894 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@
 		] if {'pytest', 'test', 'ptr'}.intersection(argv) else [],
 	
 	install_requires = [
-			'marrow.package~=2.0.0',  # dynamic execution and plugin management
-			'web.dispatch~=3.0.1',  # endpoint discovery
+			'marrow.package>=2.0.0',  # dynamic execution and plugin management
+			'web.dispatch>=3.0.1',  # endpoint discovery
 			'WebOb',  # HTTP request and response objects, and HTTP status code exceptions
 		],
 	

From fc6f09c5ff224a9a2ad1ab69f65edc9b8dda11b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Dec 2022 08:31:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 03/35] Adapt (older extensions) to modern dispatch protocol.

---
 web/core/dispatch.py | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/core/dispatch.py b/web/core/dispatch.py
index 68b503a3..5f21c0c7 100644
--- a/web/core/dispatch.py
+++ b/web/core/dispatch.py
@@ -80,11 +80,15 @@ def __call__(self, context, handler, path):
 				starting = handler
 				
 				# Iterate dispatch events, issuing appropriate callbacks as we descend.
-				for consumed, handler, is_endpoint in dispatcher(context, handler, path):
+				for crumb in dispatcher(context, handler, path):
+					is_endpoint, handler = crumb.endpoint, crumb.handler
+					
 					if is_endpoint and not callable(handler) and hasattr(handler, '__dispatch__'):
-						is_endpoint = False
+						crumb = crumb.replace(endpoint=False)
+					
+					#__import__('wdb').set_trace()
 					# DO NOT add production logging statements (ones not wrapped in `if __debug__`) to this callback!
-					for ext in callbacks: ext(context, consumed, handler, is_endpoint)
+					for ext in callbacks: ext(context, str(crumb.path) if crumb.path else None, crumb.handler, crumb.endpoint)
 				
 				# Repeat of earlier, we do this after extensions in case anything above modifies the environ path.
 				path = context.environ['PATH_INFO'].strip('/')

From 9fffbad3731d2da8c74f23f066c172ce285c5e66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Dec 2022 12:47:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 04/35] Minimum Python version bump.

---
 setup.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 1de8a894..ec35d236 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
 	package_data = {'': ['README.rst', 'LICENSE.txt']},
 	zip_safe = False,
 	
-	python_requires = '~=3.6',
+	python_requires = '>=3.8',
 	
 	setup_requires = [
 			'pytest-runner',

From 28da0ef7ff7c7356df7804831848009666c811ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Dec 2022 12:47:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 05/35] collections->typing module movement.

---
 web/core/context.py  | 4 +++-
 web/ext/serialize.py | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/core/context.py b/web/core/context.py
index 5e7d916b..1fb9449d 100644
--- a/web/core/context.py
+++ b/web/core/context.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
-from collections import MutableMapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
 
 
 # ## Mapping Class
@@ -99,6 +99,8 @@ def __init__(self, default=None, **kw):
 		if default is not None:
 			self.default = default
 			default.__name__ = 'default'
+		else:
+			self.default = default
 		
 		for name in kw:
 			kw[name].__name__ = name
diff --git a/web/ext/serialize.py b/web/ext/serialize.py
index 5ad768d2..5b9605b9 100644
--- a/web/ext/serialize.py
+++ b/web/ext/serialize.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 import pkg_resources
-from collections import Mapping
+from typing import Mapping
 
 from marrow.package.host import PluginManager
 from web.core.compat import str

From e33ce1e5df23e780a11a14fcbe5ed55f5e70b998 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 10:40:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 06/35] Protect ContextGroup against "protected" access, better
 handle default ContextGroup proxy.

---
 web/core/context.py | 9 +++------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/core/context.py b/web/core/context.py
index 1fb9449d..e26dc8b4 100644
--- a/web/core/context.py
+++ b/web/core/context.py
@@ -96,11 +96,8 @@ class ContextGroup(Context):
 	default = None
 	
 	def __init__(self, default=None, **kw):
-		if default is not None:
-			self.default = default
-			default.__name__ = 'default'
-		else:
-			self.default = default
+		if default:
+			self.__dict__['default'] = default  # Avoid attribute assignment protocol for this one.
 		
 		for name in kw:
 			kw[name].__name__ = name
@@ -130,7 +127,7 @@ def __delitem__(self, name):
 		del self.__dict__[name]
 	
 	def __getattr__(self, name):
-		if self.default is None:
+		if self.default is None or name.startswith('_'):
 			raise AttributeError()
 		
 		return getattr(self.default, name)

From fa7ab39915f76db700ac36c79bbb41249be58e86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Jan 2023 13:56:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 07/35] Cleanup.

---
 web/core/dispatch.py | 19 ++-----------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/core/dispatch.py b/web/core/dispatch.py
index 5f21c0c7..13f717bd 100644
--- a/web/core/dispatch.py
+++ b/web/core/dispatch.py
@@ -1,21 +1,10 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
-# ## Imports
-
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
 from collections import deque
 from inspect import isclass
 from marrow.package.host import PluginManager
 
 
-# ## Module Globals
+log = __import__('logging').getLogger(__name__)  # A standard logger object.
 
-# A standard logger object.
-log = __import__('logging').getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-# ## Dispatch Plugin Manager
 
 class WebDispatchers(PluginManager):
 	"""WebCore dispatch protocol adapter.
@@ -43,7 +32,7 @@ def __init__(self, ctx):
 		an attribute of the current Application or Request context: `context.dispatch`
 		"""
 		
-		super(WebDispatchers, self).__init__('web.dispatch')
+		super().__init__('web.dispatch')
 	
 	def __call__(self, context, handler, path):
 		"""Having been bound to an appropriate context, find a handler for the request path.
@@ -83,10 +72,6 @@ def __call__(self, context, handler, path):
 				for crumb in dispatcher(context, handler, path):
 					is_endpoint, handler = crumb.endpoint, crumb.handler
 					
-					if is_endpoint and not callable(handler) and hasattr(handler, '__dispatch__'):
-						crumb = crumb.replace(endpoint=False)
-					
-					#__import__('wdb').set_trace()
 					# DO NOT add production logging statements (ones not wrapped in `if __debug__`) to this callback!
 					for ext in callbacks: ext(context, str(crumb.path) if crumb.path else None, crumb.handler, crumb.endpoint)
 				

From ce3bb462621fdff541e93529f19dfb890fc1cc2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Feb 2023 10:15:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 08/35] Correct units.

---
 web/ext/analytics.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/web/ext/analytics.py b/web/ext/analytics.py
index 66f9618e..80caddbd 100644
--- a/web/ext/analytics.py
+++ b/web/ext/analytics.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def after(self, context, exc=None):
 			context.response.headers[self.header] = delta
 		
 		if self.log:
-			self.log("Response generated in " + delta + " seconds.", extra=dict(
+			self.log("Response generated in " + delta + " milliseconds.", extra=dict(
 					duration = duration,
 					request = id(context)
 				))

From d4fe10872079635b9e35dee726f36dcde8d367f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Jun 2023 11:10:35 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 09/35] My kingdom for an identity check against None, not a
 truthy one.

