diff --git a/.github/workflows/constraints.txt b/.github/workflows/constraints.txt
index 246d39c69..26aef2cc7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/constraints.txt
+++ b/.github/workflows/constraints.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pip==23.2
+pip==23.2.1
 poetry==1.5.1
 pre-commit==3.3.3
 nox==2023.4.22
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 495b4e58f..71a5adf30 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ env:
 
 jobs:
   tests:
-    name: Test on ${{ matrix.python-version }} (${{ matrix.session }}) / ${{ matrix.os }}
+    name: "Test on ${{ matrix.python-version }} (${{ matrix.session }}) / ${{ matrix.os }} / SQLAlchemy: ${{ matrix.sqlalchemy }}"
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     env:
       NOXSESSION: ${{ matrix.session }}
@@ -47,9 +47,11 @@ jobs:
         session: [tests]
         os: ["ubuntu-latest", "macos-latest", "windows-latest"]
         python-version: ["3.7", "3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11"]
+        sqlalchemy: ["2.*"]
         include:
-        - { session: doctest, python-version: "3.10", os: "ubuntu-latest" }
-        - { session: mypy,    python-version: "3.8",  os: "ubuntu-latest" }
+        - { session: tests,   python-version: "3.11", os: "ubuntu-latest", sqlalchemy: "1.*" }
+        - { session: doctest, python-version: "3.10", os: "ubuntu-latest", sqlalchemy: "2.*" }
+        - { session: mypy,    python-version: "3.8",  os: "ubuntu-latest", sqlalchemy: "2.*" }
 
     steps:
     - name: Check out the repository
@@ -86,6 +88,8 @@ jobs:
         nox --version
 
     - name: Run Nox
+      env:
+        SQLALCHEMY_VERSION: ${{ matrix.sqlalchemy }}
       run: |
         nox --python=${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index f3cde0b46..95bc2bad7 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ repos:
         )$
 
 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.23.2
+  rev: 0.23.3
   hooks:
   - id: check-dependabot
   - id: check-github-workflows
   - id: check-readthedocs
 
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.0.277
+  rev: v0.0.280
   hooks:
   - id: ruff
     args: [--fix, --exit-non-zero-on-fix, --show-fixes]
diff --git a/docs/deprecation.md b/docs/deprecation.md
index 089355fd9..b27e61b2b 100644
--- a/docs/deprecation.md
+++ b/docs/deprecation.md
@@ -11,3 +11,5 @@ incompatible way, following their deprecation, as indicated in the
   [`RESTStream.get_new_paginator`](singer_sdk.RESTStream.get_new_paginator).
 
   See the [migration guide](./guides/pagination-classes.md) for more information.
+
+- The `singer_sdk.testing.get_standard_tap_tests` and `singer_sdk.testing.get_standard_target_tests` functions will be removed. Replace them with `singer_sdk.testing.get_tap_test_class` and `singer_sdk.testing.get_target_test_class` functions respective to generate a richer test suite.
diff --git a/noxfile.py b/noxfile.py
index 45955c55d..f224fcd4e 100644
--- a/noxfile.py
+++ b/noxfile.py
@@ -86,6 +86,14 @@ def tests(session: Session) -> None:
     session.install(".[s3]")
     session.install(*test_dependencies)
 
