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philosophers.js
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var phils = {
"ph": {
"\/en\/immanuel_kant": {
"id": "\/en\/immanuel_kant",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f800000000001e158",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a6d063",
"name": "Immanuel Kant",
"abstract": "Immanuel Kant (IPA:\u00a0[\u026a'manu\u025bl kant]; 22 April 1724\u00a0\u2013\n12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher\nfrom the Prussian city of K\u00f6nigsberg (now Kaliningrad,\nRussia). He is regarded as one of the most influential\nthinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment.\nKant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy\nwhich influenced philosophy through the 21st Century. He\nalso published important works of epistemology, as well as\nworks relevant to religion, law, and history....",
"birthyear": "1724",
"name_short": "KANT",
"ints": {
"\/en\/aesthetics": 1,
"\/en\/epistemology": 1,
"\/en\/ethicist": 1,
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},
"to": {
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"\/en\/karl_popper": 1,
"\/en\/leo_strauss": 1,
"\/en\/ludwig_von_mises": 1,
"\/en\/ludwig_wittgenstein": 1,
"\/en\/martin_buber": 1,
"\/en\/martin_heidegger": 1,
"\/en\/maurice_merleau-ponty": 1,
"\/en\/michael_oakeshott": 1,
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},
"fr": {
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},
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"to_count": 54,
"d1": 0.748843419746,
"d2": 0.37609540348
},
"\/en\/georg_wilhelm_friedrich_hegel": {
"id": "\/en\/georg_wilhelm_friedrich_hegel",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f800000000001a681",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f800000000490988b",
"name": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel",
"abstract": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (IPA:\u00a0[\u02c8ge\u0254\u0281k \u02c8v\u026alh\u025blm\n\u02c8f\u0281i\u02d0d\u0281\u026a\u00e7 \u02c8he\u02d0g\u0259l]) (August 27, 1770 \u2013 November\n14, 1831) was a German philosopher, and with Johann Gottlieb\nFichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, one of the\ncreators of German idealism.\nHegel influenced writers of widely varying positions,\nincluding both his admirers (Bauer, Feuerbach, Marx,\nBradley, Dewey, Sartre, K\u00fcng, Koj\u00e8ve, \u017di\u017eek), and his\ndetractors (Schelling, Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche,\nPeirce, Russell). Hegel...",
"birthyear": "1770",
"name_short": "HEGEL",
"ints": {
"\/en\/aesthetics": 1,
"\/en\/epistemology": 1,
"\/en\/germany": 1,
"\/en\/logic": 1,
"\/en\/metaphysics": 1,
"\/en\/physician": 1,
"\/en\/writer": 1
},
"to": {
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"\/en\/benedetto_croce": 1,
"\/en\/charles_taylor_1931": 1,
"\/en\/claude_levi-strauss": 1,
"\/en\/friedrich_engels": 1,
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"\/en\/jacques_lacan": 1,
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"\/en\/john_dewey": 1,
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"\/en\/judith_butler": 1,
"\/en\/jurgen_habermas": 1,
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"\/en\/karl_korsch": 1,
"\/en\/karl_marx": 1,
"\/en\/karl_popper": 1,
"\/en\/karl_robert_eduard_von_hartmann": 1,
"\/en\/martin_heidegger": 1,
"\/en\/maurice_merleau-ponty": 1,
"\/en\/max_stirner": 1,
"\/en\/michael_oakeshott": 1,
"\/en\/michel_foucault": 1,
"\/en\/murray_bookchin": 1,
"\/en\/nishida_kitaro": 1,
"\/en\/robert_brandom": 1,
"\/en\/rudolf_hermann_lotze": 1,
"\/en\/rudolf_steiner": 1,
"\/en\/simone_de_beauvoir": 1,
"\/en\/slavoj_zizek": 1,
"\/en\/soren_kierkegaard": 1,
"\/en\/theodor_w_adorno": 1
},
"fr": {
"\/en\/anselm_of_canterbury": 1,
"\/en\/aristotle": 1,
"\/en\/baruch_spinoza": 1,
"\/en\/friedrich_wilhelm_joseph_schelling": 1,
"\/en\/heraclitus": 1,
"\/en\/immanuel_kant": 1,
"\/en\/niccolo_machiavelli": 1,
"\/en\/rene_descartes": 1
},
"fr_count": 8,
"to_count": 38,
"d1": 0.812161223828,
"d2": 0.403990507537
},
"\/en\/karl_marx": {
"id": "\/en\/karl_marx",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000000022172",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a70636",