---
 web/core/context.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/web/core/context.py b/web/core/context.py
index e26dc8b4..5fb09504 100644
--- a/web/core/context.py
+++ b/web/core/context.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class ContextGroup(Context):
 	default = None
 	
 	def __init__(self, default=None, **kw):
-		if default:
+		if default is not None:
 			self.__dict__['default'] = default  # Avoid attribute assignment protocol for this one.
 		
 		for name in kw:

From 3ac86b9dc19f48f1c716bb5fde3edfe386660871 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Jun 2023 11:10:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 10/35] Copyright test bump (wat) and actually testing
 ContextGroup as intended.

---
 test/test_core/test_context.py   | 10 ++++------
 test/test_extension/test_base.py |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/test_core/test_context.py b/test/test_core/test_context.py
index d88b17d6..dba3efaf 100644
--- a/test/test_core/test_context.py
+++ b/test/test_core/test_context.py
@@ -61,16 +61,14 @@ def test_context_group_initial_arguments():
 
 
 def test_context_group_default():
-	inner = ContextGroup()
-	group = ContextGroup(inner)
+	inner = Context()
+	group = ContextGroup(default=inner)
 	
-	thing = group.foo = Thing()
+	thing = inner.foo = Thing()
 	assert inner.foo is thing
 	assert group.foo is thing
 	del group.foo
 	
 	assert 'foo' not in inner, list(inner)
-	assert 'foo' not in group, group.foo
-
-
+	assert 'foo' not in group, 'foo remains in group'
 
diff --git a/test/test_extension/test_base.py b/test/test_extension/test_base.py
index b5682f4e..5a4b294d 100644
--- a/test/test_extension/test_base.py
+++ b/test/test_extension/test_base.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def test_response(self):
 		assert self.do(response_endpoint).text == "Yo."
 	
 	def test_file(self):
-		assert '2016' in self.do(binary_file_endpoint).text
+		assert '2006' in self.do(binary_file_endpoint).text
 	
 	def test_generator(self):
 		assert 'foobar' in self.do(generator_endpoint).text

From 02ac01a338efda40497209b50e2b3e093f901874 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <amcgregor@cegid.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Jun 2023 11:25:23 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 11/35] Actually working tests.

---
 test/test_core/test_context.py | 22 ++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/test_core/test_context.py b/test/test_core/test_context.py
index dba3efaf..5e5d8019 100644
--- a/test/test_core/test_context.py
+++ b/test/test_core/test_context.py
@@ -62,13 +62,23 @@ def test_context_group_initial_arguments():
 
 def test_context_group_default():
 	inner = Context()
-	group = ContextGroup(default=inner)
+	group = ContextGroup(inner)
 	
-	thing = inner.foo = Thing()
+	thing = Thing()
+	
+	# Propagation from inner to group:
+	inner.foo = thing
 	assert inner.foo is thing
-	assert group.foo is thing
-	del group.foo
 	
-	assert 'foo' not in inner, list(inner)
-	assert 'foo' not in group, 'foo remains in group'
+	del inner.foo
+	assert 'foo' not in inner
+	assert 'foo' not in group
+	
+	# Propagation from group to default inner:
+	group.bar = thing
+	assert inner.bar is thing
+	
+	del group.bar
+	assert 'bar' not in inner
+	assert 'bar' not in group
 

From 0366da9c083f293cb9a94dbca68aa7b73649253c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Aug 2023 15:58:39 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 12/35] Add MockRequest and validate testing helpers.

---
 web/core/testing.py | 58 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 web/core/testing.py

diff --git a/web/core/testing.py b/web/core/testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12fa88dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/core/testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+from warnings import warn
+from typing import Any, Optional, Mapping
+
+from uri import URI, Bucket
+from web.auth import authenticate, deauthenticate
+from web.core import local
+from webob import Request, Response
+from webob.exc import HTTPOk
+
+
+
+class MockRequest:
+	"""Prepare a new, mocked request.
+	
+	Must be passed the current context and the path to an endpoint to execute.
+	
+	The `verb` defaults to "get". Any `data` passed in will be encoded as the request body. Additional keyword
+	arguments are treated as query string parameters. These will be added to the existing set, they will not override
+	existing values present in the base endpoint URI.
+	"""
+	
+	__slots__ = ('url', 'verb', 'data', 'user')
+	
+	uri: URI
+	verb: str
+	data: Optional[Mapping]
+	user: Any
+	
+	def __init__(self, verb='GET', endpoint='', data=None, user=None, **kw):
+		self.uri = URI("http://localhost:8080/") / endpoint
+		self.verb = verb
+		self.data = data
+		self.user = user
+		
+		for k, v in kw.items():
+			self.uri.query.buckets.append(Bucket(k ,v))
+	
+	def __enter__(self):
+		req = Request.blank(str(self.uri), POST=self.data, environ={'REQUEST_METHOD': self.verb})
+		if self.user: req.environ['web.account'] = self.user
+		return req
+
+
+def validate(app, verb, path, data=None, user=None, expect=None):
+	if expect is None: expect = HTTPOk
+	location = None
+	
+	print(f"Issuing {verb} request to {path} as {user}, expecting: {expect}")
+	
+	with MockRequest(verb, path, user=user, **((data or {}) if verb == 'GET' else {'data': data})) as request:
+		response = request.send(app)
+	
+	if isinstance(expect, tuple): expect, location = expect
+	assert response.status_int == expect.code
+	if location: assert response.location == 'http://localhost:8080' + location
+	
+	return response
+

From f449f5d58e0d05e5b93f2ba19f70d8c5ffaade6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 22 Aug 2023 15:57:33 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 13/35] More explicitly log uncaught exceptions as errors,
 explicitly including exception information.

---
 web/core/application.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/web/core/application.py b/web/core/application.py
index 92389098..658e085f 100644
--- a/web/core/application.py
+++ b/web/core/application.py
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ def application(self, environ, start_response):
 			try:
 				result = self._execute_endpoint(context, handler, signals)  # Process the endpoint.
 			except Exception as e:
-				log.exception("Caught exception attempting to execute the endpoint.")
+				log.error("Caught exception attempting to execute the endpoint.", exc_info=True)
 				result = HTTPInternalServerError(str(e) if __debug__ else "Please see the logs.")
 				
 				if 'debugger' in context.extension.feature:

From d8dbbadd0d9d599ea53257f4dc1c7a355547d503 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 2023 11:35:51 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 14/35] Desperation.