+    sqlalchemy_version = os.environ.get("SQLALCHEMY_VERSION")
+    if sqlalchemy_version:
+        # Bypass nox-poetry use of --constraint so we can install a version of
+        # SQLAlchemy that doesn't match what's in poetry.lock.
+        session.poetry.session.install(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            f"sqlalchemy=={sqlalchemy_version}",
+        )
+
     try:
         session.run(
             "coverage",
@@ -96,9 +104,6 @@ def tests(session: Session) -> None:
             "-v",
             "--durations=10",
             *session.posargs,
-            env={
-                "SQLALCHEMY_WARN_20": "1",
-            },
         )
     finally:
         if session.interactive:
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index 7bdab920e..15de1ae49 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -404,13 +404,13 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "click"
-version = "8.1.5"
+version = "8.1.6"
 description = "Composable command line interface toolkit"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "click-8.1.5-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e576aa487d679441d7d30abb87e1b43d24fc53bffb8758443b1a9e1cee504548"},
-    {file = "click-8.1.5.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:4be4b1af8d665c6d942909916d31a213a106800c47d0eeba73d34da3cbc11367"},
+    {file = "click-8.1.6-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:fa244bb30b3b5ee2cae3da8f55c9e5e0c0e86093306301fb418eb9dc40fbded5"},
+    {file = "click-8.1.6.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:48ee849951919527a045bfe3bf7baa8a959c423134e1a5b98c05c20ba75a1cbd"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -1596,13 +1596,13 @@ plugins = ["importlib-metadata"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyjwt"
-version = "2.7.0"
+version = "2.8.0"
 description = "JSON Web Token implementation in Python"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "PyJWT-2.7.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ba2b425b15ad5ef12f200dc67dd56af4e26de2331f965c5439994dad075876e1"},
-    {file = "PyJWT-2.7.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:bd6ca4a3c4285c1a2d4349e5a035fdf8fb94e04ccd0fcbe6ba289dae9cc3e074"},
+    {file = "PyJWT-2.8.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:59127c392cc44c2da5bb3192169a91f429924e17aff6534d70fdc02ab3e04320"},
+    {file = "PyJWT-2.8.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:57e28d156e3d5c10088e0c68abb90bfac3df82b40a71bd0daa20c65ccd5c23de"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -1811,51 +1811,51 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyyaml"
-version = "6.0"
+version = "6.0.1"
 description = "YAML parser and emitter for Python"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.6"
 files = [
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-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp310-cp310-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:9df7ed3b3d2e0ecfe09e14741b857df43adb5a3ddadc919a2d94fbdf78fea53c"},
-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:77f396e6ef4c73fdc33a9157446466f1cff553d979bd00ecb64385760c6babdc"},
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-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0-cp310-cp310-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:2cd5df3de48857ed0544b34e2d40e9fac445930039f3cfe4bcc592a1f836d513"},
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+    {file = "SQLAlchemy-2.0.19-cp39-cp39-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:7351c05db355da112e056a7b731253cbeffab9dfdb3be1e895368513c7d70106"},
+    {file = "SQLAlchemy-2.0.19-cp39-cp39-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:fa51ce4aea583b0c6b426f4b0563d3535c1c75986c4373a0987d84d22376585b"},
+    {file = "SQLAlchemy-2.0.19-cp39-cp39-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:ae7473a67cd82a41decfea58c0eac581209a0aa30f8bc9190926fbf628bb17f7"},
+    {file = "SQLAlchemy-2.0.19-cp39-cp39-musllinux_1_1_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:851a37898a8a39783aab603c7348eb5b20d83c76a14766a43f56e6ad422d1ec8"},
+    {file = "SQLAlchemy-2.0.19-cp39-cp39-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:539010665c90e60c4a1650afe4ab49ca100c74e6aef882466f1de6471d414be7"},
+    {file = "SQLAlchemy-2.0.19-cp39-cp39-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:f82c310ddf97b04e1392c33cf9a70909e0ae10a7e2ddc1d64495e3abdc5d19fb"},
+    {file = "SQLAlchemy-2.0.19-cp39-cp39-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:8e712cfd2e07b801bc6b60fdf64853bc2bd0af33ca8fa46166a23fe11ce0dbb0"},
+    {file = "SQLAlchemy-2.0.19-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:314145c1389b021a9ad5aa3a18bac6f5d939f9087d7fc5443be28cba19d2c972"},
+    {file = "SQLAlchemy-2.0.19.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:77a14fa20264af73ddcdb1e2b9c5a829b8cc6b8304d0f093271980e36c200a3f"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+greenlet = {version = "!=0.4.17", markers = "platform_machine == \"win32\" or platform_machine == \"WIN32\" or platform_machine == \"AMD64\" or platform_machine == \"amd64\" or platform_machine == \"x86_64\" or platform_machine == \"ppc64le\" or platform_machine == \"aarch64\""}
 importlib-metadata = {version = "*", markers = "python_version < \"3.8\""}
+typing-extensions = ">=4.2.0"
 
