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@@ -236,8 +236,8 @@ <h2>Changes in the second and third editions<a class="headerlink" href="#changes
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workspaces in <aclass="reference internal" href="2_programs_in_files.html#workspaces"><spanclass="std std-numref">Section 2.2.1</span></a>, and the Flake8 extension in
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<aclass="reference internal" href="4_style.html#flake8-extension"><spanclass="std std-numref">Section 4.2.2</span></a>. Together, these provide correctly integrated code
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linting. It also consistently uses <codeclass="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">python</span><spanclass="pre">-m</span></code> to invoke tools such as <codeclass="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">pip</span></code>,
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<aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/index.html#module-pytest" title="(in pytest v8.4.0.dev99)"><codeclass="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">pytest</span></code></a> and <codeclass="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">flake8</span></code>. This is less error-prone for students. The description
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of <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#finally" title="(in Python v3.12)"><codeclass="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">finally</span></code></a> in <aclass="reference internal" href="6_exceptions.html#else-finally"><spanclass="std std-numref">Section 6.5.2</span></a> has been also improved.</p>
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<aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/index.html#module-pytest" title="(in pytest v8.4.0.dev128)"><codeclass="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">pytest</span></code></a> and <codeclass="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">flake8</span></code>. This is less error-prone for students. The description
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of <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#finally" title="(in Python v3.13)"><codeclass="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">finally</span></code></a> in <aclass="reference internal" href="6_exceptions.html#else-finally"><spanclass="std std-numref">Section 6.5.2</span></a> has been also improved.</p>
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</section>
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</section>
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@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ <h2>Changes in the second and third editions<a class="headerlink" href="#changes
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</div>
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<divclass="footer" role="contentinfo">
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© Copyright 2019-2023, David A. Ham.
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Created using <ahref="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 8.0.2.
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Created using <ahref="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 8.1.3.
<h3><spanclass="section-number">1.2.2. </span>Creating the venv<aclass="headerlink" href="#creating-the-venv" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>The most straightforward way to create a venv is on the terminal
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command line, not from within Python itself. This is accomplished
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using Python’s <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html#module-venv" title="(in Python v3.12)"><codeclass="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">venv</span></code></a> package. The venv has to be given a name. You will
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using Python’s <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html#module-venv" title="(in Python v3.13)"><codeclass="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">venv</span></code></a> package. The venv has to be given a name. You will
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want this to be short, but distinctive enough that you know which venv you are
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using. For example, to create a venv
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called <codeclass="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">PoP_venv</span></code> on Windows, you would type:</p>
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ <h3><span class="section-number">1.2.2. </span>Creating the venv<a class="header
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<p>Any subsequent invocations of Python commands such as <codeclass="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">python</span></code> will
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now use the version from the venv, with access to whatever packages
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you have installed in that venv. If you are using a terminal shell
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other than bash or zsh, then see the <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html#module-venv" title="(in Python v3.12)"><codeclass="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">venv</span></code></a> package documentation
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other than bash or zsh, then see the <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html#module-venv" title="(in Python v3.13)"><codeclass="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">venv</span></code></a> package documentation
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for the correct activation command.</p>
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<divclass="admonition hint">
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<pclass="admonition-title">Hint</p>
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ <h3><span class="section-number">1.2.2. </span>Creating the venv<a class="header
<p>For further information, see <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html" title="(in Python v3.12)"><spanclass="xref std std-doc">the official Python venv
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<p>For further information, see <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html" title="(in Python v3.13)"><spanclass="xref std std-doc">the official Python venv
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documentation</span></a>.</p>
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</div>
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<divclass="admonition hint">
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ <h3><span class="section-number">1.2.2. </span>Creating the venv<a class="header
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<h2><spanclass="section-number">1.3. </span>Installing Python packages<aclass="headerlink" href="#installing-python-packages" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Suppose we’ve created and activated a venv, and now there’s a Python package
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we’d like to have access to. Installation of Python packages is handled by the
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Python package <aclass="reference external" href="https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/" title="(in pip v24.2)"><spanclass="xref std std-doc">Pip</span></a>, which you will usually find
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Python package <aclass="reference external" href="https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/" title="(in pip v24.3)"><spanclass="xref std std-doc">Pip</span></a>, which you will usually find
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pre-installed in your Python installation. Pip has many usage options, which
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enable a large number of different installation configurations. However, for
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most users most of the time, a few simple pip commands suffice. As with
<spanid="install-from-pypi"></span><h3><spanclass="section-number">1.3.1. </span>Installing packages from PyPI<aclass="headerlink" href="#installing-packages-from-pypi" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p><aclass="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">PyPI</a> is the Python Package Index. It is the
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official download location for publicly released Python packages which
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aren’t themselves a part of the built-in <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html" title="(in Python v3.12)"><spanclass="xref std std-doc">Python Standard Library</span></a>. Many important mathematical packages
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aren’t themselves a part of the built-in <aclass="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html" title="(in Python v3.13)"><spanclass="xref std std-doc">Python Standard Library</span></a>. Many important mathematical packages
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including <aclass="reference external" href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/index.html#module-numpy" title="(in NumPy v2.1)"><codeclass="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">numpy</span></code></a> and <aclass="reference external" href="https://www.sympy.org">sympy</a> are
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distributed from PyPI. Suppose your venv doesn’t have <aclass="reference external" href="https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/index.html#module-numpy" title="(in NumPy v2.1)"><codeclass="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">numpy</span></code></a>
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installed and you need it. You would install it with the following
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