---
 web/core/application.py | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/web/core/application.py b/web/core/application.py
index 658e085f..ef14fb92 100644
--- a/web/core/application.py
+++ b/web/core/application.py
@@ -238,6 +238,8 @@ def application(self, environ, start_response):
 				result = self._execute_endpoint(context, handler, signals)  # Process the endpoint.
 			except Exception as e:
 				log.error("Caught exception attempting to execute the endpoint.", exc_info=True)
+				raise
+			
 				result = HTTPInternalServerError(str(e) if __debug__ else "Please see the logs.")
 				
 				if 'debugger' in context.extension.feature:

From e1eed88cfca4c0048ef3eb74f148ad99e020fc84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 09:53:11 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 15/35] Add Python 3 type hinting annotation helpers and status
 code-based internal redirection extension.

---
 web/core/typing.py |  78 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 web/ext/handler.py | 108 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 186 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 web/core/typing.py
 create mode 100644 web/ext/handler.py

diff --git a/web/core/typing.py b/web/core/typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..580addb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/core/typing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+"""Typing helpers."""
+
+from logging import Logger
+from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import Any, Callable, ClassVar, Dict, Generator, Iterable, List, Mapping, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union, \
+		Text, Type, Pattern, MutableSet
+
+from typeguard import check_argument_types
+from uri import URI
+from webob import Request, Response
+
+from ..dispatch.core import Crumb
+from .context import Context  # Make abstract?  :'(
+
+# Core application configuration components.
+
+AccelRedirectSourcePrefix = Union[str, Path]
+AccelRedirectSourceTarget = Union[str, PurePosixPath, URI]
+AccelRedirect = Optional[Tuple[AccelRedirectSourcePrefix, AccelRedirectSourceTarget]]
+
+
+# Types for WebCore extension component parts.
+
+Tags = Set[str]  # Extension feature and dependency tags.
+PositionalArgs = List[Any]  # Positional arguments to the endpoint callable.
+KeywordArgs = Dict[str, Any]  # Keyword arguments to the endpoint callable.
+Environment = Dict[str, Any]  # An interactive shell REPL environment.
+
+
+# Types for WSGI component parts.
+
+# Passed to the WSGI application.
+WSGIEnvironment = Dict[Text, Any]
+
+# Passed to start_response.
+WSGIStatus = str
+WSGIHeaders = List[Tuple[str, str]]
+WSGIException = Optional[Tuple[Any, Any, Any]]
+
+# Returned by start_response.
+WSGIWriter = Callable[[bytes], None]
+
+WSGIResponse = Union[
+		Generator[bytes, None, None],
+		Iterable[bytes]
+	]
+
+# Types for core WSGI protocol components.
+
+# Passed to the WSGI application.
+WSGIStartResponse = Callable[[WSGIStatus, WSGIHeaders, WSGIException], WSGIWriter]
+
+# WSGI application object itself.
+WSGI = Callable[[WSGIEnvironment, WSGIStartResponse], WSGIResponse]
+
+
+# Types relating to specific forms of callback utilized by the framework.
+
+# The `serve` web application/server bridge API interface.
+HostBind = str
+PortBind = int
+DomainBind = Optional[Union[str,Path]]
+WebServer = Callable[..., None]  # [WSGI, HostBind, PortBind, ...]
+
+# Endpoint return value handlers.
+View = Callable[[Context,Any],bool]
+
+# Serialization extension related typing.
+SerializationTypes = Iterable[type]
+Serializer = Callable[[Any], str]
+Deserializer = Callable[[str], Any]
+
+
+# Specific utility forms.
+
+PatternString = Union[str, Pattern]
+PatternStrings = Iterable[PatternString]
diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16b0864e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+"""Permit the specification of internal routes to utilize to replace responses having specific statuses.
+
+This is typically used to implement error page responses using internal redirection. The initially returned status
+code is utilized for the ultimate response, so no need to worry that your error page handlers also utilize the error
+status.
+
+Example usage, imperative configuration as WSGI middleware: (ignoring that this is a WebCore extension)
+
+	ext = StatusHandlers()
+	ext[404] = '/fourohfour'
+	ext[HTTPInternalServerError] = '/died'
+	app = ext(None, app)  # This extension does not utilize the first argument, an application context.
+
+Immediate declarative, rather than imperative configuration:
+
+	ext = StatusHandlers({
+			404: '/fourohfour',
+			HTTPInternalServerError: '/died',
+		})
+
+"""
+
+from os import environ, getenv as env
+from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
+from typing import Mapping, Optional, Union
+
+from webob import Request, Response
+from webob.exc import HTTPError
+
+from web.core.typing import Context, \
+		WSGI, WSGIEnvironment, WSGIStartResponse, WSGIStatus, WSGIHeaders, WSGIException, WSGIWriter
+
+
+StatusLike = Union[int, Response, HTTPError]
+
+
+class StatusHandlers:
+	handlers: Mapping[int, str]
+	
+	def __init__(self, handlers:Optional[Mapping[int, str]]=None):
+		self.handlers = handlers or {}
+	
+	def __normalize(self, status:StatusLike) -> int:
+		status = getattr(status, 'status_int', getattr(status, 'code', status))
+		if not isinstance(status, int): raise TypeError("HTTP status code must be an integer, Response-, or HTTPException-compatible type.")
+		return status
+	
+	@property
+	def _maintenance(self) -> bool:
+		"""Identify if the application is running in "maintenance mode".
+		
+		"Maintenance mode" will always show the result of the 503 error handler.
+		"""
+		
+		# Pull the maintenance status from the application environment, by default, excluding local development.
+		return bool(env('MAINTENANCE', False)) and not __debug__
+	
+	# Proxy dictionary-like access through to the underlying status code mapping, normalizing on integer keys.
+	
+	def __getitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> str:
+		"""Retrieve the path specified for handling a specific status code or HTTPException."""
+		return self.handlers[status]
+	
+	def __setitem__(self, status:StatusLike, handler:str) -> None:
+		"""Assign a new handler path for the given status code or HTTPException."""
+		status = self.__normalize(status)
+		self.handlers[status] = handler
+	
+	def __delitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> None:
+		"""Remove a handler for the specified status code or HTTPException."""
+		status = self.__normalize(status)
+		del self.handlers[status]
+	
+	# WebCore extension WSGI middleware hook.
+	
+	def __call__(self, context:Context, app:WSGI) -> WSGI:
+		"""Decorate the WebCore application object with middleware to interpose and internally redirect by status."""
+		
+		def middleware(environ:WSGIEnvironment, start_response:WSGIStartResponse) -> WSGIResponse:
+			capture = []
+			
+			if self._maintenance:
+				request = Request.blank(self.handlers[503])
+				result = request.send(app, catch_exc_info=True)
+				start_response(b'503 Service Unavailable', result.headerlist)
+				return result.app_iter
+			
+			def local_start_response(status:WSGIStatus, headers:WSGIHeaders, exc_info:WSGIException=None) -> WSGIWriter:
+				status = status if isinstance(status, str) else status.decode('ascii')
+				status_code = int(status.partition(' ')[0])
+				
+				if status_code not in self.handlers:
+					return start_response(status, headers)
+				
+				capture.extend((status, headers, exc_info, self.handlers.get(status_code, None)))
+			
+			result = app(environ, local_start_response)
+			
+			if not capture: return result
+			
+			request = Request.blank(capture[-1])
+			result = request.send(app, catch_exc_info=True)
+			
+			start_response(capture[0], result.headerlist)
+			return result.app_iter
+		
+		return middleware
+

From c5013ee84ff77a7ea6c1af069468a8b507a261e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 09:58:13 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 16/35] Docstrings, and easier customization of normalization.