 [package.extras]
 aiomysql = ["aiomysql", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
 aiosqlite = ["aiosqlite", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)", "typing-extensions (!=3.10.0.1)"]
 asyncio = ["greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
-asyncmy = ["asyncmy (>=0.2.3,!=0.2.4)", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
-mariadb-connector = ["mariadb (>=1.0.1,!=1.1.2)"]
+asyncmy = ["asyncmy (>=0.2.3,!=0.2.4,!=0.2.6)", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
+mariadb-connector = ["mariadb (>=1.0.1,!=1.1.2,!=1.1.5)"]
 mssql = ["pyodbc"]
 mssql-pymssql = ["pymssql"]
 mssql-pyodbc = ["pyodbc"]
-mypy = ["mypy (>=0.910)", "sqlalchemy2-stubs"]
-mysql = ["mysqlclient (>=1.4.0)", "mysqlclient (>=1.4.0,<2)"]
+mypy = ["mypy (>=0.910)"]
+mysql = ["mysqlclient (>=1.4.0)"]
 mysql-connector = ["mysql-connector-python"]
-oracle = ["cx-oracle (>=7)", "cx-oracle (>=7,<8)"]
+oracle = ["cx-oracle (>=7)"]
+oracle-oracledb = ["oracledb (>=1.0.1)"]
 postgresql = ["psycopg2 (>=2.7)"]
 postgresql-asyncpg = ["asyncpg", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
-postgresql-pg8000 = ["pg8000 (>=1.16.6,!=1.29.0)"]
+postgresql-pg8000 = ["pg8000 (>=1.29.1)"]
+postgresql-psycopg = ["psycopg (>=3.0.7)"]
 postgresql-psycopg2binary = ["psycopg2-binary"]
 postgresql-psycopg2cffi = ["psycopg2cffi"]
-pymysql = ["pymysql", "pymysql (<1)"]
+postgresql-psycopgbinary = ["psycopg[binary] (>=3.0.7)"]
+pymysql = ["pymysql"]
 sqlcipher = ["sqlcipher3-binary"]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "sqlalchemy2-stubs"
-version = "0.0.2a35"
-description = "Typing Stubs for SQLAlchemy 1.4"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
-files = [
-    {file = "sqlalchemy2-stubs-0.0.2a35.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:bd5d530697d7e8c8504c7fe792ef334538392a5fb7aa7e4f670bfacdd668a19d"},
-    {file = "sqlalchemy2_stubs-0.0.2a35-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:593784ff9fc0dc2ded1895e3322591689db3be06f3ca006e3ef47640baf2d38a"},
-]
-
-[package.dependencies]
-typing-extensions = ">=3.7.4"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "termcolor"
 version = "2.3.0"
@@ -2476,24 +2466,24 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-jsonschema"
-version = "4.17.0.9"
+version = "4.17.0.10"
 description = "Typing stubs for jsonschema"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 files = [
-    {file = "types-jsonschema-4.17.0.9.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ddbbf84a37ba19f486e43d2a4ab239c9e49aebb5cc99a17a5d59f54568373376"},
-    {file = "types_jsonschema-4.17.0.9-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ec83f48c5ce5d3ea6955c3617d8c903e5ba3db8debea0c7f5c8e9bd60d782a9e"},
+    {file = "types-jsonschema-4.17.0.10.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8e979db34d69bc9f9b3d6e8b89bdbc60b3a41cfce4e1fb87bf191d205c7f5098"},
+    {file = "types_jsonschema-4.17.0.10-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:3aa2a89afbd9eaa6ce0c15618b36f02692a621433889ce73014656f7d8caf971"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-python-dateutil"
-version = "2.8.19.13"
+version = "2.8.19.14"
 description = "Typing stubs for python-dateutil"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 files = [
-    {file = "types-python-dateutil-2.8.19.13.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:09a0275f95ee31ce68196710ed2c3d1b9dc42e0b61cc43acc369a42cb939134f"},
-    {file = "types_python_dateutil-2.8.19.13-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0b0e7c68e7043b0354b26a1e0225cb1baea7abb1b324d02b50e2d08f1221043f"},
+    {file = "types-python-dateutil-2.8.19.14.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1f4f10ac98bb8b16ade9dbee3518d9ace017821d94b057a425b069f834737f4b"},
+    {file = "types_python_dateutil-2.8.19.14-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f977b8de27787639986b4e28963263fd0e5158942b3ecef91b9335c130cb1ce9"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2509,24 +2499,24 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-pyyaml"
-version = "6.0.12.10"
+version = "6.0.12.11"
 description = "Typing stubs for PyYAML"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 files = [
-    {file = "types-PyYAML-6.0.12.10.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ebab3d0700b946553724ae6ca636ea932c1b0868701d4af121630e78d695fc97"},
-    {file = "types_PyYAML-6.0.12.10-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:662fa444963eff9b68120d70cda1af5a5f2aa57900003c2006d7626450eaae5f"},
+    {file = "types-PyYAML-6.0.12.11.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7d340b19ca28cddfdba438ee638cd4084bde213e501a3978738543e27094775b"},
+    {file = "types_PyYAML-6.0.12.11-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a461508f3096d1d5810ec5ab95d7eeecb651f3a15b71959999988942063bf01d"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-requests"
-version = "2.31.0.1"
+version = "2.31.0.2"
 description = "Typing stubs for requests"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 files = [
-    {file = "types-requests-2.31.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:3de667cffa123ce698591de0ad7db034a5317457a596eb0b4944e5a9d9e8d1ac"},
-    {file = "types_requests-2.31.0.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:afb06ef8f25ba83d59a1d424bd7a5a939082f94b94e90ab5e6116bd2559deaa3"},
+    {file = "types-requests-2.31.0.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:6aa3f7faf0ea52d728bb18c0a0d1522d9bfd8c72d26ff6f61bfc3d06a411cf40"},
+    {file = "types_requests-2.31.0.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:56d181c85b5925cbc59f4489a57e72a8b2166f18273fd8ba7b6fe0c0b986f12a"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2534,13 +2524,13 @@ types-urllib3 = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "types-simplejson"
-version = "3.19.0.1"
+version = "3.19.0.2"
 description = "Typing stubs for simplejson"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 files = [
-    {file = "types-simplejson-3.19.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0233df016477bd58a2525df79ac8a34b079910d51ca45ec4f09a94ae58222f02"},
-    {file = "types_simplejson-3.19.0.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0083e84d43b6b36e8af6eb77e6b41440f2aec8842d16cee0f828fb5622196f4f"},
+    {file = "types-simplejson-3.19.0.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ebc81f886f89d99d6b80c726518aa2228bc77c26438f18fd81455e4f79f8ee1b"},
+    {file = "types_simplejson-3.19.0.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:8ba093dc7884f59b3e62aed217144085e675a269debc32678fd80e0b43b2b86f"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2743,4 +2733,4 @@ testing = ["pytest", "pytest-durations"]
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = "<3.12,>=3.7.1"
-content-hash = "6e2cb25ade25c69afc4a89c7a1a3de7dcb0ba9ce8229236e6dcbbb72ec7e33d8"
+content-hash = "dc1ddcd606e4afddf3fb6ef38a1fc1ce2da299ca623237069fa6ae868082215e"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 4d1489923..91d23d1ff 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ memoization = ">=0.3.2,<0.5.0"
 jsonpath-ng = "^1.5.3"
 joblib = "^1.0.1"
 inflection = "^0.5.1"
-sqlalchemy = "^1.4"
+sqlalchemy = ">=1.4,<3.0"
 python-dotenv = ">=0.20,<0.22"
 typing-extensions = "^4.2.0"
 simplejson = "^3.17.6"
@@ -109,7 +109,6 @@ numpy = [
     { version = ">=1.22", python = ">=3.8" },
 ]
 requests-mock = "^1.10.0"
-sqlalchemy2-stubs = {version = "^0.0.2a32", allow-prereleases = true}
 types-jsonschema = "^4.17.0.6"
 types-python-dateutil = "^2.8.19"
 types-pytz = ">=2022.7.1.2,<2024.0.0.0"
@@ -133,9 +132,6 @@ exclude = ".*simpleeval.*"
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 addopts = '-vvv --ignore=singer_sdk/helpers/_simpleeval.py -m "not external"'
-filterwarnings = [
-    "error::sqlalchemy.exc.RemovedIn20Warning",
-]
 markers = [
     "external: Tests relying on external resources",
     "windows: Tests that only run on Windows",
@@ -191,9 +187,6 @@ fail_under = 82
 [tool.mypy]
 exclude = "tests"
 files = "singer_sdk"
-plugins = [
-    "sqlalchemy.ext.mypy.plugin",
-]
 python_version = "3.8"
 warn_unused_configs = true
 warn_unused_ignores = true
@@ -216,11 +209,13 @@ requires = ["poetry-core>=1.0.0"]
 build-backend = "poetry.core.masonry.api"
 
