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<h1 class="documentFirstHeading">CF Conformance Requirements and Recommendations 1.4</h1>
<div class="plain">
<p> </p>
<ul><li>The following is a list of requirements and recommendations for a CF
conforming netCDF file. They are organized by the section of the CF
document that they pertain to.</li></ul>
<ul><li>This document is intended to be a concise summary of the <a title="external-link" href="../../../Data/cf-conventions/cf-conventions-1.4/build/cf-conventions.html">CF conventions 1.4</a> document. If there are any
discrepencies between the two, the conventions document is the ultimate
authority.
</li></ul>
<ul><li>This document will updated as required to correct mistakes or add new
material required for completeness or clarity.</li></ul>
<p> </p>
<h4>2.1 Filename</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>Filename must have ".nc" suffix.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>2.2 Data Types</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>CF attributes that take string values must be 1D character arrays.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>2.3 Naming Conventions</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>Variable, dimension and attribute names must begin with a letter and
be composed of letters, digits, and underscores.</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:</strong>
<ul><li>No two variable names should be identical when case is ignored.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>2.4 Dimensions</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>The dimensions of a variable must all have different names.</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:</strong>
<ul><li>If any or all of the dimensions of a variable have the interpretations
(as given by their units or axis attribute) of time (T), height or depth
(Z), latitude (Y), or longitude (X) then those dimensions should appear in
the relative order T, then Z, then Y, then X in the CDL definition
corresponding to the file.</li><li>In files that are meant to conform to the COARDS subset of CF, any
dimensions of a variable other than space and time dimensions should be
added "to the left" of the space and time dimensions as represented in CDL.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>2.5.1 Missing Data</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">valid_range</kbd> attribute must not be present if
the <kbd class="att">valid_min</kbd> and/or <kbd class="att">valid_max</kbd> attributes are present.</li><li>The <kbd class="att">_FillValue</kbd> attribute must be
the same type as its associated variable.</li><li>The <kbd class="att">missing_value</kbd> attribute must be
the same type as its associated variable.</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:</strong>
<ul><li>The value of the <kbd class="att">_FillValue</kbd> attribute should not
be within a specified valid range.</li><li>The <kbd class="att">missing_value</kbd> attribute is deprecated and
should no longer be used. However, if it's use is required for reasons of
backwards compatibility with processing tools that only recognize the <kbd class="att">missing_value</kbd> attribute, then we recommend that both <kbd class="att">missing_value</kbd> and <kbd class="att">_FillValue</kbd> be
used, and they must have the same value.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>2.6.1 Identification of Conventions</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>Files that conform to the CF version 1.4 conventions must indicate
this by setting the global <kbd class="att">Conventions</kbd> attribute to
the string value "CF-1.4".</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>2.6.2 Description of File Contents</h4>
<strong>Requirements:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">title</kbd>, <kbd class="att">history</kbd>, <kbd class="att">institution</kbd>, <kbd class="att">source</kbd>, <kbd class="att">references</kbd>, and <kbd class="att">comment</kbd> attributes
are all type string.</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">title</kbd> and <kbd class="att">history</kbd>
attributes are only defined as global attributes. If they are used as per
variable attributes a CF compliant application should treat them exactly as
it would treat any other unrecognized attribute.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>3 Description of the Data</h4>
<strong>Recommendations:<br></strong>
<ul><li>All variables should use either the <kbd class="att">long_name</kbd> or
the <kbd class="att">standard_name</kbd> attributes to describe their
contents. Exceptions are boundary and climatology variables.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>3.1 Units</h4>
<strong>Requirements:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">units</kbd> attribute is required for all
variables that represent dimensional quantities (except for boundary
variables defined in section <span class="link-external"><a href="http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cms/eaton/cf-metadata/CF-current.html#bnds">7.1</a></span> and
climatology variables defined in section <span class="link-external"><a href="http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cms/eaton/cf-metadata/CF-current.html#climatology">7.4</a></span>).</li><li>The type of the <kbd class="att">units</kbd> attribute is a string that