---
 web/ext/handler.py | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index 16b0864e..555d7b26 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class StatusHandlers:
 	def __init__(self, handlers:Optional[Mapping[int, str]]=None):
 		self.handlers = handlers or {}
 	
-	def __normalize(self, status:StatusLike) -> int:
+	def _normalize(self, status:StatusLike) -> int:
 		status = getattr(status, 'status_int', getattr(status, 'code', status))
 		if not isinstance(status, int): raise TypeError("HTTP status code must be an integer, Response-, or HTTPException-compatible type.")
 		return status
@@ -63,12 +63,12 @@ def __getitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> str:
 	
 	def __setitem__(self, status:StatusLike, handler:str) -> None:
 		"""Assign a new handler path for the given status code or HTTPException."""
-		status = self.__normalize(status)
+		status = self._normalize(status)
 		self.handlers[status] = handler
 	
 	def __delitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> None:
 		"""Remove a handler for the specified status code or HTTPException."""
-		status = self.__normalize(status)
+		status = self._normalize(status)
 		del self.handlers[status]
 	
 	# WebCore extension WSGI middleware hook.
@@ -77,6 +77,8 @@ def __call__(self, context:Context, app:WSGI) -> WSGI:
 		"""Decorate the WebCore application object with middleware to interpose and internally redirect by status."""
 		
 		def middleware(environ:WSGIEnvironment, start_response:WSGIStartResponse) -> WSGIResponse:
+			"""Interposing WSGI middleware to capture start_response and internally redirect if needed."""
+			
 			capture = []
 			
 			if self._maintenance:
@@ -86,6 +88,8 @@ def middleware(environ:WSGIEnvironment, start_response:WSGIStartResponse) -> WSG
 				return result.app_iter
 			
 			def local_start_response(status:WSGIStatus, headers:WSGIHeaders, exc_info:WSGIException=None) -> WSGIWriter:
+				"""Capture the arguments to start_response, forwarding if not configured to internally redirect."""
+				
 				status = status if isinstance(status, str) else status.decode('ascii')
 				status_code = int(status.partition(' ')[0])
 				
@@ -95,7 +99,6 @@ def local_start_response(status:WSGIStatus, headers:WSGIHeaders, exc_info:WSGIEx
 				capture.extend((status, headers, exc_info, self.handlers.get(status_code, None)))
 			
 			result = app(environ, local_start_response)
-			
 			if not capture: return result
 			
 			request = Request.blank(capture[-1])

From 8d4fec9528d3d5b79fab20fa5a6c8ba9c625d2ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 12:01:59 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 17/35] Additional annotations.

---
 web/core/typing.py | 3 ++-
 web/ext/handler.py | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/core/typing.py b/web/core/typing.py
index 580addb6..9bae1438 100644
--- a/web/core/typing.py
+++ b/web/core/typing.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 # Core application configuration components.
 
 AccelRedirectSourcePrefix = Union[str, Path]
-AccelRedirectSourceTarget = Union[str, PurePosixPath, URI]
+AccelRedirectSourceTarget = PathLike = Union[str, PurePosixPath, URI]
 AccelRedirect = Optional[Tuple[AccelRedirectSourcePrefix, AccelRedirectSourceTarget]]
 
 
@@ -76,3 +76,4 @@
 
 PatternString = Union[str, Pattern]
 PatternStrings = Iterable[PatternString]
+
diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index 555d7b26..28491430 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 from webob import Request, Response
 from webob.exc import HTTPError
 
-from web.core.typing import Context, \
+from web.core.typing import Context, PathLike, \
 		WSGI, WSGIEnvironment, WSGIStartResponse, WSGIStatus, WSGIHeaders, WSGIException, WSGIWriter
 
 
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ def __getitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> str:
 		"""Retrieve the path specified for handling a specific status code or HTTPException."""
 		return self.handlers[status]
 	
-	def __setitem__(self, status:StatusLike, handler:str) -> None:
+	def __setitem__(self, status:StatusLike, handler:PathLike) -> None:
 		"""Assign a new handler path for the given status code or HTTPException."""
 		status = self._normalize(status)
-		self.handlers[status] = handler
+		self.handlers[status] = str(handler)
 	
 	def __delitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> None:
 		"""Remove a handler for the specified status code or HTTPException."""

From d5a79c21c8829ec281d370c10748f51b5544ec1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 12:33:10 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 18/35] Explicit typechecking and shuffling of type
 definitions.

---
 web/core/typing.py |  2 ++
 web/ext/handler.py | 19 ++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/core/typing.py b/web/core/typing.py
index 9bae1438..c6c5c214 100644
--- a/web/core/typing.py
+++ b/web/core/typing.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 from ..dispatch.core import Crumb
 from .context import Context  # Make abstract?  :'(
 
+
 # Core application configuration components.
 
 AccelRedirectSourcePrefix = Union[str, Path]
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@
 PositionalArgs = List[Any]  # Positional arguments to the endpoint callable.
 KeywordArgs = Dict[str, Any]  # Keyword arguments to the endpoint callable.
 Environment = Dict[str, Any]  # An interactive shell REPL environment.
+StatusLike = Union[int, Response, HTTPError]  # Objects usable as an HTTP status.
 