 [tool.poetry.scripts]
-pytest11 = { callable = "singer_sdk:testing.pytest_plugin", extras = ["testing"] }
+pytest11 = { reference = "singer_sdk:testing.pytest_plugin", extras = ["testing"], type = "console" }
 
 [tool.ruff]
 exclude = [
     "cookiecutter/*",
+    "singer_sdk/helpers/_simpleeval.py",
+    "tests/core/test_simpleeval.py",
 ]
 ignore = [
     "ANN101",  # Missing type annotation for `self` in method
diff --git a/singer_sdk/connectors/sql.py b/singer_sdk/connectors/sql.py
index 3d301d0a1..4cd25a732 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/connectors/sql.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/connectors/sql.py
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def get_sqlalchemy_url(self, config: t.Mapping[str, t.Any]) -> str:
     @staticmethod
     def to_jsonschema_type(
         sql_type: (
-            str
+            str  # noqa: ANN401
             | sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine
             | type[sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine]
             | t.Any
diff --git a/singer_sdk/helpers/_compat.py b/singer_sdk/helpers/_compat.py
index 8435eb87c..94f0a807e 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/helpers/_compat.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/helpers/_compat.py
@@ -11,4 +11,9 @@
     from importlib import metadata
     from typing import Protocol, final  # noqa: ICN003
 