must be recognizable by the udunits package. Exceptions are the units
<kbd>level</kbd>, <kbd>layer</kbd>, and <kbd>sigma_level</kbd>.</li><li>The <kbd class="att">units</kbd> of a variable that specifies a <kbd class="att">standard_name</kbd> must be consistent with the units given in
the standard name table. The units must also be consistent with a
specified <kbd class="att">cell_methods</kbd> attribute, if one is present.</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The units <kbd class="att">level</kbd>, <kbd class="att">layer</kbd>, and
<kbd class="att">sigma_level</kbd> are deprecated.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>3.3 Standard Name</h4>
<strong>Requirements:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">standard_name</kbd>
attribute takes a string value comprised of a standard name optionally followed by one or more blanks and a standard name modifier.</li><li>The legal values for the standard name are contained in the standard name table.</li><li>The legal values for the standard name modifier are contained in Appendix C, Standard Name Modifiers.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>3.5 Flags</h4>
<strong>Requirements:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">flag_values</kbd> attribute must have the same type as the variable to which it is attached.</li><li>
<p>If the <kbd class="att">flag_values</kbd> attribute is present then the <kbd class="att">flag_meanings</kbd> attribute must be specified.</p>
</li><li>
<p>The type of the <kbd class="att">flag_meanings</kbd> attribute is a string whose value is a blank separated list of words or phrases (words connected by underscores).</p>
</li><li>
<p>The number of <kbd class="att">flag_values</kbd> attribute values must equal the number of words or phrases appearing in the <kbd class="att">flag_meanings</kbd> string.</p>
</li><li>The number of <kbd class="att">flag_masks</kbd> attribute values must equal the number of words or phrases appearing in the <kbd class="att">flag_meanings</kbd> string.</li><li>Variables with a <kbd class="att">flag_masks</kbd> attribute must have a type that is
compatible with bit field expression (char, byte, short and int), not
floating-point (float, real, double), and the <kbd class="att">flag_masks</kbd> attribute must
have the same type.</li><li>The <kbd class="att">flag_masks</kbd> attribute values must be non-zero.</li><li>The <kbd class="att">flag_values</kbd> attribute values must be mutually exclusive among the
set of <kbd class="att">flag_values</kbd> attribute values defined for that variable.</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:</strong>
<ul><li>When <kbd class="att">flag_masks</kbd> and <kbd class="att">flag_values</kbd> are both defined, the Boolean AND of
each entry in <kbd class="att">flag_values</kbd> with its corresponding entry in <kbd class="att">flag_masks</kbd>
should equal the <kbd class="att">flag_values</kbd> entry, ie, the mask selects all the bits
required to express the value.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>4 Coordinate Types</h4>
<strong>Requirements:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">axis</kbd> attribute may only be attached to a
coordinate variable.</li><li>The only legal values of <kbd class="att">axis</kbd> are <kbd>X</kbd>,
<kbd>Y</kbd>, <kbd>Z</kbd>, and <kbd>T</kbd> (case insensitive).</li><li>The <kbd class="att">axis</kbd> attribute must be consistent with the
coordinate type deduced from <kbd class="att">units</kbd> and <kbd class="att">positive</kbd>.</li><li>The <kbd class="att">axis</kbd> attribute is not allowed for auxiliary coordinate variables.</li><li>A data variable must not have more than one coordinate variable with a
particular value of the <kbd class="att">axis</kbd> attribute.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>4.3 Vertical (height or depth) Coordinate</h4>
<strong>Requirements:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The only legal values for the <kbd class="att">positive</kbd> attribute
are <kbd class="att">up</kbd> or <kbd class="att">down</kbd> (case insensitive).</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>4.3.2 Dimensionless Vertical Coordinates</h4>
<strong>Requirements:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">formula_terms</kbd> attribute is only allowed on a
coordinate variable which has a <kbd class="att">standard_name</kbd> listed
in Appendix C.</li><li>The type of the <kbd class="att">formula_terms</kbd> attribute is a
string whose value is list of blank separated word pairs in the form
<kbd class="att">term: var</kbd>. The legal values <kbd class="att">term</kbd> are contained
in Appendix C for each valid <kbd class="att">standard_name</kbd>. The
values of <kbd class="att">var</kbd> must be variables that exist in the file.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>4.4 Time Coordinate</h4>
<strong>Requirements:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The time units of a time coordinate variable must contain a reference
time.</li><li>The reference time of a time coordinate variable must be a legal time
in the specified calendar.
