Look into binary indexes

[Kerollmops]

One of our customers is interested in binary Indexes. It could be interesting to look into this. We can potential find a good fit with this.

BIN_FLAT
This index is exactly the same as FLAT except that this can only be used for binary embeddings.

For vector similarity search applications that require perfect accuracy and depend on relatively small (million-scale) datasets, the BIN_FLAT index is a good choice. BIN_FLAT does not compress vectors, and is the only index that can guarantee exact search results. Results from BIN_FLAT can also be used as a point of comparison for results produced by other indexes that have less than 100% recall.

BIN_FLAT is accurate because it takes an exhaustive approach to search, which means for each query the target input is compared to every vector in a dataset. This makes BIN_FLAT the slowest index on our list, and poorly suited for querying massive vector data. There are no parameters for the BIN_FLAT index in Milvus, and using it does not require data training or additional storage.

BIN_IVF_FLAT
This index is exactly the same as IVF_FLAT except that this can only be used for binary embeddings.

BIN_IVF_FLAT divides vector data into nlist cluster units, and then compares distances between the target input vector and the center of each cluster. Depending on the number of clusters the system is set to query (nprobe), similarity search results are returned based on comparisons between the target input and the vectors in the most similar cluster(s) only — drastically reducing query time.

By adjusting nprobe, an ideal balance between accuracy and speed can be found for a given scenario. Query time increases sharply as both the number of target input vectors (nq), and the number of clusters to search (nprobe), increase.

BIN_IVF_FLAT is the most basic BIN_IVF index, and the encoded data stored in each unit is consistent with the original data.