 
 # Types for WSGI component parts.
diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index 28491430..f2da895d 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -24,28 +24,28 @@
 from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
 from typing import Mapping, Optional, Union
 
+from typeguard import typechecked
 from webob import Request, Response
 from webob.exc import HTTPError
 
-from web.core.typing import Context, PathLike, \
+from web.core.typing import Context, PathLike, StatusLike, \
 		WSGI, WSGIEnvironment, WSGIStartResponse, WSGIStatus, WSGIHeaders, WSGIException, WSGIWriter
 
 
-StatusLike = Union[int, Response, HTTPError]
-
-
 class StatusHandlers:
 	handlers: Mapping[int, str]
 	
-	def __init__(self, handlers:Optional[Mapping[int, str]]=None):
-		self.handlers = handlers or {}
+	def __init__(self, handlers:Optional[Mapping[StatusLike, PathLike]]=None):
+		self.handlers = {self._normalize(k): str(v) for k, v in handlers.items()} if handlers else {}
 	
+	@typechecked
 	def _normalize(self, status:StatusLike) -> int:
 		status = getattr(status, 'status_int', getattr(status, 'code', status))
-		if not isinstance(status, int): raise TypeError("HTTP status code must be an integer, Response-, or HTTPException-compatible type.")
+		if not isinstance(status, int): raise TypeError(f"Status must be an integer, Response-, or HTTPException-compatible type, not: {status!r} ({type(status)})")
 		return status
 	
 	@property
+	@typechecked
 	def _maintenance(self) -> bool:
 		"""Identify if the application is running in "maintenance mode".
 		
@@ -57,15 +57,18 @@ def _maintenance(self) -> bool:
 	
 	# Proxy dictionary-like access through to the underlying status code mapping, normalizing on integer keys.
 	
+	@typechecked
 	def __getitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> str:
 		"""Retrieve the path specified for handling a specific status code or HTTPException."""
 		return self.handlers[status]
 	
+	@typechecked
 	def __setitem__(self, status:StatusLike, handler:PathLike) -> None:
 		"""Assign a new handler path for the given status code or HTTPException."""
 		status = self._normalize(status)
 		self.handlers[status] = str(handler)
 	
+	@typechecked
 	def __delitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> None:
 		"""Remove a handler for the specified status code or HTTPException."""
 		status = self._normalize(status)
@@ -73,9 +76,11 @@ def __delitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> None:
 	
 	# WebCore extension WSGI middleware hook.
 	
+	@typechecked
 	def __call__(self, context:Context, app:WSGI) -> WSGI:
 		"""Decorate the WebCore application object with middleware to interpose and internally redirect by status."""
 		
+		@typechecked
 		def middleware(environ:WSGIEnvironment, start_response:WSGIStartResponse) -> WSGIResponse:
 			"""Interposing WSGI middleware to capture start_response and internally redirect if needed."""
 			

From 8fa041ba309ec883f8313a99d01e2629384a2c07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 12:41:39 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 19/35] Proxy through __contains__ checks.

---
 web/ext/handler.py | 12 +++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index f2da895d..935e3076 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -56,6 +56,13 @@ def _maintenance(self) -> bool:
 		return bool(env('MAINTENANCE', False)) and not __debug__
 	
 	# Proxy dictionary-like access through to the underlying status code mapping, normalizing on integer keys.
+	# These primarily exist to perform automatic extraction of the integer status code from HTTPError subclasses.
+	
+	@typechecked
+	def __contains__(self, status:StatusLike) -> bool:
+		"""Determine if an internal redirection has been specified for the given status."""
+		status = self._normalize(status)
+		return status in self.handlers
 	
 	@typechecked
 	def __getitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> str:
@@ -78,7 +85,10 @@ def __delitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> None:
 	
 	@typechecked
 	def __call__(self, context:Context, app:WSGI) -> WSGI:
-		"""Decorate the WebCore application object with middleware to interpose and internally redirect by status."""
+		"""Decorate the WebCore application object with middleware to interpose and internally redirect by status.
+		
+		This can be directly invoked to wrap any WSGI application, even non-WebCore ones.
+		"""
 		
 		@typechecked
 		def middleware(environ:WSGIEnvironment, start_response:WSGIStartResponse) -> WSGIResponse:

From d0ea9c5cebcdcce6e5be34a9fd294468c3dbb9e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 12:43:23 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 20/35] Additional armour against empty handlers.

---
 web/ext/handler.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index 935e3076..bcb5206b 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def local_start_response(status:WSGIStatus, headers:WSGIHeaders, exc_info:WSGIEx
 				capture.extend((status, headers, exc_info, self.handlers.get(status_code, None)))
 			
 			result = app(environ, local_start_response)
-			if not capture: return result
+			if not capture or not capture[-1]: return result
 			
 			request = Request.blank(capture[-1])
 			result = request.send(app, catch_exc_info=True)

From 2477f654efd3234684bd70c26fe6224e340c5c0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 12:45:33 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 21/35] Utilize "maintenance mode" only if a handler for 503
 has been defined.

---
 web/ext/handler.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index bcb5206b..b4a92e25 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def middleware(environ:WSGIEnvironment, start_response:WSGIStartResponse) -> WSG
 			
 			capture = []
 			
-			if self._maintenance:
+			if self._maintenance and 503 in self.handlers:
 				request = Request.blank(self.handlers[503])
 				result = request.send(app, catch_exc_info=True)
 				start_response(b'503 Service Unavailable', result.headerlist)

From 1afbabe485e900c5091e1ae580eb233de48e0259 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 12:47:02 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 22/35] Even more armour!

---
 web/ext/handler.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index b4a92e25..4c9522ea 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ def middleware(environ:WSGIEnvironment, start_response:WSGIStartResponse) -> WSG
 				start_response(b'503 Service Unavailable', result.headerlist)
 				return result.app_iter
 			
+			@typechecked
 			def local_start_response(status:WSGIStatus, headers:WSGIHeaders, exc_info:WSGIException=None) -> WSGIWriter:
 				"""Capture the arguments to start_response, forwarding if not configured to internally redirect."""
 				

From ca41a88163e4fa566ee7946282ace8afd23f67e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 12:49:54 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 23/35] Cleanup.

---
 web/ext/handler.py | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index 4c9522ea..34efee18 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -21,11 +21,10 @@
 """
 
 from os import environ, getenv as env
-from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
 from typing import Mapping, Optional, Union
 
 from typeguard import typechecked
-from webob import Request, Response
+from webob import Request
 from webob.exc import HTTPError
 
 from web.core.typing import Context, PathLike, StatusLike, \

From c8c042a28470ea4e2e582e78f614dc52efff6f26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 12:55:50 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 24/35] Impossible word wrapping, mapping length proxy.

---
 web/ext/handler.py | 14 +++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index 34efee18..f598b25e 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -38,9 +38,12 @@ def __init__(self, handlers:Optional[Mapping[StatusLike, PathLike]]=None):
 		self.handlers = {self._normalize(k): str(v) for k, v in handlers.items()} if handlers else {}
 	
 	@typechecked
-	def _normalize(self, status:StatusLike) -> int:
-		status = getattr(status, 'status_int', getattr(status, 'code', status))
-		if not isinstance(status, int): raise TypeError(f"Status must be an integer, Response-, or HTTPException-compatible type, not: {status!r} ({type(status)})")
+	def _normalize(self, status:Union[str, StatusLike]) -> int:
+		status = getattr(status, 'status_int', getattr(status, 'code', int(status.partition(' ')[0])))
+		
+		if not isinstance(status, int):
+			raise TypeError(f"Status must be an integer, integer-prefixed string, Response-, or HTTPException-compatible type, not: {status!r} ({type(status)})")
+		
 		return status
 	
 	@property
@@ -80,6 +83,11 @@ def __delitem__(self, status:StatusLike) -> None:
 		status = self._normalize(status)
 		del self.handlers[status]
 	
+	@typechecked
+	def __len__(self) -> int:
+		"""Return the count of defined status handlers."""
+		return len(self.handlers)
+	
 	# WebCore extension WSGI middleware hook.
 	