</li></ul>
<strong>
Recommendations:</strong>
<ul><li>The use of a reference time in the year 0 to indicate climatological
time is deprecated. This restriction only applies to the real-world
calendar as used by the udunits package.</li><li>Units of <kbd class="att">year</kbd> and <kbd class="att">month</kbd> and any equivalent units should be used with caution.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>4.4.1 Calendar</h4>
<strong>Requirements:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The attributes <kbd class="att">calendar</kbd>, <kbd class="att">month_lengths</kbd>, <kbd class="att">leap_year</kbd>, and <kbd class="att">leap_month</kbd> may only be attached to time coordinate
variables.</li><li>The standardized values of the <kbd class="att">calendar</kbd> attribute
are <kbd>gregorian</kbd>, <kbd>standard</kbd>, <kbd>proleptic_gregorian</kbd>,
<kbd>noleap</kbd>, <kbd>365_day</kbd>, <kbd>all_leap</kbd>, <kbd>366_day</kbd>,
<kbd>360_day</kbd>, <kbd>julian</kbd>, and <kbd>none</kbd> (case
insensitive). If the <kbd class="att">calendar</kbd> attribute is given a
non-standard value, then the attribute <kbd class="att">month_lengths</kbd>
is required, along with <kbd class="att">leap_year</kbd> and <kbd class="att">leap_month</kbd> as appropriate.</li><li>The type of the <kbd class="att">month_lengths</kbd> attribute must be an
integer array of size 12.</li><li>The values of the <kbd class="att">leap_month</kbd> attribute must
be in the range 1-12.</li><li>The values of the <kbd class="att">leap_year</kbd> and <kbd class="att">leap_month</kbd> attributes are integer scalars.</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:</strong>
<ul><li>The attribute <kbd class="att">leap_month</kbd> should not appear
unless the attribute <kbd class="att">leap_year</kbd> is present.</li><li>The time coordinate should not cross the date 1582-10-15 when the
default mixed Gregorian/Julian calendar is in use.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>5 Coordinate Systems</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>All of a variable's dimensions that are latitude, longitude, vertical,
or time dimensions must have corresponding coordinate variables.</li><li>A coordinate variable must have values that are strictly monotonic
(increasing or decreasing).</li><li>A coordinate variable must not have the <kbd class="att">_FillValue</kbd> or <kbd class="att">missing_value</kbd>
attributes.</li><li>The type of the <kbd class="att">coordinates</kbd> attribute is a
string whose value is a blank separated list of variable names. All
specified variable names must exist in the file.</li><li>The dimensions of each auxiliary coordinate must be a subset of the
dimensions of the variable they are attached to. An exception is a label
variable which will have a trailing dimension for the maximum string
length.
</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The name of a multidimensional coordinate variable should not match the
name of any of its dimensions.</li><li>All horizontal coordinate variables (in the Unidata sense) should have an <kbd class="att">axis</kbd> attribute.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>5.6 Grid Mappings and Projections</h4>
<h4>Requirements:</h4>
<ul><li>The type of the <kbd class="att">grid_mapping</kbd> at<span class="visualHighlight"></span>tribute is a string whose value is a single variable name.</li><li>The specified variable name (known as a grid mapping variable) must exist in the file.</li><li>The grid mapping variable must have the <kbd class="att">grid_mapping_name</kbd> attribute. The legal values for the <kbd class="att">grid_mapping_name</kbd> attribute are contained in Appendix F.</li><li>The data types of the attributes of the grid mapping variable must be specified in Table 1 of Appendix F.<br></li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:</strong>
<ul><li>The grid mapping variable should have 0 dimensions.</li></ul>
<p> </p>
<h4>6.1 Labels</h4>
<strong>Requirements:<br></strong>
<ul><li>A variable of character type that is named by a <kbd class="att">coordinates</kbd> attribute is a label variable. This variable
must have one or two dimensions. The trailing (CDL order) or sole dimension is for the maximum string length. If there are two dimensions, leading dimension (CDL order) must match one
of those of the data variable.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>7.1 Cell Boundaries</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>The type of the <kbd class="att">bounds</kbd> attribute is a string
whose value is a single variable name. The specified variable must
exist in the file.</li><li>A boundary variable must have the same dimensions as its associated
variable, plus have a trailing dimension (CDL order) for the maximum number
of vertices in a cell.</li><li>A boundary variable must be a numeric data type.</li><li>If a boundary variable has <kbd class="att">units</kbd> or <kbd class="att">standard_name</kbd> attributes, they must agree with those of
its associated variable.</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:<br></strong>
<ul><li>The points specified by a coordinate or auxiliary coordinate variable
should lie within, or on the boundary, of the cells specified by the
associated boundary variable.</li><li>Boundary variables should not have the <kbd class="att">_FillValue</kbd> or <kbd class="att">missing_value</kbd>
attributes.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>7.2 Cell Measures</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>The type of the <kbd class="att">cell_measures</kbd> attribute is a string