-__all__ = ["metadata", "final", "Protocol"]
+if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+    import importlib_resources as resources
+else:
+    from importlib import resources
+
+__all__ = ["metadata", "final", "resources", "Protocol"]
diff --git a/singer_sdk/helpers/_flattening.py b/singer_sdk/helpers/_flattening.py
index 29ef35cc2..02585dd80 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/helpers/_flattening.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/helpers/_flattening.py
@@ -252,15 +252,15 @@ def _flatten_schema(  # noqa: C901
             else:
                 items.append((new_key, v))
         elif len(v.values()) > 0:
-            if list(v.values())[0][0]["type"] == "string":
-                list(v.values())[0][0]["type"] = ["null", "string"]
-                items.append((new_key, list(v.values())[0][0]))
-            elif list(v.values())[0][0]["type"] == "array":
-                list(v.values())[0][0]["type"] = ["null", "array"]
-                items.append((new_key, list(v.values())[0][0]))
-            elif list(v.values())[0][0]["type"] == "object":
-                list(v.values())[0][0]["type"] = ["null", "object"]
-                items.append((new_key, list(v.values())[0][0]))
+            if next(iter(v.values()))[0]["type"] == "string":
+                next(iter(v.values()))[0]["type"] = ["null", "string"]
+                items.append((new_key, next(iter(v.values()))[0]))
+            elif next(iter(v.values()))[0]["type"] == "array":
+                next(iter(v.values()))[0]["type"] = ["null", "array"]
+                items.append((new_key, next(iter(v.values()))[0]))
+            elif next(iter(v.values()))[0]["type"] == "object":
+                next(iter(v.values()))[0]["type"] = ["null", "object"]
+                items.append((new_key, next(iter(v.values()))[0]))
 
     # Sort and check for duplicates
     def _key_func(item):
diff --git a/singer_sdk/sinks/core.py b/singer_sdk/sinks/core.py
index ec43c4060..9928aa6f2 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/sinks/core.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/sinks/core.py
@@ -215,6 +215,9 @@ def datetime_error_treatment(self) -> DatetimeErrorTreatmentEnum:
     def key_properties(self) -> list[str]:
         """Return key properties.
 
+        Override this method to return a list of key properties in a format that is
+        compatible with the target.
+
         Returns:
             A list of stream key properties.
         """
@@ -331,10 +334,10 @@ def _singer_validate_message(self, record: dict) -> None:
         Raises:
             MissingKeyPropertiesError: If record is missing one or more key properties.
         """
-        if not all(key_property in record for key_property in self.key_properties):
+        if any(key_property not in record for key_property in self._key_properties):
             msg = (
                 f"Record is missing one or more key_properties. \n"
-                f"Key Properties: {self.key_properties}, "
+                f"Key Properties: {self._key_properties}, "
                 f"Record Keys: {list(record.keys())}"
             )
             raise MissingKeyPropertiesError(
diff --git a/singer_sdk/sinks/sql.py b/singer_sdk/sinks/sql.py
index 6fca2db1a..1bc7e6cf0 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/sinks/sql.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/sinks/sql.py
@@ -322,15 +322,20 @@ def bulk_insert_records(
         if isinstance(insert_sql, str):
             insert_sql = sqlalchemy.text(insert_sql)
 
-        conformed_records = (
-            [self.conform_record(record) for record in records]
-            if isinstance(records, list)
-            else (self.conform_record(record) for record in records)
-        )
+        conformed_records = [self.conform_record(record) for record in records]
+        property_names = list(self.conform_schema(schema)["properties"].keys())
+
+        # Create new record dicts with missing properties filled in with None
+        new_records = [
+            {name: record.get(name) for name in property_names}
+            for record in conformed_records
+        ]
+
         self.logger.info("Inserting with SQL: %s", insert_sql)
         with self.connector.connect() as conn, conn.begin():
-            conn.execute(insert_sql, conformed_records)
-        return len(conformed_records) if isinstance(conformed_records, list) else None
+            result = conn.execute(insert_sql, new_records)
+
+        return result.rowcount
 
     def merge_upsert_from_table(
         self,
diff --git a/singer_sdk/streams/core.py b/singer_sdk/streams/core.py
index 35bc2e79e..53e9533ff 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/streams/core.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/streams/core.py
@@ -217,7 +217,10 @@ def is_timestamp_replication_key(self) -> bool:
         type_dict = self.schema.get("properties", {}).get(self.replication_key)
         return is_datetime_type(type_dict)
 
-    def get_starting_replication_key_value(self, context: dict | None) -> t.Any | None:
+    def get_starting_replication_key_value(
+        self,
+        context: dict | None,
+    ) -> t.Any | None:  # noqa: ANN401
         """Get starting replication key.
 
         Will return the value of the stream's replication key when `--state` is passed.
@@ -385,7 +388,7 @@ def _write_starting_replication_value(self, context: dict | None) -> None:
     def get_replication_key_signpost(
         self,
         context: dict | None,  # noqa: ARG002
-    ) -> datetime.datetime | t.Any | None:
+    ) -> datetime.datetime | t.Any | None:  # noqa: ANN401
         """Get the replication signpost.
 
         For timestamp-based replication keys, this defaults to `utc_now()`. For
@@ -1255,7 +1258,7 @@ def get_child_context(self, record: dict, context: dict | None) -> dict | None:
 
         Raises:
             NotImplementedError: If the stream has children but this method is not
-                overriden.
+                overridden.
         """
         if context is None:
             for child_stream in self.child_streams:
diff --git a/singer_sdk/streams/graphql.py b/singer_sdk/streams/graphql.py
index 01e5d41ee..fde4f99b9 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/streams/graphql.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/streams/graphql.py
@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@
 from singer_sdk.helpers._classproperty import classproperty
 from singer_sdk.streams.rest import RESTStream
 
+_TToken = t.TypeVar("_TToken")
 
-class GraphQLStream(RESTStream, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+
+class GraphQLStream(RESTStream, t.Generic[_TToken], metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """Abstract base class for API-type streams.
 