 	@typechecked

From a67ddd34840e3b409d3cd40192c54630de29291a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 13:17:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 25/35] Initial WIP tests for status code handlers.

---
 test/test_extension/test_handler.py | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 test/test_extension/test_handler.py

diff --git a/test/test_extension/test_handler.py b/test/test_extension/test_handler.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce4b7cf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_extension/test_handler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import pytest
+from webob import Request
+from webob.exc import HTTPNotFound
+
+from web.core import Application
+from web.core.testing import MockRequest
+from web.core.ext.handler import StatusHandlers
+
+
+def mock_endpoint(context, status, state=None):
+	context.response.status_int = int(status)
+	mock_endpoint.state = state
+	return state
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def app():
+	return Application(mock_endpoint, [StatusHandlers({
+			HTTPNotFound: '/404/notfound',
+			503: '/503/maintenance',
+		})])
+
+
+def test_handlers(app):
+	assert getattr(mock_endpoint, 'state', None) is None
+	
+	with MockRequest('/404') as request:
+		response = request.send(app)
+	
+	assert response.text == 'notfound'
+	assert response.status_int == 404
+	assert mock_endpoint.state == 'notfound'
+

From d49ce5c4e6734414492180eab0c9110f56cc390b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Sep 2023 13:18:49 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 26/35] Test both registered cases.

---
 test/test_extension/test_handler.py | 11 +++++++++--
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/test_extension/test_handler.py b/test/test_extension/test_handler.py
index ce4b7cf1..e8d6ce45 100644
--- a/test/test_extension/test_handler.py
+++ b/test/test_extension/test_handler.py
@@ -21,9 +21,16 @@ def app():
 		})])
 
 
-def test_handlers(app):
-	assert getattr(mock_endpoint, 'state', None) is None
+def test_notfound(app):
+	with MockRequest('/404') as request:
+		response = request.send(app)
 	
+	assert response.text == 'notfound'
+	assert response.status_int == 404
+	assert mock_endpoint.state == 'notfound'
+
+
+def test_maintenance(app):
 	with MockRequest('/404') as request:
 		response = request.send(app)
 	

From 218c998d913c096e7dafc7a5db2bb1656c85132f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Sep 2023 12:54:07 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 27/35] Expand StatusLike to encompass strings.

HTTP status codes like "404 Not Found" will be interpreted as the integer 404.
---
 web/core/typing.py | 2 +-
 web/ext/handler.py | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/core/typing.py b/web/core/typing.py
index c6c5c214..1964e868 100644
--- a/web/core/typing.py
+++ b/web/core/typing.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 PositionalArgs = List[Any]  # Positional arguments to the endpoint callable.
 KeywordArgs = Dict[str, Any]  # Keyword arguments to the endpoint callable.
 Environment = Dict[str, Any]  # An interactive shell REPL environment.
-StatusLike = Union[int, Response, HTTPError]  # Objects usable as an HTTP status.
+StatusLike = Union[str, int, Response, HTTPError]  # Objects usable as an HTTP status.
 
 
 # Types for WSGI component parts.
diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index f598b25e..95947826 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ def __init__(self, handlers:Optional[Mapping[StatusLike, PathLike]]=None):
 	
 	@typechecked
 	def _normalize(self, status:Union[str, StatusLike]) -> int:
-		status = getattr(status, 'status_int', getattr(status, 'code', int(status.partition(' ')[0])))
+		if isinstance(status, str): status = int(status.partition(' ')[0])))  # Handle strings like "404 Not Found".
+		else: status = getattr(status, 'status_int', getattr(status, 'code', status))  # Process everything else.
 		
 		if not isinstance(status, int):
 			raise TypeError(f"Status must be an integer, integer-prefixed string, Response-, or HTTPException-compatible type, not: {status!r} ({type(status)})")

From dc449423cf2aebfd883dc759f9316b9e575458d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Sep 2023 12:54:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 28/35] Explicitly warn if maintenance mode is enabled w/o
 maintenance handler.

---
 web/ext/handler.py | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index 95947826..224328ed 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 from os import environ, getenv as env
 from typing import Mapping, Optional, Union
+from warnings import warn
 
 from typeguard import typechecked
 from webob import Request
@@ -110,6 +111,9 @@ def middleware(environ:WSGIEnvironment, start_response:WSGIStartResponse) -> WSG
 				start_response(b'503 Service Unavailable', result.headerlist)
 				return result.app_iter
 			
+			elif self._maintenance:
+				warn("Maintenance mode enabled with no 503 handler available.", RuntimeWarning)
+			
 			@typechecked
 			def local_start_response(status:WSGIStatus, headers:WSGIHeaders, exc_info:WSGIException=None) -> WSGIWriter:
 				"""Capture the arguments to start_response, forwarding if not configured to internally redirect."""

From 8674319f2ae28940efff932087824a77fb2a0fad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Sep 2023 13:08:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 29/35] Calculate maintenance status once, not twice.

---
 web/ext/handler.py | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index 224328ed..98869633 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -104,14 +104,15 @@ def middleware(environ:WSGIEnvironment, start_response:WSGIStartResponse) -> WSG
 			"""Interposing WSGI middleware to capture start_response and internally redirect if needed."""
 			
 			capture = []
+			_maintenance: bool = self._maintenance  # Calculate this only once.
 			
-			if self._maintenance and 503 in self.handlers:
+			if _maintenance and 503 in self.handlers:
 				request = Request.blank(self.handlers[503])
 				result = request.send(app, catch_exc_info=True)
 				start_response(b'503 Service Unavailable', result.headerlist)
 				return result.app_iter
 			
-			elif self._maintenance:
+			elif _maintenance:
 				warn("Maintenance mode enabled with no 503 handler available.", RuntimeWarning)
 			
 			@typechecked

From cd682da67465613ccbe3a1eb5b26b17c396dbd5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Sep 2023 13:08:47 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 30/35] =?UTF-8?q?Add=20note=20about=20WSGIWriter=20return?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=A6?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

---
 web/ext/handler.py | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/web/ext/handler.py b/web/ext/handler.py
index 98869633..4587e454 100644
--- a/web/ext/handler.py
+++ b/web/ext/handler.py
@@ -126,6 +126,8 @@ def local_start_response(status:WSGIStatus, headers:WSGIHeaders, exc_info:WSGIEx
 					return start_response(status, headers)
 				
 				capture.extend((status, headers, exc_info, self.handlers.get(status_code, None)))
+				
+				# TODO: How to handle WSGIWriter return in the "not captured" case?
 			
 			result = app(environ, local_start_response)
 			if not capture or not capture[-1]: return result

From 7eb27beaf26cfcb03bea00147a6a05aad50eab66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Sep 2023 16:53:24 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 31/35] Additional comments, incorporate function as
 classmethod.