"name": "Karl Marx",
"abstract": "Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818\u2013March 14, 1883) was a\nGerman philosopher, political economist, historian,\nsociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary\ncredited as the founder of communism.\nMarx summarized his approach to history and politics in the\nopening line of the first chapter of The Communist Manifesto\n(1848): \u201cThe history of all hitherto existing society is\nthe history of class struggles.\u201d Marx argued that\ncapitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, will\nproduce...",
"birthyear": "1818",
"name_short": "MARX",
"ints": {
"\/en\/ashkenazi_jews": 1,
"\/en\/atheism": 1,
"\/en\/economist": 1,
"\/en\/germans": 1,
"\/en\/germany": 1,
"\/en\/jew": 1,
"\/en\/judaism": 1,
"\/en\/politician": 1,
"\/en\/politics": 1,
"\/en\/united_kingdom": 1
},
"to": {
"\/en\/alain_badiou": 1,
"\/en\/albert_camus": 1,
"\/en\/antonio_gramsci": 1,
"\/en\/benedetto_croce": 1,
"\/en\/claude_levi-strauss": 1,
"\/en\/cornelius_castoriadis": 1,
"\/en\/etienne_balibar": 1,
"\/en\/gaetano_mosca": 1,
"\/en\/georg_lukacs": 1,
"\/en\/gerald_cohen": 1,
"\/en\/hannah_arendt": 1,
"\/en\/herbert_mccabe": 1,
"\/en\/hilary_putnam": 1,
"\/en\/imre_lakatos": 1,
"\/en\/isaiah_berlin": 1,
"\/en\/jacques_derrida": 1,
"\/en\/jacques_ranciere": 1,
"\/en\/jean-francois_lyotard": 1,
"\/en\/jean-paul_sartre": 1,
"\/en\/john_rawls": 1,
"\/en\/joseph_dietzgen": 1,
"\/en\/jurgen_habermas": 1,
"\/en\/karl_korsch": 1,
"\/en\/louis_althusser": 1,
"\/en\/maurice_merleau-ponty": 1,
"\/en\/michel_foucault": 1,
"\/en\/murray_bookchin": 1,
"\/en\/politics_of_noam_chomsky": 1,
"\/en\/roland_barthes": 1,
"\/en\/simone_de_beauvoir": 1,
"\/en\/simone_weil": 1,
"\/en\/slavoj_zizek": 1,
"\/en\/theodor_w_adorno": 1,
"\/en\/walter_benjamin": 1
},
"fr": {
"\/en\/adam_smith": 1,
"\/en\/baruch_spinoza": 1,
"\/en\/georg_wilhelm_friedrich_hegel": 1,
"\/en\/immanuel_kant": 1,
"\/en\/max_stirner": 1,
"\/en\/william_petty": 1
},
"fr_count": 6,
"to_count": 34,
"d1": 0.320630851432,
"d2": 0.503405845011
},
"\/en\/aristotle": {
"id": "\/en\/aristotle",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000000003bdf",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000007443028",
"name": "Aristotle",
"abstract": "Aristotle (Greek: \u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, Aristot\u00e9l\u0113s)\n(384 BC \u2013 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of\nPlato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many\nsubjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater,\nmusic, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics,\nbiology and zoology.\nTogether with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher),\nAristotle is one of the most important founding figures in\nWestern philosophy. He was the first to create a\ncomprehensive system of Western philosophy,...",
"birthyear": "-383",
"name_short": "ARISTOTLE",
"ints": {
"\/en\/aesthetics": 1,
"\/en\/ethics": 1,
"\/en\/greece": 1,
"\/en\/greeks": 1,
"\/en\/mathematician": 1,
"\/en\/metaphysics": 1,
"\/en\/physicist": 1,
"\/en\/politics": 1
},
"to": {
"\/en\/adam_smith": 1,
"\/en\/anselm_of_canterbury": 1,
"\/en\/baruch_spinoza": 1,
"\/en\/charles_taylor_1931": 1,
"\/en\/cornelius_castoriadis": 1,
"\/en\/duns_scotus": 1,
"\/en\/george_boole": 1,
"\/en\/georg_wilhelm_friedrich_hegel": 1,
"\/en\/gottfried_leibniz": 1,
"\/en\/hannah_arendt": 1,
"\/en\/jacques_ranciere": 1,
"\/en\/john_locke": 1,
"\/en\/john_mcdowell": 1,
"\/en\/john_stuart_mill": 1,
"\/en\/karl_popper": 1,
"\/en\/leo_strauss": 1,
"\/en\/ludwig_von_mises": 1,
"\/en\/martin_heidegger": 1,
"\/en\/michael_oakeshott": 1,
"\/en\/murray_bookchin": 1,
"\/en\/murray_rothbard": 1,
"\/en\/philippa_foot": 1,
"\/en\/rene_descartes": 1,
"\/en\/richard_mckeon": 1,
"\/en\/richard_swinburne": 1,
"\/en\/rudolf_steiner": 1,
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"\/en\/theophrastus": 1,
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"\/en\/thomas_hobbes": 1,
"\/en\/william_of_ockham": 1,
"\/en\/william_petty": 1
},
"fr": {
"\/en\/anaximander": 1,
"\/en\/democritus": 1,
"\/en\/empedocles": 1,
"\/en\/heraclitus": 1,
"\/en\/parmenides": 1,
"\/en\/plato": 1,
"\/en\/socrates": 1
},
"fr_count": 7,
"to_count": 32,