     GraphQL streams inherit from the class `GraphQLStream`, which in turn inherits from
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ def query(self) -> str:
     def prepare_request_payload(
         self,
         context: dict | None,
-        next_page_token: t.Any | None,
+        next_page_token: _TToken | None,
     ) -> dict | None:
         """Prepare the data payload for the GraphQL API request.
 
diff --git a/singer_sdk/tap_base.py b/singer_sdk/tap_base.py
index 95800925c..08ce6f3ad 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/tap_base.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/tap_base.py
@@ -612,37 +612,17 @@ class SQLTap(Tap):
     # Stream class used to initialize new SQL streams from their catalog declarations.
     default_stream_class: type[SQLStream]
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        *,
-        config: dict | PurePath | str | list[PurePath | str] | None = None,
-        catalog: PurePath | str | dict | None = None,
-        state: PurePath | str | dict | None = None,
-        parse_env_config: bool = False,
-        validate_config: bool = True,
-    ) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
         """Initialize the SQL tap.
 
         The SQLTap initializer additionally creates a cache variable for _catalog_dict.
 
         Args:
-            config: Tap configuration. Can be a dictionary, a single path to a
-                configuration file, or a list of paths to multiple configuration
-                files.
-            catalog: Tap catalog. Can be a dictionary or a path to the catalog file.
-            state: Tap state. Can be dictionary or a path to the state file.
-            parse_env_config: Whether to look for configuration values in environment
-                variables.
-            validate_config: True to require validation of config settings.
+            *args: Positional arguments for the Tap initializer.
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments for the Tap initializer.
         """
         self._catalog_dict: dict | None = None
-        super().__init__(
-            config=config,
-            catalog=catalog,
-            state=state,
-            parse_env_config=parse_env_config,
-            validate_config=validate_config,
-        )
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     @property
     def catalog_dict(self) -> dict:
diff --git a/singer_sdk/testing/__init__.py b/singer_sdk/testing/__init__.py
index 24ce4ac9f..83ca9aacc 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/testing/__init__.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/testing/__init__.py
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import typing as t
+import warnings
+
 from .config import SuiteConfig
 from .factory import get_tap_test_class, get_target_test_class
 from .legacy import (
     _get_tap_catalog,
     _select_all,
-    get_standard_tap_tests,
-    get_standard_target_tests,
     sync_end_to_end,
     tap_sync_test,
     tap_to_target_sync_test,
@@ -16,13 +17,42 @@
 )
 from .runners import SingerTestRunner, TapTestRunner, TargetTestRunner
 
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> t.Any:  # noqa: ANN401
+    if name == "get_standard_tap_tests":
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The function singer_sdk.testing.get_standard_tap_tests is deprecated "
+            "and will be removed in a future release. Use get_tap_test_class instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+        from .legacy import get_standard_tap_tests
+
+        return get_standard_tap_tests
+
+    if name == "get_standard_target_tests":
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The function singer_sdk.testing.get_standard_target_tests is deprecated "
+            "and will be removed in a future release. Use get_target_test_class "
+            "instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+        from .legacy import get_standard_target_tests
+
+        return get_standard_target_tests
+
+    msg = f"module {__name__} has no attribute {name}"
+    raise AttributeError(msg)
+
+
 __all__ = [
     "get_tap_test_class",
     "get_target_test_class",
     "_get_tap_catalog",
     "_select_all",
-    "get_standard_tap_tests",
-    "get_standard_target_tests",
     "sync_end_to_end",
     "tap_sync_test",
     "tap_to_target_sync_test",
diff --git a/singer_sdk/testing/suites.py b/singer_sdk/testing/suites.py
index 0f8a9fabe..d795cf153 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/testing/suites.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/testing/suites.py
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
     TargetOptionalAttributes,
     TargetRecordBeforeSchemaTest,
     TargetRecordMissingKeyProperty,
+    TargetRecordMissingOptionalFields,
     TargetSchemaNoProperties,
     TargetSchemaUpdates,
     TargetSpecialCharsInAttributes,
@@ -103,6 +104,7 @@ class TestSuite:
         TargetOptionalAttributes,
         TargetRecordBeforeSchemaTest,
         TargetRecordMissingKeyProperty,
+        TargetRecordMissingOptionalFields,
         TargetSchemaNoProperties,
         TargetSchemaUpdates,
         TargetSpecialCharsInAttributes,
diff --git a/singer_sdk/testing/target_test_streams/__init__.py b/singer_sdk/testing/target_test_streams/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14d313288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/singer_sdk/testing/target_test_streams/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Singer output samples, used for testing target behavior."""
diff --git a/singer_sdk/testing/target_test_streams/record_missing_fields.singer b/singer_sdk/testing/target_test_streams/record_missing_fields.singer
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a398f6bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/singer_sdk/testing/target_test_streams/record_missing_fields.singer
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"type": "SCHEMA", "stream": "record_missing_fields", "key_properties": ["id"], "schema": {"type": "object", "properties": {"id": {"type": "integer"}, "optional": {"type": "string"}}, "required": ["id"]}}
+{"type": "RECORD", "stream": "record_missing_fields", "record": {"id": 1, "optional": "now you see me"}}
+{"type": "RECORD", "stream": "record_missing_fields", "record": {"id": 2}}
+{"type": "STATE", "value": {}}
diff --git a/singer_sdk/testing/target_tests.py b/singer_sdk/testing/target_tests.py
index 8412329c5..96e0b0d59 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/testing/target_tests.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/testing/target_tests.py
@@ -139,3 +139,9 @@ class TargetSpecialCharsInAttributes(TargetFileTestTemplate):
     """Test Target handles special chars in attributes."""
 