---
 web/core/testing.py | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/core/testing.py b/web/core/testing.py
index 12fa88dd..a3ccb6e3 100644
--- a/web/core/testing.py
+++ b/web/core/testing.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 from web.auth import authenticate, deauthenticate
 from web.core import local
 from webob import Request, Response
-from webob.exc import HTTPOk
+from webob.exc import HTTPException, HTTPOk
 
 
 
@@ -26,8 +26,14 @@ class MockRequest:
 	data: Optional[Mapping]
 	user: Any
 	
-	def __init__(self, verb='GET', endpoint='', data=None, user=None, **kw):
-		self.uri = URI("http://localhost:8080/") / endpoint
+	def __init__(self, verb:str='GET', path:str='', data:Optional[Mapping]=None, user:Optional[str]=None, /, **kw):
+		"""Construct the components necessary to request a given endpoint directly from a WSGI application.
+		
+		Form-encoded body data is specified by way of the `data` argument; keyword arguments are added to the endpoint
+		URI as query string arguments. Active user mocking exposes a `web.account` WSGI environment variable.
+		"""
+		
+		self.uri = URI("http://localhost/") / path
 		self.verb = verb
 		self.data = data
 		self.user = user
@@ -36,23 +42,28 @@ def __init__(self, verb='GET', endpoint='', data=None, user=None, **kw):
 			self.uri.query.buckets.append(Bucket(k ,v))
 	
 	def __enter__(self):
+		"""Populate and hand back a populated mock WebOb Request object, ready to be invoked."""
 		req = Request.blank(str(self.uri), POST=self.data, environ={'REQUEST_METHOD': self.verb})
 		if self.user: req.environ['web.account'] = self.user
 		return req
-
-
-def validate(app, verb, path, data=None, user=None, expect=None):
-	if expect is None: expect = HTTPOk
-	location = None
-	
-	print(f"Issuing {verb} request to {path} as {user}, expecting: {expect}")
-	
-	with MockRequest(verb, path, user=user, **((data or {}) if verb == 'GET' else {'data': data})) as request:
-		response = request.send(app)
 	
-	if isinstance(expect, tuple): expect, location = expect
-	assert response.status_int == expect.code
-	if location: assert response.location == 'http://localhost:8080' + location
-	
-	return response
+	@classmethod
+	def send(MockRequest, app:WSGI, verb:str='GET', path:str='', data:Optional[Mapping]=None, user:Optional[str]=None,
+				expect:Optional[HTTPException]=None) -> Response:
+		"""Populate, then invoke a populated WebOb Request instance against the given application.
+		
+		This returns the resulting WebOb Response instance.
+		"""
+		
+		if expect is None: expect = HTTPOk
+		location = None
+		
+		with MockRequest(verb, path, user=user, **((data or {}) if verb == 'GET' else {'data': data})) as request:
+			response = request.send(app)
+		
+		if isinstance(expect, tuple): expect, location = expect
+		assert response.status_int == expect.code
+		if location: assert response.location == 'http://localhost:8080' + location
+		
+		return response
 

From fe718345e8e67232bd42a77a60186356cbdc2e0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 12:36:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 32/35] Add Python 3 asynchronous execution support extension.

---
 web/ext/asynchronous.py | 92 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 web/ext/asynchronous.py

diff --git a/web/ext/asynchronous.py b/web/ext/asynchronous.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33dfb4ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/ext/asynchronous.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+"""Asynchronous support machinery and extension for WebCore.
+
+As WebCore is not yet asynchronous internally, some effort needs to be expended to correctly interoperate. Primarily,
+an event loop needs to be executing in order to process asynchronous invocations and awaiting behaviour. WebCore
+accomplishes this by-if no existing loop is running-spawning one in a dedicated thread.
+
+Do not mix this asynchronous extension with one providing futures thread- or process-based parallelism, as the order
+the extensions are defined would determine which succeeds in providing the `submit` context method. Both futures and
+async extensions provide this method in order to submit background tasks for execution. To be explicit, utilize
+`context.loop` for asynchronous interactions, and `context.executor` for futures-based interactions.
+
+To utilize, invoke an asynchronous function to acquire a coroutine handle and pass that handle to `context.submit`,
+scheduling execution within the main thread with active event loop, or a dedicated thread for the asynchronous reactor
+event loop. E.g.:
+
+	async def hello(name): return f"Hello {name}!"
+	
+	future = context.submit(hello("world"))
+	future.add_done_callback(...)  # Execute a callback upon completion of the asynchronous task.
+	future.result()  # Will block the worker thread on the result of asynchronous execution within the event loop.
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+from asyncio import AbstractEventLoop, get_event_loop, new_event_loop, set_event_loop, run_coroutine_threadsafe
+from functools import partial
+from threading import Thread
+from typing import Optional
+
+from web.core.context import Context
+
+
+log = __import__('logging').getLogger('rita.util.async') # __name__)
+
+
+class AsynchronousSupport:
+	"""Support for asynchronous language functionality.
+	
+	Accepts a single configuration argument, `loop`, allowing you to explicitly define an event loop to utilize rather
+	than relying upon default `new_event_loop` behaviour.
+	"""
+	
+	loop: AbstractEventLoop  # The asynchronous event loop to utilize.
+	thread: Optional[Thread] = None  # Offload asynchronous execution to this thread, if needed.
+	
+	def __init__(self, loop:Optional[AbstractEventLoop]=None):
+		"""Prepare an asynchronous reactor / event loop for use, which may optionally be explicitly specified."""
+		
+		if not loop: loop = get_event_loop()
+		if not loop: loop = new_event_loop()
+		self.loop = loop
+		
+		if not loop.is_running():  # Thread of execution for asynchronous code if required.
+			self.thread = Thread(target=self.thread, args=(loop, ), daemon=True, name='async')
+	
+	def start(self, context:Context):
+		"""Executed on application startup."""
+		
+		if not self.loop.is_running():  # With no outer async executor, spawn our own in a dedicated thread.
+			self.thread.start()
+		
+		# Expose our event loop at the application scope.
+		context.loop = self.loop
+		set_event_loop(self.loop)
+		
+		log.debug(f"Asynchronous event loop / reactor: {self.loop!r}")
+		
+		context.submit = partial(run_coroutine_threadsafe, loop=self.loop)
+	
+	def prepare(self, context:Context):
+		"""Explicitly define the running asynchronous loop within our request worker thread."""
+		
+		set_event_loop(self.loop)
+		
+		# Global bind may be sufficient.
+		# context.submit = partial(run_coroutine_threadsafe, loop=self.loop)
+	
+	def stop(self, context:Context):
+		"""On application shutdown, tell the executor to stop itself.
+		
+		The worker thread, if utilized, is marked 'daemon' and stops with application process or when the reactor is
+		shut down.
+		"""
+		
+		self.loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self.loop.stop)
+	
+	def thread(self, loop:AbstractEventLoop):
+		log.warn("Asynchronous event loop / reactor thread spawned.")
+		set_event_loop(loop)
+		loop.run_forever()
+		log.warn("Asynchronous event loop / reactor shut down.")
+