"d1": 0.438690026767,
"d2": 0.730099304692
},
"\/en\/plato": {
"id": "\/en\/plato",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f800000000002da70",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a79aa6",
"name": "Plato",
"abstract": "Plato (Greek: \u03a0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, Pl\u00e1t\u014dn, \"broad\") (428\/427 BC\n\u2013 348\/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher,\nmathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and\nfounder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of\nhigher learning in the western world. Along with his mentor,\nSocrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay\nthe foundations of Western philosophy. Plato was originally\na student of Socrates, and was as much influenced by his\nthinking as by what he saw as his teacher's...",
"birthyear": "-426",
"name_short": "PLATO",
"ints": {
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"id": "\/en\/ludwig_wittgenstein",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000000023d7b",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004e13260",
"name": "Ludwig Wittgenstein",
"abstract": "Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (pronounced [\u02c8lu\u02d0tv\u026ak\n\u02c8jo\u02d0z\u025bf \u02c8jo\u02d0han \u02c8v\u026atg\u0259n\u0283ta\u026an]) (26 April 1889 \u2013\n29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who\nworked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics,\nthe philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.\nDescribed by Bertrand Russell as \"the most perfect example\nI have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived,\npassionate, profound, intense, and dominating\", he helped\ninspire two of the twentieth century's principal...",
"birthyear": "1889",
"name_short": "WITTGENSTEIN",
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"id": "\/en\/friedrich_nietzsche",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000000016de0",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a659c4",
"name": "Friedrich Nietzsche",
"abstract": "Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844\u00a0\u2013 August\n25, 1900) (German pronunciation: [\u02c8f\u0281i\u02d0d\u0281\u026a\u00e7\n\u02c8v\u026alh\u0259lm \u02c8ni\u02d0t\u0283\u0259]) was a nineteenth-century German\nphilosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical\ntexts on religion, morality, contemporary culture,\nphilosophy, and science, using a distinctive German language\nstyle and displaying a fondness for metaphor and aphorism.\nNietzsche's influence remains substantial within and beyond\nphilosophy, notably in existentialism and postmodernism....",
"birthyear": "1844",
"name_short": "NIETZSCHE",
"ints": {
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"id": "\/en\/soren_kierkegaard",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000000035b4f",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a80887",
"name": "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard",
"abstract": "S\u00f8ren Aabye Kierkegaard (pronounced [\u02c8s\u0153\u02d0\u0250n\n\u02c8k\u02b0i\u0250\u032fk\u0259\u02cc\u0261\u030a\u0252\u02c0] in Danish, Anglicised as\n\/\u02c8k\u026a\u0259rk\u0259g\u0251rd\/; Listen (help\u00b7info)) (5 May 1813\u00a0\u2013\n11 November 1855) was a prolific 19th century Danish\nphilosopher and theologian. Kierkegaard strongly criticised\nboth the Hegelianism of his time, and what he saw as the\nempty formalities of the Danish church. Much of his work\ndeals with religious themes such as faith in God, the\ninstitution of the Christian Church, Christian ethics and\ntheology, and the...",
"birthyear": "1813",
"name_short": "KIERKEGAARD",
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"guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000000009688",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a59b8f",
"name": "Baruch Spinoza",
"abstract": "Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (Hebrew: \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05da\n\u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d6\u05d4\u200e, Portuguese: Bento de Espinosa, Latin:\nBenedictus de Spinoza) (November 24, 1632 \u2013 February 21,\n1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin.\nRevealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and\nimportance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until\nyears after his death. Today, he is considered one of the\ngreat rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, laying the\ngroundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and...",