     name = "special_chars_in_attributes"
+
+
+class TargetRecordMissingOptionalFields(TargetFileTestTemplate):
+    """Test Target handles record missing optional fields."""
+
+    name = "record_missing_fields"
diff --git a/singer_sdk/testing/templates.py b/singer_sdk/testing/templates.py
index b43d37830..bfb54c360 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/testing/templates.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/testing/templates.py
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 import warnings
 from pathlib import Path
 
+from singer_sdk.helpers._compat import resources
+from singer_sdk.testing import target_test_streams
+
 if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
     from singer_sdk.streams import Stream
 
@@ -334,5 +337,4 @@ def singer_filepath(self) -> Path:
         Returns:
             The expected Path to this tests singer file.
         """
-        current_dir = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
-        return current_dir / "target_test_streams" / f"{self.name}.singer"
+        return resources.files(target_test_streams).joinpath(f"{self.name}.singer")  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
diff --git a/singer_sdk/typing.py b/singer_sdk/typing.py
index a8f654c90..850e30e8e 100644
--- a/singer_sdk/typing.py
+++ b/singer_sdk/typing.py
@@ -965,9 +965,8 @@ def _jsonschema_type_check(jsonschema_type: dict, type_check: tuple[str]) -> boo
             for schema_type in jsonschema_type["type"]:
                 if schema_type in type_check:
                     return True
-        else:
-            if jsonschema_type.get("type") in type_check:  # noqa: PLR5501
-                return True
+        elif jsonschema_type.get("type") in type_check:
+            return True
 
     if any(
         _jsonschema_type_check(t, type_check) for t in jsonschema_type.get("anyOf", ())
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 142e76fe1..25319c015 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 import typing as t
 
 import pytest
+from sqlalchemy import __version__ as sqlalchemy_version
 
 from singer_sdk import typing as th
 from singer_sdk.sinks import BatchSink
@@ -39,6 +40,11 @@ def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
         pytest.skip(f"cannot run on platform {system}")
 
 
+def pytest_report_header() -> list[str]:
+    """Return a list of strings to be displayed in the header of the report."""
+    return [f"sqlalchemy: {sqlalchemy_version}"]
+
+
 @pytest.fixture(scope="class")
 def outdir() -> t.Generator[str, None, None]:
     """Create a temporary directory for cookiecutters and target output."""
@@ -86,6 +92,10 @@ def process_batch(self, context: dict) -> None:
         self.target.records_written.extend(context["records"])
         self.target.num_batches_processed += 1
 
+    @property
+    def key_properties(self) -> list[str]:
+        return [key.upper() for key in super().key_properties]
+
 
 class TargetMock(Target):
     """A mock Target class."""
diff --git a/tests/core/test_jsonschema_helpers.py b/tests/core/test_jsonschema_helpers.py
index 3e4ba6eca..e1369dcba 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_jsonschema_helpers.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_jsonschema_helpers.py
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ def test_property_creation(
     property_dict = property_obj.to_dict()
     assert property_dict == expected_jsonschema
     for check_fn in TYPE_FN_CHECKS:
-        property_name = list(property_dict.keys())[0]
+        property_name = next(iter(property_dict.keys()))
         property_node = property_dict[property_name]
         if check_fn in type_fn_checks_true:
             assert (
diff --git a/tests/core/test_target_base.py b/tests/core/test_target_base.py
index 778fab722..1fd6b9a93 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_target_base.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_target_base.py
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 import copy
 
+import pytest
+
+from singer_sdk.exceptions import MissingKeyPropertiesError
 from tests.conftest import BatchSinkMock, TargetMock
 