From 0bacd0bc77d16f95b8113859b4be63c19c9686fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 14:09:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 33/35] Populate application-scope local context in async
 thread, better handle thread startup.

---
 web/ext/asynchronous.py | 20 +++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/ext/asynchronous.py b/web/ext/asynchronous.py
index 33dfb4ad..5593de5f 100644
--- a/web/ext/asynchronous.py
+++ b/web/ext/asynchronous.py
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 event loop. E.g.:
 
 	async def hello(name): return f"Hello {name}!"
+	future = self._ctx.submit(hello("world"))
+	future.result()
 	
 	future = context.submit(hello("world"))
 	future.add_done_callback(...)  # Execute a callback upon completion of the asynchronous task.
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ async def hello(name): return f"Hello {name}!"
 from threading import Thread
 from typing import Optional
 
+from web.core import local
 from web.core.context import Context
 
 
@@ -40,6 +43,8 @@ class AsynchronousSupport:
 	than relying upon default `new_event_loop` behaviour.
 	"""
 	
+	provides: set = {'async'}
+	
 	loop: AbstractEventLoop  # The asynchronous event loop to utilize.
 	thread: Optional[Thread] = None  # Offload asynchronous execution to this thread, if needed.
 	
@@ -49,23 +54,20 @@ def __init__(self, loop:Optional[AbstractEventLoop]=None):
 		if not loop: loop = get_event_loop()
 		if not loop: loop = new_event_loop()
 		self.loop = loop
-		
-		if not loop.is_running():  # Thread of execution for asynchronous code if required.
-			self.thread = Thread(target=self.thread, args=(loop, ), daemon=True, name='async')
 	
 	def start(self, context:Context):
 		"""Executed on application startup."""
 		
-		if not self.loop.is_running():  # With no outer async executor, spawn our own in a dedicated thread.
-			self.thread.start()
+		if not self.loop.is_running():  # Thread of execution for asynchronous code if required.
+			self.thread = Thread(target=self.thread, args=(context, self.loop), daemon=True, name='async')
+			self.thread.start()  # With no outer async executor, spawn our own in a dedicated thread.
 		
 		# Expose our event loop at the application scope.
 		context.loop = self.loop
-		set_event_loop(self.loop)
 		
 		log.debug(f"Asynchronous event loop / reactor: {self.loop!r}")
 		
-		context.submit = partial(run_coroutine_threadsafe, loop=self.loop)
+		context.submit = staticmethod(partial(run_coroutine_threadsafe, loop=self.loop))
 	
 	def prepare(self, context:Context):
 		"""Explicitly define the running asynchronous loop within our request worker thread."""
@@ -84,9 +86,9 @@ def stop(self, context:Context):
 		
 		self.loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self.loop.stop)
 	
-	def thread(self, loop:AbstractEventLoop):
+	def thread(self, context:Context, loop:AbstractEventLoop):
 		log.warn("Asynchronous event loop / reactor thread spawned.")
-		set_event_loop(loop)
+		local.context = context
 		loop.run_forever()
 		log.warn("Asynchronous event loop / reactor shut down.")
 

From 554ac89664f895d60127c51f65b33806fceb4857 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 15:57:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 34/35] Initial import of WebCore TestingContext fixture.

---
 web/core/testing.py | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+)

diff --git a/web/core/testing.py b/web/core/testing.py
index a3ccb6e3..e5d418fd 100644
--- a/web/core/testing.py
+++ b/web/core/testing.py
@@ -8,6 +8,42 @@
 from webob.exc import HTTPException, HTTPOk
 
 
+''' WIP
+from pytest import fixture
+
+
+@fixture(scope='session', autouse=True)
+def context(application):
+	"""Provide and manage the TestingContext Pytest must execute within.
+	
+	Your own test suite must define a fixture named `application`, which will be utilized by this fixture to populate
+	the context and signal any configured extensions.
+	"""
+	
+	original = local.context
+	signals = original.extension.signal
+	
+	# Prepare a TestingContext using a blank request.
+	request = Request.blank('/')
+	context = app.RequestContext(environ=request.environ)._promote('TestingContext')
+	
+	# notify suite began
+	
+	for ext in signals.pre: ext(context)
+	# notify test began
+	
+	yield context
+	
+	for ext in signals.after: ext(context)
+	for ext in signals.done: ext(context)
+	
+	# notify suite finished
+	
+	for ext in signals.stop: ext(original)
+	
+	local.context = original
+'''
+
 
 class MockRequest:
 	"""Prepare a new, mocked request.

From 7da0a78194907b3788db5a4e2c3301314bf13e8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Alice=20Zo=C3=AB=20Bevan=E2=80=93McGregor?=
 <alice@gothcandy.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 16:23:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 35/35] Test fixture refinement.

---
 web/core/testing.py | 19 ++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/web/core/testing.py b/web/core/testing.py
index e5d418fd..dc37df6a 100644
--- a/web/core/testing.py
+++ b/web/core/testing.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 
 @fixture(scope='session', autouse=True)
-def context(application):
+def testing_context(application):
 	"""Provide and manage the TestingContext Pytest must execute within.
 	
 	Your own test suite must define a fixture named `application`, which will be utilized by this fixture to populate
@@ -29,19 +29,24 @@ def context(application):
 	
 	# notify suite began
 	
-	for ext in signals.pre: ext(context)
-	# notify test began
-	
 	yield context
 	
-	for ext in signals.after: ext(context)
-	for ext in signals.done: ext(context)
-	
 	# notify suite finished
 	
 	for ext in signals.stop: ext(original)
 	
 	local.context = original
+
+
+@fixture(scope='function', autouse=True)
+def test_context(testing_context):
+	for ext in signals.pre: ext(testing_context)
+	for ext in signals.test: ext(testing_context)
+	
+	yield context
+	
+	for ext in signals.after: ext(testing_context)
+	for ext in signals.done: ext(testing_context)
 '''