"birthyear": "1632",
"name_short": "SPINOZA",
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"id": "\/en\/martin_heidegger",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f800000000004a551",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f80000000049845e9",
"name": "Martin Heidegger",
"abstract": "Martin Heidegger (26 September 1889 \u2013 26 May 1976)\n(pronounced [\u02c8ma\u0250\u032fti\u02d0n \u02c8ha\u026a\u032fd\u025bg\u0250]) was an\ninfluential German philosopher. His best known book, Being\nand Time, is generally considered to be one of the most\nimportant philosophical works of the 20th century. Heidegger\nremains controversial due to his involvement with Nazism.\nHeidegger claimed that Western philosophy has, since Plato,\nmisunderstood what it means for something \"to be,\" tending\nto approach this question in terms of a being,...",
"birthyear": "1889",
"name_short": "HEIDEGGER",
"ints": {
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"id": "\/en\/rene_descartes",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000000032f11",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a7e4ee",
"name": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes",
"abstract": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes (French pronunciation: [\u0281\u0259ne deka\u0281t]),\n(31 March 1596 \u2013 11 February 1650), also known as Renatus\nCartesius (Latinized form), was a French philosopher,\nmathematician, scientist, and writer who spent most of his\nadult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the\n\"Father of Modern Philosophy,\" and much of subsequent\nWestern philosophy is a response to his writings, which\ncontinue to be studied closely to this day. In particular,\nhis Meditations on First Philosophy continues...",
"birthyear": "1596",
"name_short": "DESCARTES",
"ints": {
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"guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000000011a50",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a5753c",
"name": "David Hume",
"abstract": "David Hume (26 April 1711 \u2013 25 August 1776) was a Scottish\nphilosopher, economist, historian and a key figure in the\nhistory of Western philosophy and the Scottish\nEnlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George\nBerkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist.\nDuring Hume's lifetime, he was more famous as a historian;\nhis six-volume History of England was a bestseller well into\nthe nineteenth century and the standard work on English\nhistory for many years.\nHume was the...",
"birthyear": "1711",
"name_short": "HUME",
"ints": {
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},
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"\/en\/edmund_husserl": {
"id": "\/en\/edmund_husserl",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000000014a81",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a63630",
"name": "Edmund Husserl",
"abstract": "Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (IPA:\u00a0[\u02c8h\u028as\u025brl]; April 8,\n1859, Prost\u011bjov, Moravia, Austrian Empire \u2013 April 26,\n1938, Freiburg, Germany) was a philosopher who is deemed the\nfounder of phenomenology. He broke with the positivist\norientation of the science and philosophy of his day,\nbelieving that experience is the source of all knowledge,\nwhile at the same time he elaborated critiques of\npsychologism and historicism.\nBorn into a Moravian Jewish family, he was baptized as a\nLutheran in 1887....",
"birthyear": "1859",
"name_short": "HUSSERL",
"ints": {
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"fr": {
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},
"fr_count": 6,
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"\/en\/john_locke": {
"id": "\/en\/john_locke",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000000020f03",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a6f2fb",