whose value is list of blank separated word pairs in the form
<kbd>measure: var</kbd>. The valid values for <kbd>measure</kbd> are
<kbd>area</kbd> or <kbd>volume</kbd>. The <kbd>var</kbd> token specifies a
variable that must exist in the file. The dimensions of the variable
specified by <kbd>var</kbd> must be the same as, or be a subset of, the
dimensions of the variable to which they are related.</li><li>A measure variable must have units that are consistent with the measure
type, i.e., square meters for area measures and cubic meters for volume
measures.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>7.3 Cell Methods</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>The type of the <kbd class="att">cell_methods</kbd> attribute is a
string whose value is one or more blank separated word lists, each with the
form
<pre>dim1: [dim2: [dim3: ...]] method [where type1 [over type2]] [within|over days|years] [(comment)]</pre>
where brackets indicate optional words. The valid values for <kbd>dim1 [dim2
[dim3 ...] ]</kbd> are the names of dimensions of the data variable, names of
scalar coordinate variables of the data variable, valid standard names,
or the word area. The valid values of <kbd>method</kbd> are contained in Appendix
E. The valid values for <kbd>type1</kbd> are the name of a string-valued auxiliary
or scalar coordinate variable with a <kbd class="att">standard_name</kbd> of
<kbd class="att">area_type</kbd>, or any
string value allowed for a variable of standard_name of area_type. If
<kbd>type2</kbd> is a string-valued auxiliary coordinate variable, it is not
allowed to have a leading dimension (the number of strings) of more
than one. When the method refers to a climatological time axis, the
suffixes for within and over may be appended.</li>
<li>A given dimension name may only occur once in a <kbd class="att">cell_methods</kbd> string. An exception is a climatological
time dimension.</li><li>The comment, if present, must take the form
<pre>([<kbd>interval:</kbd> <em>value unit</em> [<kbd>interval:</kbd> ...] comment:] <em>remainder</em>)</pre>
The <em>remainder</em> text is not standardized. If no <kbd>interval</kbd>
clauses are present, the entire comment is therefore not
standardized. There may be zero interval clauses, one interval clause, or
exactly as many interval clauses as there are <kbd>dim</kbd>s to which the
method applies. The <em>value</em> must be a valid number and the
<em>unit</em> a string that is recognizable by the udunits package.</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:<br></strong>
<ul><li>If a data variable has any dimensions or scalar coordinate variables
referring to horizontal, vertical or time dimensions, it should have a
<kbd class="att">cell_methods</kbd> attribute with an entry for each of these spatiotemporal
dimensions or scalar coordinate variables. (The horizontal dimensions
may be covered by an area entry.)</li><li>Except for entries whose cell method is <kbd class="att">point</kbd>, all numeric coordinate
variables and scalar coordinate variables named by <kbd class="att">cell_methods</kbd> should
have <kbd class="att">bounds</kbd> or <kbd class="att">climatology</kbd> attributes.</li></ul>
<p> </p>
<h4>7.4 Climatological Statistics</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">climatology</kbd> attribute may only be attached
to a time coordinate variable.</li><li>The type of the <kbd class="att">climatology</kbd> attribute is a string
whose value is a single variable name. The specified variable must
exist in the file.</li><li>A climatology variable must have the same dimension as its associated
time coordinate variable, and have a trailing dimension (CDL order) of size
2.</li><li>A climatology variable must be a numeric data type.</li><li>If a climatology variable has <kbd class="att">units</kbd>, <kbd class="att">standard_name</kbd>, or <kbd class="att">calendar</kbd>
attributes, they must agree with those of its associated variable.</li><li>A climatology variable must not have <kbd class="att">_FillValue</kbd>
or <kbd class="att">missing_value</kbd> attributes.
</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>8.1 Packed Data</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">scale_factor</kbd> and <kbd class="att">add_offset</kbd>
attributes must be the same numeric data type.</li><li>If <kbd class="att">scale_factor</kbd> and <kbd class="att">add_offset</kbd> are a different type than the variable, then
they must be either type float or type double.</li><li>If <kbd class="att">scale_factor</kbd> and <kbd class="att">add_offset</kbd> are a different type than the variable, then
the variable must be type byte, short or int.</li></ul>
<strong>Recommendations:<br></strong>
<ul><li>If <kbd class="att">scale_factor</kbd> and <kbd class="att">add_offset</kbd>
are type float, the variable should not be of type int.</li></ul>
<h4><br></h4>
<h4>8.2 Compression by Gathering</h4>
<strong>Requirements:</strong>
<ul><li>The <kbd class="att">compress</kbd> attribute may only be attached to a
coordinate variable with an integer data type.</li><li>The type of the <kbd class="att">compress</kbd> attribute is a string
whose value is a blank separated list of dimension names. The specified
dimensions must exist in the file.</li><li>The values of the associated coordinate variable must be in the range
starting with 0 and going up to the product of the compressed dimension
sizes minus 1 (CDL index conventions).</li></ul>
<p> </p>
</div>