 
@@ -28,3 +31,25 @@ def test_get_sink():
         key_properties=key_properties,
     )
     assert sink_returned == sink
+
+
+def test_validate_record():
+    target = TargetMock()
+    sink = BatchSinkMock(
+        target=target,
+        stream_name="test",
+        schema={
+            "properties": {
+                "id": {"type": ["integer"]},
+                "name": {"type": ["string"]},
+            },
+        },
+        key_properties=["id"],
+    )
+
+    # Test valid record
+    sink._singer_validate_message({"id": 1, "name": "test"})
+
+    # Test invalid record
+    with pytest.raises(MissingKeyPropertiesError):
+        sink._singer_validate_message({"name": "test"})
diff --git a/tests/core/test_testing.py b/tests/core/test_testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02672d9ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/core/test_testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Test the plugin testing helpers."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_module_deprecations():
+    with pytest.deprecated_call():
+        from singer_sdk.testing import get_standard_tap_tests  # noqa: F401
+
+    with pytest.deprecated_call():
+        from singer_sdk.testing import get_standard_target_tests  # noqa: F401
+
+    from singer_sdk import testing
+
+    with pytest.raises(
+        AttributeError,
+        match="module singer_sdk.testing has no attribute",
+    ):
+        testing.foo  # noqa: B018
diff --git a/tests/samples/conftest.py b/tests/samples/conftest.py
index 60f277412..29560a330 100644
--- a/tests/samples/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/samples/conftest.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def path_to_sample_data_db(tmp_path: Path) -> Path:
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def sqlite_sample_db_config(path_to_sample_data_db: str) -> dict:
+def sqlite_sample_db_config(path_to_sample_data_db: Path) -> dict:
     """Get configuration dictionary for target-csv."""
     return {"path_to_db": str(path_to_sample_data_db)}
 
diff --git a/tests/samples/test_tap_sqlite.py b/tests/samples/test_tap_sqlite.py
index 5e1349f94..e2b1940da 100644
--- a/tests/samples/test_tap_sqlite.py
+++ b/tests/samples/test_tap_sqlite.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import json
 import typing as t
 
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+
+from samples.sample_tap_sqlite import SQLiteTap
 from samples.sample_target_csv.csv_target import SampleTargetCSV
 from singer_sdk import SQLStream
 from singer_sdk._singerlib import MetadataMapping, StreamMetadata
@@ -24,10 +28,27 @@ def _discover_and_select_all(tap: SQLTap) -> None:
         catalog_entry["metadata"] = md.to_list()
 
 
+def test_tap_sqlite_cli(sqlite_sample_db_config: dict[str, t.Any], tmp_path: Path):
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    filepath = tmp_path / "config.json"
+
+    with filepath.open("w") as f:
+        json.dump(sqlite_sample_db_config, f)
+
+    result = runner.invoke(
+        SQLiteTap.cli,
+        ["--discover", "--config", str(filepath)],
+    )
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+    catalog = json.loads(result.stdout)
+    assert "streams" in catalog
+
+
 def test_sql_metadata(sqlite_sample_tap: SQLTap):
     stream = t.cast(SQLStream, sqlite_sample_tap.streams["main-t1"])
     detected_metadata = stream.catalog_entry["metadata"]
-    detected_root_md = [md for md in detected_metadata if md["breadcrumb"] == []][0]
+    detected_root_md = next(md for md in detected_metadata if md["breadcrumb"] == [])
     detected_root_md = detected_root_md["metadata"]
     translated_metadata = StreamMetadata.from_dict(detected_root_md)
     assert detected_root_md["schema-name"] == translated_metadata.schema_name
diff --git a/tests/samples/test_target_sqlite.py b/tests/samples/test_target_sqlite.py
index a7ca3b3c5..abf1bccaf 100644
--- a/tests/samples/test_target_sqlite.py
+++ b/tests/samples/test_target_sqlite.py
@@ -396,6 +396,35 @@ def test_sqlite_column_no_morph(sqlite_sample_target: SQLTarget):
     target_sync_test(sqlite_sample_target, input=StringIO(tap_output_b), finalize=True)
 
 
+def test_record_with_missing_properties(
+    sqlite_sample_target: SQLTarget,
+):
+    """Test handling of records with missing properties."""
+    tap_output = "\n".join(
+        json.dumps(msg)
+        for msg in [
+            {
+                "type": "SCHEMA",
+                "stream": "test_stream",
+                "schema": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "id": {"type": "integer"},
+                        "name": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                },
+                "key_properties": ["id"],
+            },
+            {
+                "type": "RECORD",
+                "stream": "test_stream",
+                "record": {"id": 1},
+            },
+        ]
+    )
+    target_sync_test(sqlite_sample_target, input=StringIO(tap_output), finalize=True)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "stream_name,schema,key_properties,expected_dml",
     [