"name": "John Locke",
"abstract": "John Locke (pronounced \/l\u0252k\/; 29 August 1632 \u2013 28 October\n1704) was an English philosopher. Locke is considered the\nfirst of the British empiricists, but is equally important\nto social contract theory. His ideas had enormous influence\non the development of epistemology and political philosophy,\nand he is widely regarded as one of the most influential\nEnlightenment thinkers, classical republicans, and\ncontributors to liberal theory. His writings influenced\nVoltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish...",
"birthyear": "1632",
"name_short": "LOCKE",
"ints": {
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"\/en\/thomas_aquinas": {
"id": "\/en\/thomas_aquinas",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f800000000003c545",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a86084",
"name": "Thomas Aquinas",
"abstract": "Saint Thomas Aquinas, O.P. (also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino;\nborn ca. 1225; died 7 March 1274) was a priest of the Roman\nCatholic Church in the Dominican Order from Italy, and an\nimmensely influential philosopher and theologian in the\ntradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus and\nDoctor Communis. He is frequently referred to as Thomas\nbecause \"Aquinas\" refers to his residence rather than his\nsurname. He was the foremost classical proponent of natural\ntheology, and the father of...",
"birthyear": "1225",
"name_short": "AQUINAS",
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"\/en\/gottlob_frege": {
"id": "\/en\/gottlob_frege",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f800000000005f865",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a9dfd3",
"name": "Gottlob Frege",
"abstract": "Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848, Wismar,\nGrand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin \u2013 26 July 1925, Bad\nKleinen, Germany) (IPA:\u00a0[\u02c8g\u0254tlop \u02c8f\u0281e\u02d0g\u0259]) was a\nGerman mathematician who became a logician and philosopher.\nHe helped found both modern mathematical logic and analytic\nphilosophy. His work had a far-reaching and foundational\ninfluence on 20th-century philosophy and linguistic\nsemantics.\nFrege was born in 1848 in Wismar, in the state of\nMecklenburg-Schwerin (the modern German...",
"birthyear": "1848",
"name_short": "FREGE",
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"\/en\/willard_van_orman_quine": {
"id": "\/en\/willard_van_orman_quine",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f800000000004155f",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004983a6e",
"name": "Willard Van Orman Quine",
"abstract": "Willard Van Orman Quine (June 25, 1908 Akron, Ohio \u2013\nDecember 25, 2000) (known to intimates as \"Van\"), was an\nAmerican analytic philosopher and logician. From 1930 until\nhis death 70 years later, Quine was affiliated in some way\nwith Harvard University, first as a student, then as a\nprofessor of philosophy and a teacher of mathematics, and\nfinally as an emeritus elder statesman who published or\nrevised seven books in retirement. He filled the Edgar\nPierce Chair of Philosophy at Harvard,...",
"birthyear": "1908",
"name_short": "QUINE",
"ints": {
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"\/en\/heraclitus": {
"id": "\/en\/heraclitus",
"guid": "9202a8c04000641f800000000001c8cf",
"img_guid": "9202a8c04000641f8000000004a6b65c",
"name": "Heraclitus",
"abstract": "Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: \u1f29\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\n\u1f41 \u1f18\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u2014 H\u0113r\u00e1kleitos ho Eph\u00e9sios, English\nHeraclitus the Ephesian) (ca. 535\u2013475 BC) was a\npre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of Ephesus, Ionia,\non the coast of Asia Minor.\nHeraclitus is known for his doctrine of change being\ncentral to the universe, and that the Logos is the\nfundamental order of all. Today, is he famous for his\ninfluence on Freidrich Nietzsche by the idea of every moment\nbeing its own universe; summarized in his...",
"birthyear": "-534",
"name_short": "HERACLITUS",
"ints": {
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